Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NOs. 4708-4709 OF 2002
State of U.P. & Ors. ... Appellants
Vs.
M/s Mohan Meakin Breweries Ltd. & Anr. ... Respondents
With
Civil Appeal No.4710 of 2002
Civil Appeal No.4711 of 2002
Civil Appeal No.4712 of 2002
Civil Appeal No.4713 of 2002
J U D G M E N T
R. V. Raveendran J.
Civil Appeal Nos.4708-4709 of 2002 are filed by the State of Uttar
Pradesh aggrieved by the common order dated 15.3.2002 of the Allahabad
High Court allowing CMWP No.3968 of 1978 and CMWP No.4043 of 1978
filed by two Breweries. Civil Appeal Nos.4710, 4711, 4712 and 4713 of
2002 are filed by the Breweries aggrieved by the said common order dated
15.3.2002, dismissing their writ petitions - CMWP Nos.1375 of 1978, 3690
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of 1979, 4136/1978 and 4157/1978. The appeals by the state relate to
imposition of duty and additional duty on excess wastage in the brewery.
The appeals by the Breweries relate to imposition of duty and additional
duty on excess bottling wastage.
Civil Appeal No.4708 of 2002
2. The first respondent (for short the `Brewery') held a Brewery Licence
issued under section 18(c) of the Uttar Pradesh Excise Act, 1910 (`Act' for
short) in Form-B1 and a Bottling Licence for bottling liquor for sale issued
under section 17(1)(d) of the Act in Form FL-3. The Brewery was carrying
on the manufacturing of beer and bottling of beer in bond, under the said
Licences.
3. The Excise Inspector in-charge of the Brewery maintains a Register of
manufacture and issue of beer in Form B-16. The Excise Inspector is
required to examine the accounts of the brewery and take stock of the beer in
hand in the brewery, on the last working day of every calendar month (prior
to 19.7.1975, such examination was required to be done at the end of each
quarter) after all the issues for that day are made. If he found that the actual
quantity of beer in stock in the brewery was less than the quantity shown in
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the stock account, but the deficiency did not exceed 9%, he had to disregard
the same as allowance upto 9% was permitted to cover the losses due to
evaporation, sullage and other contingencies. But where the deficiency
exceeded 9%, he was required to enquire into the cause and submit a report
of the result to the Excise Commissioner in that behalf. The Excise Inspector
in-charge, was accordingly sending reports to the Excise Commissioner
whenever there was excess wastage in the case of the first respondent
brewery. The Excise Commissioner issued show-cause notice giving
opportunity to the Brewery to explain the excess wastage. After considering
the explanation, the Excise Commissioner found that there was no
satisfactory explanation and made ten orders between 26/28.6.1966 and
24.11.1973 in regard to excess `manufacturing wastage' during the period
September, 1963 to March, 1973, and levied and demanded in all
`81,94,310/- as excise duty and an equal amount as additional duty in regard
to the deficiency in excess of 9% of the total stock of beer (10% prior to
19.7.1975). The said orders were challenged by the first respondent by filing
a revision before the state government. The state government by order dated
12.4.1978 dismissed the revision petition and upheld the demands by the
Excise Commissioner.
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4. The first respondent challenged the orders of the Excise
Commissioner and the state government in Civil Misc. Writ Petition
No.3968 of 1978. A Division Bench of the High Court allowed the said writ
petition with other connected petitions by a common order dated 15.3.2002.
It quashed the revision order dated 12.4.1978 and directed the state
government to decide the revision afresh "after calculating the stock of beer
for the purpose of original Rule 53 of UP Brewery Rules 1961 (Para 912 of
UP Excise Manual as it then existed) and section 28-A of the UP Excise Act,
when after filtration the same has assumed the shape as a finished product
which is normally consumed by human beings as beverage or drink". In
short the High Court has held that the point at which the liquor
manufactured by the brewery was exigible to duty was at the stage, when the
beer is capable of being consumed by human beings as a beverage, comes
into existence and the deficiency should be worked out with reference to
measurement at such stage. The High Court rejected the contention of the
appellants that as soon as wort along with yeast is received in the fermenting
vessels and ferments, the process of manufacture is complete. Feeling
aggrieved by the decision of the High Court, the appellant has filed this
appeal.
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Contention of Parties
5. The State contends that the liquor becomes exigible to duty when the
wort (processed extract of malt) along with yeast is received in the
fermenting vessels and ferments. It is contended that as the wort is placed in
the fermentation tanks and the yeast is added to it, fermentation starts
immediately with the conversion of sugar into alcohol. After the addition of
yeast when alcohol is first formed, the liquid in the fermentation tank
becomes alcoholic liquor for human consumption. It is pointed out that
Entry 51 of List II of Seventh Schedule uses the words "alcoholic liquor for
human consumption" and not "alcoholic liquor fit for human consumption"
and therefore, beer is `manufactured' when the fermenting agents are added
to the wort and fermentation process commences. The State contended that
excise duty is leviable on the manufacture and production of goods; and that
the stage at which it should be imposed, the manner of collection thereof and
the rate at which it is to be imposed, are matters within the discretion of the
State. It is lastly submitted that the power to impose a tax or duty implicitly
carries with it the power to provide against evasion thereof. It is submitted
that what is in issue is not levy of excise duty, but the validity of measures
introduced to identify the unauthorised or illegal diversion of beer resulting
in evasion of excise duty.
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6. The case of the state government as put forth in the counter affidavit
to the writ petition is extracted thus: Wort is passed into the fermentation vat
and fermenting yeast are added to the wort by a simultaneous process. As
soon as the wort along with yeast is received in the fermenting vessels or
fermenting vat, it ferments and process of manufacture of beer is complete.
It is gauged to find out its quantity and this quantity is entered in the resister
in Form B-4. In the said register in Form-B4 the dip and gravity of the wort
is taken. As fermentation starts simultaneously the quantity determined by
dip and gravity is taken to be beer produced. On the register in Form B-4 the
Brewers put in their initials. It is denied that process of manufacture of beer
ends when sullage and yeast calls are removed by filtration. In fact quantity
of yeast and sullage filtered out may vary from one filtration to another in
different process. Even after filter beer contains both some yeast and sullage
and petitioner cannot say that he is only entitled to pay excise duty on such
quantity after excluding all such yeast and sullage. The filtration is only a
process to make it more marketable in this competitive business but could
not be part of manufacture. The event of excisable article going into human
consumption has no connection with the taxable event in the case of excise
duty and excise duty is imposed at the stage of manufacture of goods and not
at the stage of excisable article going into human consumption.
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7. The Brewery contended that the stage for levy and realisation of
excise duty on beer was the stage of issue of beer from the brewery/bottling
bonded warehouse after complying with the statutory provisions and
regulations prescribed for bottling and issue for sale. It was submitted that
no excise duty could be imposed prior to the stage of occurrence of the
excisable event, namely the issue of beer from the brewery/bottling bonded
warehouse for sale and human consumption. Alternatively, it was submitted
that beer manufactured was exigible to duty at the time or stage when the
finished product (beer) is received in the storage/bottling tanks, after
filtration and not at any earlier stage of manufacturing process. It is
submitted that the system of collection of excise duty on beer, does not
permit levy or realisation of any amount by way of excise duty or fine on the
quantity of beer which is wasted in the manufacturing process before it
become exigible to excise duty. It is contended that the legislative
competence to levy excise duty under Entry 51(a) of List II of Seventh
Schedule to Constitution of India is with reference to `alcoholic liquors for
human consumption'. As the wort solution cannot be described as alcoholic
liquor for human consumption at the stage of fermentation and filtration, the
state government cannot levy any excise duty or additional duty equal to
excise duty, in regard to wastage which occurs with reference a material
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which is not `alcoholic liquor for human consumption'. It is contended that
the levy of excise duty/additional duty by the Excise Commissioner was on
the deficiency, that is, the difference between the quantities of wort and
finished product (beer), which comprises of the scum, yeast cells brought on
top of fermenting wort, carbon-di-oxide evolved, sullage etc., settled at the
bottom of vats which impurities are to be eliminated before beer could be
said to be manufactured or could be described as an alcoholic liquor for
human consumption. It is contended that the Excise authorities had
calculated the deficiency in the stock of beer in a wrong manner; and that
while taking stock of beer in the brewery, for the purpose of calculating the
allowance the authorities have taken the product at an intermediate stage in
the process of manufacture instead of taking stock of the finished product.
8. The relevant contentions of the Brewery in the writ petition are
extracted below :
(i) The process of manufacturing beer ends when the sullage and yeast
cells are removed by filtration and fermentation ceases and the manufactured
bulk beer is ready to be transferred : (a) for bottling in bond; and (b) to
casks for sale and human consumption as draught beer. [Vide para 8 of the
WP].
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(ii) The method adopted by the Excise department in working out the
deficiency in stock is erroneous. What was required under paragraph 912 of
Excise Manual was to compare the stock of manufactured beer as mentioned
in the stock account of beer and the actual stock of beer giving allowance for
the quantity issued. What has been done in the instant case is to assume
certain quantity as part of the stock account of beer which was not beer and
was undergoing the process of manufacture into beer. Similarly the quantity
of beer issued from the Brewery has not been taken in its entirety to be the
quantity of beer issued. The quantity issued has been equated with the
quantity actually bottled with the result that the quantity of beer which has
been wasted in the process of bottling has been treated to be part of the stock
of beer in the beer account. [Vide para 61]
(iii) If the quantity of beer which is actually issued for bottling from the
brewery is taken into account in its entirety for purposes of the stock
account, the percentage of deficiency between the stock account of beer and
the actual quantity of beer found on physical verification will be below 10%
[Vide para 63].
(iv) What is being subjected to the levy of penalty or penal duty before
becoming a manufactured saleable article is the deficiency between the wort
and the finished beer for sale, comprising of scum and yeast cells brought on
top of fermenting wort, carbon dioxide evolved, sullage etc. settled at the
bottom of vats which impurities have to be eliminated etc. before beer could
become saleable. Thus what has not come to exist as such saleable goods
cannot be termed as excisable article. [Vide para 93(b)]"
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Questions for consideration
9. On the contentions urged, the following two questions arise for our
consideration:
(i) At what stage does the beer manufactured is exigible to duty?
(ii) Whether the procedure adopted by the appellants for ascertaining
excess manufacturing wastage (excess deficiency) is proper?
To appreciate these issues and find answers to the questions, it is necessary
to refer to the process of manufacture of beer, the relevant provisions of the
UP Excise Act, 1910 (For short `the Act') and the relevant Brewery Rules.
Process of manufacture of Beer
10. Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition, Vol.14, Page 739) describes
the stages of brewing process thus :
"Beer production involves malting, milling, mashing, extract separation,
hop addition and boiling, removal of hops and precipitates, cooling and
aeration, fermentation, separation of yeast from young beer, aging,
maturing, and packaging. The object of the entire process is to convert
grain starches to sugar, extract it with water, and then ferment it with yeast
to produce the alcoholic, lightly carbonated beverage."
As the description of the brewing process given in Encyclopaedia Britannica
is detailed and very lengthy, we have opted for the following shorter and
simpler description of the brewing process given in Wikipedia
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(http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Beer) which is in consonance with what is
stated in Encyclopaedia Britannica :
"The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building
for the making of beer is called a brewery......The purpose of brewing is
to convert the starch source into a sugary liquid called wort and to convert
the wort into the alcoholic beverage known as beer in a fermentation
process effected by yeast.
The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source
(normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot
water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or
malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around
1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then
the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a
process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as
much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of
filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort
separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in
which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern
breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground
grist. Most modern breweries use a continuous sparge, collecting the
original wort and the sparge water together. However, it is possible to
collect a second or even third wash with the not quite spent grains as
separate batches. Each run would produce a weaker wort and thus a
weaker beer. This process is known as second (and third) runnings.
The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper",
(so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper) and
boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort
evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this
allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also
destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops
are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma.
Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the
hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop
flavour and aroma remains in the beer.
After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some
breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small
vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter;
but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the
yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process
which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and
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strength of the beer. In addition to producing alcohol, fine particulate
matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once
fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.
Fermentation is sometimes carried out in two stages, primary and
secondary. Once most of the alcohol has been produced during primary
fermentation, the beer is transferred to a new vessel and allowed a period
of secondary fermentation. Secondary fermentation is used when the beer
requires long storage before packageing or greater clarity. When the beer
has fermented, it is packaged either into casks for cask ale or kegs,
aluminium cans, or bottles for other sorts of beer."
11. We may next extract the definition of beer, stages of manufacture of
beer, and the fermentation process described in Chapter XI (Brewing) from
UP Excise Manual (Volume-V) :
"Beer defined - The term `beer' as used in the Indian Excise Law, refers
to `fermented, undistilled liquors, of which malt is the primary base, and
are flavoured with a wholesome bitter usually hops'. Beer therefore
includes ale, beer, black beer, porter, stout, etc., and the precise
manufacture of these products is termed "brewing".
Lager beers - The beers mentioned above are prepared by what is known
as a `top fermentation process; the yeasts employed are designated `top
yeasts and the products `top fermentation beers'. In contradistinction to
the above, lager beers are prepared by employing `bottom yeasts' and the
process is termed `bottom fermentation'.
Barley - The fermenting raw material commonly used in production of
beers are (a) Barley, (b) Barley Malt (or Malt), (c) other unmalted cereals
such as maize or rice, which are employed as grits, broken rice or flakes
and maize starch, (d) sugars derived almost exclusively from sugarcane
and maize starch, such as, cane sugar, invert, etc. The latter two viz,. (c)
and (d) are known as `malt adjuncts' as they partially replace the malt.
Manufacture of beer may be considered under the following five
stages :
(a) Preparation of the malt from Barley.
(b) Infusion of the ground malt or `grist' and straining the resultant
extract or wort.
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(c) Boiling the wort with hops or other bitters, straining of the hops
and cooling.
(d) Fermenting the wort.
(e) Settling, Racking, cellar treatment and bottling.
Fermentation
Unlike Whisky fermentation, fermentation of beer is conducted in England
by employing top fermentation yeast and the different systems only differ
in the flocculation and attenuating power of the yeast employed, while in
bottom fermentation breweries producing larger beers. The yeast is
generally mixed with a small quantity of wort at 65 F and poured into the
incoming wort, or if the yeast required in vogorating, it is allowed to come
into active fermentation before addition to the fermenting vessel. Yeast
food, if any is needed is in a few hours is at its height as can be seen by the
maximum temperature reached and is allowed to continue for 5 to 8 days.
The following description of the practice in India is of interest:
Pitching of the wort - The fermentation vats usually have a capacity of
3,000 gallons, which is equivalent to 140 bushels of malt (having a sugar
content of 40 per cent). The cooled hopped wort from the malt is mixed at
this stage with 300 lb. of sugar and = lb. of ammonium sulphate followed
by 60 lb. of yeast in suspension (containing 85 per cent moisture) and
allowed to ferment for 5-6 days. The peak of the fermentation is reached
in 36 hours. At the end of the fermentation, the vats are slowly aerated by
`Sterilized air'. Fermentation of beer is conducted by employing top
fermentation yeast. This and the atmosphere of CO on the top of the vat
prevent any bacteria gaining access to the beer. The fermentation is carried
on until the gravity of the wort falls down to 1.042, when the wort is run
off into fining vessels so as to settle and clarify. Throughout the
fermenting stage the temperature of the wort is regulated by coils of piping
called at temperature through which cold water is passed.
Fermentation of lager beers. - Bottom fermentation processes used for
lager beer differ from top fermentation adopted for ales in that the
temperature ranges between 41 degree Fahrenheit and 56 degree
Fahrenheit, while the yeast settles as a firm black cover at the bottom of
the fermenting vessel. The primary fermentation also lasts for 7 to days at
the higher temperature or 12 to 14 days at lower temperatures as the rate
of fermentation is considerably slower than in top fermentation systems.
Bottom fermentation beer is usually lagered or stored for periods varying
from 1 to 9 months (generally 6 to 8 weeks) after this primary
fermentation during which slow changes called `maturation' occur and
this gives the name to the beer. Fermentation in the storage stage is due to
primary yeasts carried down with the beer from the fermenting vessel.
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Gasing, Racking and Bottling - Although lager beer is ultimately filtered
before racking into casks, clarification is an essential function of the
storage.
Uncarbonated top fermentation beers, which include the bulk of British
draught ales are either racked directly from the fermenting vessel or
settling back to which they are run down from Fermenting vessels. The
settling back provides a means of further clarification by sedimentation
during 2 to 12 hours. This is also used for addition of primings, colourings
and sometimes finings though these are sometimes added to individual
casks. The beer loses carbon dioxide and gets aerated. Dry hops are also
sometime added to the settling backs. Racking in cylinders and counter
pressure racking is also followed."
12. The first respondent describes (in Annexure-I to the writ petition) the
process of manufacturing beer in its brewery thus:
"The Process of Manufacturing of Beer - Coarsely crushed barley malt
termed "grist" added with cooked maize and rice clakes is boiled at a
specific temperature in treated water in the vessel called mashtun by
which the starches present in the grain are converted into sugars. The
extract from the grain called wort is drawn into another vessel called
`copper' to which hops flowers and sugar is added and boiled with the
purpose of sterilizing the wort, separating wastable proteins in the form of
precipitate, dissolving bittering constitutents of hops and imparting
aromatic flavour of hops flowers. The spent hops are separated from the
boiled wort which is cooled and passed into fermentation vats.
Brewers yeast is "pitched" to initiate fermentation. The fermentation is
carried on at low temperature. Lot of frothing takes place, the yeast cells
multiply and bring up dirty heads with resins of hops etc., at the top which
are cleared out, the convertible sugars are decomposed into alcohol and
carbon dioxide gas; the hanging particles in the wort settled down with
coagulated albuminous substances and yeast cells during the process of
fermentation which is carried on for 8 to 10 days.
The fermented wort is racked into settling tanks or storage tanks leaving
the sullage or sludge at the bottom of fermentation vats. At this stage also
(i.e. in storage vats) some yeast cells are present in the fermented wort and
secondary fermentation takes place besides some residuary particles in the
bulk of fermented wort settling at the bottom of the storage vats.
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To eliminate secondary fermentation and haze from this, it is passed
through filter machines in which 100 to 150 filter sheets are fixed. The
filterate is transferred to bottling tanks for bottling beer in a separate
bonded warehouse, which is carried on under the supervision of the
officer-in-charge of the warehouse."
13. It is thus evident that the process of brewing beer involves malting,
mashing, boiling, fermentation, separation of yeast from the beer, ageing and
finishing. The fermented alcoholic liquor that can be identified as `beer'
comes into existence on completion of the process of fermentation. Ageing
is carried out only in the manufacture of certain types of beer, by storing
beer in storage tanks for certain period. Filtration removes the remaining
yeast (the major portion settles as sediment in the fermentation vats and is
removed as sullage) and then packed into barrels, bottles or cans. The
filtration, ageing and finishing are processes to remove impurities, improve
the clarity, taste and increase shelf life.
Relevant provisions of the Act and the Rules
14. The relevant provisions of the UP Excise Act, 1910 are extracted
below :
"Section 3 (3a). "Excise duty" and "countervailing duty" means any such
excise duty or countervailing duty, as the case may be, as is mentioned
Entry 51 of List II in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution;
Section 3 (10). "Beer" includes ale, stout, porter and all other fermented
liquor made from malt;
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Section 3 (22a). "Excisable article" means - (a) any alcoholic liquor for
human consumption; or (b). any intoxicating drug;
Section 28 Duty on excisable articles-(1) An excise duty or a
countervailing duty, as the case may be, at such rate or rates as the State
Government shall direct, may be imposed, either generally or for any
specified local area, on any excisable article-
(a) imported in accordance with the provisions of Section 12 (1); or
(b) exported in accordance with the provisions of Section 13; or
(c) transported; or
(d) manufactured, cultivated or collected under any licence granted
under Section 17; or
(e) manufactured in any distillery established or any distillery or
brewery licensed, under Section 18:
x x x x x x
Section 28A - Imposition of additional duty in certain cases - (1)
Where the quantity of spirit or beer in a brewery is found, on examination
by such officer of the Excise Department as may be authorised by the
Excise Commissioner in this behalf to exceed the quantity in hand as
shown in the stock account, the brewery shall be liable to pay duty on such
excess at the ordinary rates fixed under Section 28.
(2) Where the quantity of spirit or beer is less than that shown in the stock
account on such examination and deficiency exceeds ten per cent;
(allowance to that extent being made to cover losses due to evaporation,
sullage and other contingencies within the brewery, and also to cover loss
in bottling and storage) the Excise Commissioner shall levy an additional
duty at the rate of one hundred per cent of ordinary rates of duty in respect
of such deficit as exceeds ten per cent over and above the ordinary rates of
duty."
Section 29. Manner in which duty may be levied - Subject to Such
rules, as the Excise Commissioner may prescribe to regulate to the time,
place and manner of payment, such duty may be levied in one or more of
the following ways as the State Government may by notification direct:
(a) to (d) ...(omitted as not relevant)
(e) in the case of spirit or beer manufactured in any distillery established
or any distillery or brewery licensed under Section 18 -
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(i) by a rate charged upon the quantity produced or issued from the
distillery or brewery, as the case may be, or issued from a
warehouse established or licensed , under Section 18 (d);
(ii) by a rate charged in accordance with such scale of equivalents,
calculated on the quantity of materials used or by the degree of
attenuation of the wash or wort, as the case may be, as the State
Government may prescribe :
Provided that, where payment is made upon issued of an excisable article
for sale from a warehouse established or licensed under Section 18(d), it
shall be at the rate of duty which is in force on that article on the date
when it is issued from the warehouse."
15. Rule 53 of the UP Brewery Rules, 1961 (Paragraph 912 of the Excise
Manual) as it stood prior to substitution of the rule on 19.7.1975 provided
for quarterly examination of stock and read as follows:
"912. Quarterly Examination of Stock. - The accounts of a brewery and
the stock of beer in hand in the brewery shall be examined by the Assistant
Excise commissioner once a quarter. If the quantity of the beer in stock in
the brewery on such examination be found to exceed the quantity shown
as in hand in the stock account, the brewer shall be liable to pay duty on
such excess at double the rate prescribed for ordinary issue. If the quantity
be found less than that shown in the stock account, the cause of the
deficiency shall be inquired into and the result reported to the Excise
Commissioner, who may direct the levy of a fee not exceeding double the
amount represented by the duty on such deficiency. Provided that any
deficiency not exceeding 10. per cent, shall be disregarded, allowance to
the extent being made to cover loss in bulk due to evaporation, sullage and
other contingencies within the brewery. This allowance Shall be calculated
upon the amount represented by the actual ascertained balance in hand at
the date of the last stock taking, together with the total quantity since
manufactured or received, as shown in column 2 and 3 of the register of
manufacture and issue (form B-16).
Rule 53 of the Brewery Rules (para 912 of the Excise Manual) as substituted
on 19.7.1975 reads as under:
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"912. On the last working day of every calendar month after all the issues
for that day are made, the Officer-in-charge shall examine the accounts of
brewery and take the stock of beer in hand in the brewery. if the quantity
of the beer in stock in the brewery on such examination be found to
exceed the quantity shown as in hand in the stock account the brewer shall
be liable to pay duty on such excess at the rate prescribed for ordinary
issue if the quantity be found less than that shown in the stock account and
such deficiency does not exceed nine per cent of the total stock of beer in
the month the same may be disregarded allowances to that extent being
made to cover losses due to evaporation, sullage and other contingencies
within the brewery. But if the deficiency in stock be found to exceed nine
per cent the cause shall be enquired into and the result reported to the
Excise Commissioner who may direct the levy of duty on such deficiency
as may be found in excess of nine percent at the rate prescribed for
ordinary issue. This nine per cent free allowance shall be calculated up on
the quantity represented by the actual ascertained balances in hand at the
close of the last stock taking together with the total quantity since
manufactured or received, as shown in columns 2 and 3 of the register of
manufacture and issue (Form B-1).
Rule 37 of the Brewery Rules (para 896 of the Excise Manual) reads thus:
"896. Worts to be drawn off in the order of production: All worts shall
be removed successively, and in the customary order of brewing to the
under back, coppers, coolers and fermenting vessels, and shall not be
removed from the last named vessel until an account has been taken by the
officer incharge or until after the expiry of twenty four hours from the
time at which the worts are collected in these vessels."
Rule 41 of the Brewery Rules (para 900 of Excise Manual) deals with issue
of beer and is extracted below:
"900. Beer not to be issued until duty paid or bond executed -
[Rule 41]. No beer shall be removed from a brewery until the duty
imposed under section 28 of the UP Excise Act, 1910 (Act No.IV of 1910)
has been paid or until a bond under section 19 of the Act in Form B-7 or
B-8 has been executed by the brewer for export of beer outside the State,
direct from the brewery.
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Legal position enunciated by this Court
16. We may next refer to the decisions of this Court bearing on the issue
in R.C. Jall Parsi vs. Union of India [AIR 1962 SC 1281], this court held :
"Excise duty is primarily a duty on the production or manufacture of
goods produced or manufactured within the country. It is an indirect duty
which the manufacturer or producer passes on to the ultimate consumer,
that is, its ultimate incidence will always be on the consumer. Therefore,
subject always to the legislative competence of the taxing authority, the
said tax can be levied at a convenient stage so long as the character of the
impost, that is, it is a duty on the manufacture or production, is not lost.
The method of collection does not affect the essence of the duty, but only
relates to the machinery of collection for administrative convenience.
Whether in a particular case the tax ceases to be in essence an excise duty,
and the rational connection between the duty and the person on whom it is
imposed ceased to exist, is to be decided on a fair construction of the
provisions of a particular Act."
(emphasis supplied)
17. In Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. vs. State of U.P. [1990 (1) SCC
109], this Court held that the expression "alcoholic liquor for human
consumption" must be understood in its common and normal sense. The
expression "consumption" must also be understood in the sense of direct
physical intake by human beings and not utilisation in some other forms for
the ultimate benefit of human consumption and the expression is intended to
mean "liquor which as it is, could be consumed, in the sense of capable of
being taken by the human beings as such as a beverage or drink".
20
18. In State of U.P. vs. Delhi Cloth Mills [1991 (1) SCC 454], this Court
dealing with section 28 of UP Excise Act, 1910 considered the question
whether the excise authorities were entitled to levy excise duty on the
wastage of liquor (military rum) in transit and held that the levy of
differential duty (that is charging up the duty on the report of excess
wastage) did not cease to be an excise duty even if it was levied on
declaration of excess wastage. The taxable event was still the production or
manufacture. This Court observed:
"A duty of excise under Section 28 is primarily levied upon a
manufacturer or producer in respect of the excisable commodity
manufactured or produced irrespective of its sale. Firstly, it is a duty upon
excisable goods, not upon sale or proceeds of sale of the goods. It is
related to production or manufacture of excisable goods. The taxable event
is the production or manufacture of the liquor. Secondly, as was held in A.
B. Abdulkadir v. The State of Kerala - AIR1962SC922, an excise duty
imposed on the manufacture and production of excisable goods docs not
cease to be so merely because the duly is levied at a stage subsequent to
manufacture or production. That was a case on Central Excise, but the
principle is equally applicable here. It does not cease to be excise duty
because it is collected at the stage of issue of the liquor out of the distillery
or at the subsequent stage of declaration of excess wastage. Legislative
competence under entry 51 of List II on levy of excise duty relates only to
goods manufactured or produced in the State as was held in Bimal
Chandra Banerjee v. State of Madhya Pradesh - 1970 (2) SCC 467. In the
instant case there is no dispute that the military rum exported was
produced in the State of U.P. In State of Mysore and Ors. v. M/s D.
Cawasji & Co. - 1970 (3) SCC 710, which was on Mysore Excise Act, it
was held that the excise duty must be closely related to production or
manufacture of excisable goods and it did not matter if the levy was made
not at the moment of production or manufacture but at a later stage and
even if it was collected from retailer. The differential duty in the instant
case, therefore, did not cease to be an excise duty even it was levied on the
exporter after declaration of excess wastage. The taxable event is still the
production or manufacture............
21
......Rules 636 and 814 are also of regulatory character and they are
precautionary against perpetration of fraud on the excise revenue of the
exporting state. If out of the quantity of military rum in a consignment, a
part of portion is claimed to have been wastage in transit and to that extent
did not result in export, the State would, in the absence of reasonable
explanation, have reason to presume that the same have been disposed of
otherwise than by export and impose on it the differential excise duty. A
statute has to be construed in light of the mischief it was designed to
remedy. There is no dispute that excise duty is a single point duty and may
be levied at one of the points mentioned in Section 28."
19. In Mohan Meakin Ltd. vs. Excise & Taxation Commissioner, H.P.
[1997 (2) SCC 193], this Court examined the question as to when beer is
exigible to excise duty under the Punjab Excise Act, 1914 and Punjab
Breweries Rules 1932. This Court held that Beer would mean fermented
liquor from malt, when it is potable or in consumable condition as beverage.
The state of levying excise duty upon alcoholic liquor arises when excisable
article is brought to the stage of human consumption with the requisite
alcoholic strength thereof and it is only the final product which is relevant.
In that case, the levy of excise duty at the stage when the manufacturing of
the beer was at wort stage was challenged. This Court posed the question:
Whether the levy of excise duty, on beer when it was in the process of
manufacture is correct? This Court answered the question thus :
"The levy of excise duty is on alcoholic liquor for human consumption,
manufacture or production. At what stage beer is exigible to duty is the
question. The process of manufacture of beer is described as under:
22
The first stage brewing process is the feeding of Malt and
adjuncts into a vessel known as Mash Tun. There it is mixed with
hot water and maintained at certain temperature. The objective of
this process is to convert the starches of the malt into fermentable
sugar.
The extract is drawn from the Mash Tun and boiled with the
addition of hops for one to two hours after which it is
contrifuged, cooled and received in the receiving wats. At this
stage, it is called "Wort" and contains only fermentable sugars
and no alcohol. After this it is transferred to the fermentation
tanks where Yeast is added and primary fermentation is carried
out at controlled temperature. After attenuation (Diminution of
density of "Wort" resulting from its fermentation) is reached for
fermented wort is centrifuged and transferred to the storage vats
for secondary fermentation. After secondary fermentation is over
in the storage vats, it is filtered twice-first through the rough
filter press and then through the fine filter press and received in
the bottling tanks. It is in bottling tanks that the loss of the
Carbon Dioxide Gas is made up and bulk beer is drawn for
bottling. It is filed into the bottles and then last process of
pasteurisation is carried out to make it ready for packing and
marketing. Till the liquor is removed from the vats and
undergoes the fermentation process as mentioned above the
presence of alcohol is nil.
Excisable article would mean any alcoholic liquor for human consumption
or any intoxicating drug. The levy or impost of excise duty would be only
on alcoholic liquor for human consumption or for being produced in the
brewery. Beer would mean fermented liquor from malt, when it is potable
or in consumable condition as beverage. It is seen that the levy is in terms
of entry 51 of List II of the Seventh Schedule which envisages that duties
of excise on the goods manufactured or produced in the State and
countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods
manufactured or produced elsewhere in India.
Thus, the final product of the beer is relevant excisable article exigible to
duty under Section 31 of the Act when it passes through fine filter press
and received in the bottling tank. The question is : at what stage the duty is
liable to be paid? Section 23 specifically envisages that until the payment
of duty is made or bond is executed in that behalf as per the procedure and
acceptance by the Financial Commissioner, the finished product, namely,
the beer in this case, shall not be removed from the place at which finished
product was stored either in a warehouse within factory premises or
precinct or permitted place of usage. Under these circumstances, the point
at which excise duty is exigible to duty is the time when the finished
23
product, i.e., bear was received in bottling tank or the finished product is
removed from the place of storage or warehouse etc."
(emphasis supplied)
20. In Government of Haryana vs. Haryana Brewery Ltd. [2002 (4)
SCC 547], this Court held :
"We agree with the contention of Mr. Divan, and this is also not disputed
by Mr. Anand, that the State has jurisdiction to levy excise duty only on
beer after it has been brewed and has become fit for human consumption.
This is the settled position as laid down by this Court in Mohan Meakin
and Modi Distillery cases. The only question which, to our mind, really
arises for consideration is how to determine the quantity of beer which is
manufactured on which the excise duty is to be levied. Section 32 gives an
answer to this question. The first part of the Section states that subject to
the rules which may be made by the Financial Commissioner, Excise Duty
is to be levied, inter alia, on the excisable article manufactured in or
issued from a distillery, brewery or warehouse. A reading of this Section
leaves no manner of doubt that the stage at which excise duty can be
levied is only after the process of manufacture has been completed and in
fact, it is to be levied when it is issued from the distillery, brewery or
warehouse."
(emphasis supplied)
Re: Question No. (i)
21. The High Court has held that the point at which the liquor
manufactured by the brewery is exigible to excise duty is the stage when the
finished product (beer) capable of being consumed by human beings as a
beverage or drink, comes into existence that is, after the process of
fermentation and filtration. In Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd & Ors. vs.
State of U.P. & Ors. - 1990 (1) SCC 109 and State of U.P. vs. Modi
Distillery & Ors. - 1995 (5) SCC 753, this Court held that having regard to
24
Entry 51 of List II of Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, the State would
be authorized to impose excise duty on alcoholic liquor for human
consumption which meant that the liquor, as itself, was consumable in the
sense that it was capable of being taken by human beings as such as a
beverage or drink. This Court in Government of Haryana vs. Haryana
Breweries Ltd. & Anr.. - 2002 (4) SCC 547, held that State has jurisdiction
to levy excise duty on beer only after it has been brewed and has become fit
for human consumption; and having regard to section 32 of the Punjab
Excise Act, 1914, the stage at which excise duty could be levied on beer was
after the process of manufacture was complete and when it is issued from the
brewery or warehouse.
22. This Court also reiterated the said position in Mohan Meakin Ltd. vs.
Excise & Taxation Commissioner, H.P. - 1997 (2) SCC 193 but further
observed that beer would be exigible to duty when it passes through the fine
filter press (after fermentation) and is received in the bottling tank. The
words `received in the bottling tank' obviously referred to beer being
received in any container or vessel for storage, after fermentation and
filtration. It may however be noted that the said observation that beer is
exigible to excise duty only when it passes through the fine filter press
25
would apply only to the standard types of beer which is sold in bottles and
cans. Beer is also supplied in casks and barrels, taken directly from
fermentation vessels without undergoing any filtration or further processing,
known as Draught (or Draft) beer. Such beer is unpasteurized and unfiltered
(or even if filtered, only in a limited manner and not fine filtered like beer
intended to be sold in bottles or cans). Para 29 of Excise Manual (Vol.V
Chapter XI) notes that uncarbonated top fermentation beer, which include
draught beer are racked directly from the fermenting vessel. Thus when the
fermentation process of wort is completed, it becomes an alcoholic liquor for
human consumption and there is no legal impediment for subjecting beer to
excise duty at that stage. Therefore, the State has legislative competence to
levy excise duty on beer either after the completion of the process of
fermentation and filtration, or after fermentation.
23. Section 29 (e)(i) of the Act makes it clear that in the case of beer
manufactured in a brewery, excise duty may be levied, by a rate charged
upon the quantity produced or issued from the brewery or issued from a
warehouse. This means that in respect of beer that undergoes the process of
filtration, the exigibility to excise duty will occur either at the end of
filtration process when it is received in storage/bottling tanks or when it is
26
issued from the brewery. In regard to draught beer drawn directly from
fermentation vessels, without further processing or filtration, the exigibility
to excise duty will occur either at the end of fermentation process or when it
is issued from the brewery.
Re: Question No.(ii)
24. The High Court rejected the Brewery's contention that only such beer
which comes to the `bottling tank' after filtration, can be treated as
`manufactured beer' and exigible to excise duty and wastage allowance
could be given only with reference to such beer which has become a finished
product. But the High Court allowed the writ petition of the Brewery and
directed that validity of the demand should be decided afresh, "after
calculating the stock of beer for the purpose of original Rule 53 of UP
Brewery Rules, 1961 (Para 912 of UP Excise Manual as it then existed) and
section 28A of UP Excise Act, when after filtration the same assumes the
shape as a finished product which is normally consumed by human beings
as a beverage or drink". The real question arising for consideration in this
case is not about the stage at which beer is exigible to excise duty, but
whether the procedure adopted by the appellant for ascertaining the excess
27
wastage (or shortage in quantity) and levying duty and additional duty
thereon, is legal and valid.
25. The contention which ultimately found favour with the High Court,
was based on legislative competence. The brewery contended that section
28A provided for levy of `excise duty' and an equal amount as additional
duty on `excess wastage' or shortage in quantity manufactured; that the
legislative competence to levy excise duty is derived from Entry 51 of List II
of Seventh Schedule to the Constitution : "Duties of excise on .......(a)
alcoholic liquors for human consumption"; that therefore, if excise duty or
additional duty is to be levied under section 28A, the article that could be
subjected to duty should be `an alcoholic liquor for human consumption';
that the term `alcoholic liquor for human consumption' means a liquor
which could be taken by a human being `as it is' without the need for any
further process; and that in regard to beer, that stage is reached only after
fermentation and filtration processes are completed. It was submitted that
before filtration, the product-in-process was not an alcoholic liquor for
human consumption and therefore there was no legislative competence to
levy excise duty or additional duty on such product-in-process.
28
26. This contention ignores the fact that Entry 51 should be read not only
as authorizing the imposition of an excise duty, but also as authorizing a
provision which prevents evasion of excise duty. This Court in Baldeo Singh
vs. CIT - 1961 (1) SCR 482, held as under :
"......Under Entry 54 a law could of course be passed imposing a tax on a
person on his own income. It is not disputed that under that entry a law
could also be passed to prevent a person from evading the tax payable on
his own income. As is well known the legislative entries have to be read
in a very wide manner and so as to include all subsidiary and ancillary
matters. So Entry 54 should be read not only as authorizing the imposition
of a tax but also as authorizing an enactment which prevents the tax
imposed being evaded. If it were not to be so read, then the admitted
power to tax a person on his own income might often be made infructuous
by ingenious contrivances. Experience has shown that attempts to evade
the tax are often made."
(emphasis supplied)
27. In this context, we may also consider the decision of this Court in
Union of India vs. A. Sanyasi Rao and others - 1996 (3) SCC 465, this Court
considered the constitutionality of the provisions for presumptive tax in
sections 44-AC and 206-C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 for collecting tax on
profits and gains from trading in alcoholic liquor for human consumption
(and other goods specified therein) at the stage of purchase on a presumptive
basis. The respondents therein contended that the said sections lacked
legislative competence as income tax was a tax on income, while the levy
under section 44-AC was one on purchase when no income had occurred
29
and that the tax was on a hypothetical income and not real income. This
Court held that the object in enacting sections 44-AC and 206-C was to
enable the Revenue to collect the legitimate dues of the State from the
persons carrying on particular trades, in view of the peculiar difficulties
experienced in the past and the measure was so enacted to check evasion of
substantial revenue due to the state. Trade or business, results in or produce
income, which can be brought to tax. In order to prevent evasion of tax
legitimately due on such `income', section 44-AC and section 206-C were
enacted, so as to facilitate the collection of tax on that income which is
bound to arise or accrue, at the very inception itself or at an anterior stage
and therefore one cannot contend that the aforesaid statutory provisions
lacked legislative competence. After all, statutory provisions obliging to pay
`advance tax' were not new and sections 44-AC and 206-C were similar.
The standard by which the amount of tax was measured, being the purchase
price, would not in any way alter the nature and basis of the levy viz.,
that the tax imposed was a tax on income and it could not be labelled
as a tax on purchase of goods. The charge for the levy of the income that
accrued or arose is laid by the charging sections viz., sections 5 to 9 and
not by virtue of section 44-AC or section 206-C. The fact that the income
was levied at a flat rate or at an earlier stage will not in any way
30
alter the nature or character of the levy since such matters are completely in
the realm of legislative wisdom. What is brought to tax, though levied with
reference to the purchase price and at an earlier point is nonetheless income
liable to be taxed under the Income Tax Act. This Court referring to the
argument about absence of legislative competence to levy tax before accrual
of income, referred to Entry 82 of List I of Seventh Schedule ("Taxes on
income other than agricultural income") and held as under :
"...the word `income occurring in Entry 82 in List I of the Seventh
Schedule should be construed liberally and in a very wide manner and the
power to legislate will take in all incidental and ancillary matters including
the authorization to make provision to prevent evasion of tax, in any
suitable manner."
28. To ensure that there is no evasion of excise duty in regard to any beer
manufactured, the State is entitled to make a provision to prevent evasion of
excise duty being evaded, though it is leviable at the stage of issue from the
brewery. The beer brewing process shows once the wort ferments, it
becomes consumable, though the manufacturing process to have a finished
product may in some cases require filtration, aging carbonization etc. To
ensure that there is no evasion of excise duty by diversion of beer (excisable
article) before it becomes a finished product, section 28A of the Act has
been enacted and that is implemented by Rule 53 of the Brewery Rules, and
31
Rule 7 of the Bottling Rules. The Excise Inspector in-charge is required to
take physical stock of the beer in hand in the brewery periodically (once a
quarter prior to the amendment of 1975 and once in a month from July 1975)
by dip and gravity of the quantities in the fermentation vessels. We may
illustrate the method adopted to ascertain whether there is any excess
manufacturing wastage (or illegal siphoning of beer) before it reaches the
bottling tanks :
a. The opening balance (actual quantity) 1000 Litres
b. Quantity brewed during the month under survey 2600 Litres
c. Total stock of beer (a + b) in the brewery 3600 Litres
d. Quantity of beer issued during the month 2600 Litres
e. Balance quantity in hand as per stock account (c - d) 1000 Litres
f. Actual balance found on physical examination 600 Litres
g. Wastage in manufacture (difference between quantity shown
in stock account and actual quantity in the brewery) 400 Litres
h. Wastage allowable at 9%* of the total stock of
beer in the month(3600 litres) under Rule 53 of Brewery 324 Litres
*(9% is the allowance towards losses due to evaporation, sullage and other
contingencies within the brewery).
i. Excess wastage chargeable to duty & addl. duty (g + h) 76
Litres
32
29. It should be noted that recourse to section 28A of the Act will be held
only when there is abnormal deficiency or shortage in the actual quantity in
the brewery when compared to the quantity mentioned in the stock account,
that is more than 9%, which would show evasion of excise duty. The
standard procedure of levying excise duty is not on the quantity of excisable
article in the fermentation vessels. The standard procedure is to levy excise
duty when the beer is removed from the brewery. The State was thus
collecting excise duty in the usual course with reference to the beer after the
entire manufacturing process was completed when it is removed from the
brewery. It resorted to section 28A, Rule 53 of Brewery Rules and Rule 7 of
Bottling Rules and levied double the amount of excise duty (excise duty plus
equal amount as additional duty) only in those months when the periodic
examination showed excessive manufacturing `wastage'. The procedure
adopted was the most logical process to ensure that excisable articles were
not clandestinely removed and to ensure that there is no evasion of excise
duty having regard to the brewing procedure. If the actual stock assessed is
less than the stock as per Stock Account and the difference is less than 9%,
the difference was ignored. Only if the difference exceeded 9%, the quantity
in excess of 9% was treated as the excess wastage and excise duty and an
equal amount as additional duty was charged in regard to such excess. For
33
this purpose necessarily the quantity in the fermentation vessels had to be
considered. If the quantity in the bottling tanks are to be taken as the basis,
then there will be no way of finding out whether there was any siphoning off
from the fermentation vessel or during filtration process. Fermented wort is
beer and it could be removed from fermenting vessels or during storage or
filtration. Therefore, the base measurement is taken in the fermentation
vessel and 9% standard allowance is provided to cover losses on account of
sullage etc.
30. The Act provides that levy of excise duty on beer can not only be with
reference to the quantity produced and issued from a brewery, but can also
be by calculating the quantity of materials used or by the degree of
attenuation of the wash or wort, as the case may be, as the State Government
may prescribe. This means the excise duty on the beer manufactured can be
levied not only with reference to the actual quantity issued or removed, but
can also be by a rate charged in accordance with a scale of equivalent,
calculated on the quantity of materials used or by the degree of attenuation
of the wash or wort prescribed by the State Government. The said alternative
method of levying excise duty does not depend upon the actual quantity
manufactured or issued. It is with reference to the deemed quantity
34
manufactured rather than the actual quantity manufactured. Such a
procedure has been in vogue in England and it is permissible in India. Rule
42 of Chapter XI of the Excise Manual (Vol. 5) gives a detailed description
of the attenuation method of charging duty on beer and it is extracted below:
"42. The attenuation method of charging duty on beer. - In the United
Kingdom, the duty is levied on beer in proportion to the original gravity of
the wort. Really speaking, the Excise control of breweries is much less
stringent than in the case of distilleries. No excise locks are used. The
constant presence of an officer is only considered necessary in the case of
every large breweries working continuously. The safety of the revenue
depends on notices of all essential operations which are required to be
given to the Excise. The length of notice to be given depends on the
importance of the particular operation and on the facility with which the
local officer can attend. One officer is, in general, in charge of a group of
the smaller breweries.
A brewer must give timely notice of -
(1) his attention to brew;
(2) the nature and amount of materials to be used;
(3) the time at which he expects his mash-tun to be drained (this is to
enable the officer to take a dip of the drained grains which must lie
for two hours after draining or until the officer arrives).
(4) his intention to mix the products of one or more brewings;
(5) any modification in his routine methods of brewing;
(6) any alterations he proposes to make in the position etc., of his
brewing vessel;
(7) Finally and most important of all, the brewer is required to give
notice to the officer of his intention to `collect beer', ie., he must
intimate as closely as possible the time when the wort will be ready
for pitching with yeast. When the wort is collected for
fermentation the brewer must forthwith take the specific gravity
with his saccharometer and also the dip, in order that the density
and gallonage may be recorded in case the officer does not attend.
In cases where the officer attends before fermentation has
materially affected the gravity he is able to verify these figures and
above all to see that they have been recorded properly by the
brewer.
35
In order that his control may be effective, the officer must time his visits
to the brewery so as to arrive when fermentation has not advanced too far
for check and so that the brewer has had reasonable time to make his
entries of gravity and gallonage. If having had reasonable time, the brewer
has failed to make his entry this omission is treated as a serious excise
offence.
It may be asked why stress is not laid on the necessity for the attendance
of the officer at the time of pitching the wort. This, bowever, is generally
impracticable seeing that usually brewers `collect' at the same hour and
that the presence of the officer at more than one brewery is impossible.
This being so, his visits must be unexpected, the responsibility for honest
declaration of gravity and dip being imposed on the brewer. The brewer's
records, if confirmed by the officer, are thus the basis on which the duty is
levied."
31. This Court in Haryana Brewery Ltd. (supra) recognized the alternative
method of calculating the quantity of beer manufactured to be valid. This
Court held:
"The proviso to Section 32 uses the expression "provided that duty may be
levied....." Clause (b) of the proviso state that the calculation of the beer
manufactured would be according to such scale or equivalents calculated
on the quantity of materials used or by the degree of attenuation of the
wash or wort. The opening part of Clause (b) of the proviso indicates as to
how the beer manufactured is to be determined. The proviso is only a
manner of computing the end-product with reference tot he raw material
which has been used in the input. The tax is on the end-product and not on
the raw material. What this proviso read with Rule 35 indicates that in
order to determine what is the quantity of beer manufactured which is fit
for human consumption, after all the processes have been gone through,
you seen what is the quantity of raw material which has been utilised for
the manufacture of beer and in the process of manufacturing give an
allowance for wastage of 7 per cent. After doing this, you determine the
quantity of beer manufactured. An example which has been given is that a
1000 kgs. Of malt should ordinary yield 6500 litres of beer. By giving an
allowance of wastage which must occur during the process of the
manufacture of the end-product and limiting that allowance to 7 per cent,
the quantity of beer manufactured on which excise duty would be levied
would be 6500 litres less 7 per cent.
36
14. It appears to us that the proviso to Section 32 read with Rule 35 does
nothing more than to give a rough and ready method of calculating the
quantum of beer which should have been manufactured in the normal
process which is calculated on the basis of the raw material used. The
idea, perhaps, is that full quantity of beer which is manufactured is
accounted for. It will be seen that registers are maintained by the
manufacturer and the figures are taken from there. From the records of the
manufacturer, excise authorities will be able to ascertain the quantum of
raw material used. It is open to the excise authorities to accept the figure
indicated in the records of the manufacturer of the total quantity of beer
manufactured. Duty can be levied on this and this would be inconsonance
with the first part of Section 32. It is, perhaps, only to cross-check whether
the figure which is indicated in the books of the manufacturer is correct
that a formula can be used for determining the amount of beer which could
or should or must have been manufactured. This is by taking into account
the quantity of raw material used, the quantity which is in the process and
as entered in the brewing book and from there giving an allowance of 7
per cent for wastage. It appears to us that the allowance of 7 per cent has
to be in arriving at the figure of the manufactured beer as loss of quantity
during the process of manufacture. It cannot be that on the figure of
manufactured beer, arrived at on the basis of the books of the respondent,
an allowance of 7 per cent has then to be given. If the figure taken for the
purpose of calculating the excise duty is only of the end-product, viz., the
beer produced, and not the quantity of raw material used in the
manufacture of beer during which loss of some quantity as wastage would
have occurred, there cannot be a deduction of any sum or proportion as
wastage from the quantity of end-product in order to arrive at the quantity.
The excisable product is the quantity of beer produced and not the quantity
produced, and thus excisable, minus 7 per cent."
Therefore there is nothing wrong in adopting the procedure prescribed in
section 28A and Rule 53 of Brewery Rules to determine the excess
manufacturing wastage.
32. The Brewery wants the wastage allowance to be given, not with
reference to the quantity in the fermentation tank, but with reference to the
quantity in the storage/bottling tanks (after completion of fermentation and
37
filtration process) when the manufacturing process is complete and only
bottling remains. The argument of the respondent is that the measurement
should be taken only when the manufacture is complete and not when it is
still in the process of manufacture; and the manufacture process is completed
not when the wort is in the fermentation tank but only when the filtration
process is finished. But this contention ignores the fact that when
manufacturing process is complete and the beer has reached storage/bottling
tanks, there is no question of any manufacturing loss. The allowance of 9%
is made to cover loss due to evaporation, sullage and other contingencies
within the brewery. 9% is allowed as loss in quantity because the quantity in
fermentation tank is measured and taken as the base and thereafter the
sullage/yeast heads are removed as sediment in the fermentation vessels or
by the filtration process and there will also be certain amount of evaporation
during the process of filtration, racking and storage etc. In fact, the Brewery
specifically admits this position in Annexure-I to the writ petition while
describing the process of manufacturing beer :
"From the above brief description of manufacturing process, it will be
observed that the deficiency between the quantity of wort to the point
when beer is ready for bottling, occurs because of elimination of
impurities" viz., yeast cells and dirty heads brought up in fermentation at
top, evaporation taking place; carbon dioxide evolved out; and sullage
settled at the bottom. The quantity of these impurities accounting for the
said deficiency in the process of manufacture cannot be taken as beer and
excisable article for purposes of levy of duty. For culmination of these
38
impurities and other contingencies mentioned of in rule 912, an allowance
of 10% is fixed."
33. If the quantity measured after the fermentation and filtration
processes should be the base figure, for purpose of allowance to cover loss
on account of sullage, evaporation etc., there will be no need for granting
any allowance because once it have passed the filtration stage the sullage
and other impurities has been removed and the beer is ready for being filled
in barrels, casks or bottles. The 9% allowance is for the wastages occurring
during the stages of fermentation and filtration and not in regard to the
stages between storage after filtration and removal. The Brewery has
virtually mixed up the issue relating to the question as to when beer is
exigible to excise duty with the question as to the quantity on which the
allowance of 9% should be granted. As noticed above, a combined reading
of rules 37 and 53 of Breweries Rules, with or without section 28A make it
clear that the allowance of 9% as losses in the brewery (10% as losses in the
course of manufacture in the brewery prior to 1975) is with reference to the
quantity in the fermentation tank and not with reference to the quantity of
beer in the storage/bottling tanks after filtration.
39
34. We may now consider the contention on behalf of brewery that they
are entitled to allowance upto 9% towards such wastage from the quantity
measured in the storage/bottling tanks after fermentation and filtration. We
extract below the contention of the Brewery in this behalf from its writ
petition:
"(X) That section 28A(2) in so far as it purports to provide for
permissible wastage could operate only from the stage the State
Government became competent to impose excise duty/additional duty and
till beer is brought to such a stage that it is rendered fit for human
consumption, the State Legislature has no legislative competence to levy
excise duty/additional duty and hence the State Legislature cannot take
into consideration for the purposes of levy of excise duty/additional duty
any wastage prior to the stage when the liquor/beer becomes fit for human
consumption."
A large allowance up to 9% of the total stock of beer has been provided
towards wastage, only to cover the loss occurring from fermentation stage to
post-filtration stage, as the quantity has been calculated with reference to the
fermentation vats and there will be considerable wastage due to sullage and
evaporation. Rules 37 and 53 of the Breweries Rules (paras 896 and 912 of
the Excise Manual) also proceeded on that basis that the measurement would
be with reference to the quantities in the fermentation vessels taken by dip
and gravity method.
40
35. In fact, the brewery describes the nature of these losses in the brewery
in Annexure I to the writ petition (in the connected WP No.1375/1978) as
under:
"MANUFACTURING LOSSES
(i) Varying constituents of Malt viz. percentage of proteins etc. produced
sludge or sullage in more or less quantity. Thus sullage to be removed will have
differing percentages.
(ii) Depending on the process - top and bottom fermentation etc. there
may be more or less of scum and dirty heads containing yeast cells to be removed,
thus losses will be variable at this stage.
(iii) The removal of solids is continuously carried on at different stages in
the manufacturing process. With frequency of the centrifugal machines or the
Filtration Plants having to be opened depending upon the quantity and turbidity of
the fermented wort or green beer to be cleared off to be sparklingly clear, the
losses will be more or less. With the banking of import of quality filter sheets, the
indigenously made filter sheets have to be used which are to be more frequently
changed then the imported ones. There are losses in absorption in filter sheets and
leakage at ends of plates.
(iv) Some quantity of fermenting wort is lost in removal of scum and dirty
heads and in removal of sullage from the bottom of the tanks.
(v) Every time the fermenting or fermented wort or green beer is
transferred by means of pipes, what is left over in pipes has to be drained off,
water and steam is run in pipes to sterilize them, so that there may be no
contamination to spoil beer.
The varying losses at each stage in the manufacturing process are natural and
unavoidable. With the above mentioned variable losses, accidental, off chance
occurrence or those losses which are incidental to the process of manufacture
are provided for in rule 912 under "Contingencies".
The contingent losses, a few of which are given below, make the losses in
manufacturing process vary and erratic.
41
(a) Due to failure of electricity and refrigeration, there may be brisk
fermentation and wild bacterial infection, which may make it sour to be turned
into vinegar, or if more spoilt, may have to be destroyed.
(b) By sudden leakage of brine coiled pipes, the fermenting wort may be
mixed up with brine which becomes unpalatable and has to be destroyed.
(c) With haziness persisting after filtration once, it may have to be treated
with approved chemicals and refiltered.
(d) Bursting of transfer pipes, leakage of valves etc."
36. If the quantity measured in the storage/bottling tanks (after filtration)
should form the basis, there was no occasion or need for making a huge
allowance of 9% for sullage, evaporation and other contingences, as there
would be no sullage, evaporation or other wastages after that stage (that is
completion of manufacture) and the allowance under Section 28A of the Act
will become redundant, except for the small percentage provided for wastage
during bottling and storage.
37. The Brewery placed strong reliance upon the decision of this Court in
State of U.P. vs. Modi Distillery & Ors. - 1995 (5) SCC 753. In that
decision, this Court was considering the validity of demand for excise duty
on the wastage of high strength spirit (80% to 85%) during transportation in
containers from distillery to warehouse (referred to as `Group B' cases).
This Court held :
42
"In other words, ethyl alcohol (95 per cent) was not an alcoholic liquor for
human consumption but could be used as a raw material or input, after
processing and substantial dilution in the production of whiskey, gin,
country liquor etc. In the light of experience and development, it was
necessary to state that `intoxicating liquor' meant only that liquor which
was consumable by human beings as it was.
What the State seeks to levy excise duty upon in the Group 'B' cases is the
wastage of liquor after distillation, but before dilution; and, in the Group
'D' cases, the pipeline loss of liquor during the process of manufacture,
before dilution. It is clear, therefore, that what the State seeks to levy
excise duty upon is not alcoholic liquor for human consumption but the
raw material or input still in process of being rendered fit for consumption
by human beings. The State is not empowered to levy excise duty on the
raw material or input that is in the process of being made into alcoholic
liquor for human consumption."
The said decision will not assist the first respondent - brewery as that was a
case of levy of excise duty on raw materials or inputs which were still in
process. That matter related to distilled alcohol and not fermented beer. The
wastage considered by this Court was all with reference to alcohol that had
not been diluted and therefore was not `alcoholic liquor for human
consumption'. This Court held that the State is not empowered to levy duty
on the raw material or inputs that is in the process of being made into an
alcoholic liquor for human consumption. The position is different here.
When the quantity of the liquid in the fermentation vessels were measured,
on account of fermentation, the liquid was already in the process of
43
conversion into an `alcoholic liquor for human consumption', though had
not become a finished product of beer. Therefore, the principles in Baldev
Singh and A. Sanyasi Rao, will apply and not the decision in Modi Distillery.
Therefore we hold that there is no infirmity in the method adopted by the
excise department to arrive at the excess wastage or in making a demand for
excise duty and additional duty in regard to such excess wastage.
Re : CA No.4709 of 2002 :
38. The question arising in this appeal is the same as in CA No.4708 of
2002 and the facts are also similar to the facts of CA Nos.4708 of 2002. The
only difference in facts is that the demand in this case related to the period
3.6.1970 to 5.9.1972 and the amount of duty/additional duty that was
demanded was Rs.1,40,596.89. For the reasons stated in CA No.4708/2002,
this appeal is also allowed.
Re : CA Nos.4710, 4711, 4712, 4713 of 2002
39. All these four appeals relate to demands made upon the breweries for
duty on excess wastage in bottling and storage of beer. The first appellant
brewery has described the process of bottling of beer thus (in Annexure P2
to the writ petition - WP No.1375/1978):
44
"Before carbonated beer is conveyed to the automatic bottling machine
through pipes, the whole line is cleaned and sterilized to ensure that there
are no wild bacteria which may spoil the beer passed through these pipes.
Bottles which are cleaned and sterilized in Automatic Bottle Washing
Plant, are fed by conveyors to the beer bottling machine. While the bottles
are filled, some quantity of beer is spilt by foaming which takes place and
with pressure of Co gas bottles burst in the process of bottling. The beer
2
which is spilt is mixed with broken glass pieces, oil etc. on the conveyor
belts. It is contaminated and has to go waste.
To increase the shelf life of beer, the filled bottles are placed in
pasteurization tanks and the water in which these bottles are immersed is
gradually raised to temperature of 65O and after keeping these bottles for a
fixed time in hot water, these are cooled down.
With the expansion of Co gas during this process some bottles burst and
2
the beer contained therein gets mixed up with water.
Leaky bottles are also taken out from the pasteurization tanks, which are
decanted for reprocessing of their contents. Some wastage occurs in the
process of decanting.
After pasteurization of filled bottles, capsuling, labeling and packing is
done, in which some bottles break. During the process of bottling what
goes waste in spilling as mentioned above, in unavoidable. It does not
exist in the form of goods for sale and human consumption. Thus being
not an excisable article is not leviable with duty."
The Breweries have also described the various instances of bottling wastages
in the writ petition as under :
"BOTTLING WASTAGES
The wastages occur at different stages in bottling process as under:
(a) Loss of beer in transfer pipe from Bottling Tank to bottling
machine, which has to be washed away to sterilize pipes before bottling
operations are began every day.
45
(b) There being pressure of CO gas in beer there is loss by bursting of
2
bottles in filling and capping machines. With the pressure of gas foaming
takes place and there is spillage of beer between the bottling and capping
machines. The spilt beer cannot be recovered as it gets mixed up with oil
on the conveyor belts and is contaminated.
(c) There are some breakages on conveyors between capping machine
and pasteurization tanks.
(d) During pasteurization the filled bottles are immersed in water and
the temperature of water is gradually raised to about 650C after keeping
for a fixed time, it is gradually colled, with the expansion of gas the bottles
burst to a varying percentage depending on the varying quality of bottles
from mould to mould and batch to batch and beer is mixed with water in
the tanks.
(e) Some breakages do occur in capsuling, labelling and packing of
filled bottles.
(f) Sometimes rebottling may have to be done and loss on this account
may occur.
40. The appellant breweries are holding bottling licences in form No.FL3
to bottle beer, governed by the U.P. Bottling of Foreign Liquor Rules, 1969
(`Bottling Rules' for short). Rule 6 provides that every licence granted in
Form No. FL3 shall be subject to the conditions enumerated therein. Rule 7
enumerates the additional special conditions applicable to bottling of India
made liquor in bond under FL3 licence. Sub-rules (10) and (11) of Rule 7
are relevant for our purpose and they are extracted below :
"7. Following additional special conditions will be applicable to
bottling of Indian Made Foreign liquor in bond under F.I.-3 licence:
(1) to (9) x x x x x omitted as not relevant
(10) On the last working, day of every calendar month, after all the
transactions for that day are made, the Excise Inspector Incharge shall
46
take the stock of unbottled and bottled spirit 3rd beer/stored in the
bottling warehouse, enter into the prescribed registers and ascertain the
wastage of spirit in the bottling operations and storage in the bonded
warehouse.
(11) (a) An allowance up to one per cent may be made on the total
quantity of spirit and beer stored during a month for actual loss in
bottling and storage. The licensee shall be responsible for the payment
of duty on wastage in excess of one per cent,
(b) when the wastage does not exceed the prescribed limit, no action
need be taken by the Excise Inspector Incharge but if an excess is
found at the time of monthly stock taking the Excise Inspector shall
submit a statement to the Collector by the fifth day of the month in
Form F.L.B. 10 showing the quantity of actual wastage and the duty to
be paid by the licensee on the excess wastage. On receipt of the
statement the Collector shall recover the duty from the licensee at the
full rate of duty leviable on Indian made foreign spirit and beer."
41. The appellants contended that section 28A provides for an allowance
of 10% to cover losses due to evaporation, sullage and other contingencies
within the brewery and also to cover losses in bottling and storage. Rule 53
of the Brewery Rules as amended on 19.7.1975 (Rule 912 of the Excise
Manual) provides for an allowance of 9% of the total stock of beer in the
month to cover losses due to evaporation, sullage and other contingencies
within the brewery. Rule 7(11)(a) of the Bottling Rules provides for an
allowance up to one per cent of the total stock of spirit during a month, for
actual loss in bottling and storage. The appellants submitted that section 28A
did not make such a division of 10% allowance, into 9% for loss in the
brewery and one percent for loss in bottling; and that therefore it is
47
impermissible to divide the wastage under two separate heads of 9%
wastage to cover losses due to evaporation, sullage and other contingencies
within the brewery under rule 53 of the Brewery Rules, (para 912 of U.P.
Excise Manual) and only one percent for losses in bottling and storage under
the Bottling Rules. According to them the wastage in bottling can itself go to
an extent of 10%. At all events, if the total wastage due to evaporation,
sullage and other contingencies in the brewery and the total wastage in
bottling and storage, together did not exceed 10%, no duty or additional duty
could be levied on the assumption that the losses in bottling and storage was
restricted only to one percent, as such division would be contrary to section
28A of the Act.
42. Rule 53 of Brewery Rules made in 1961 (para 912 of the Excise
manual) before the amendment on 19.7.1975 provided for allowance of a
deficiency not exceeding 10% to cover losses in bulk due to evaporation,
sullage and other contingencies within the brewery. At that time a separate
licence for bottling was not contemplated. The Bottling Rules made in 1969
provided for an allowance of one percent loss in bottling and storage. On
19.7.1975, Rule 53 (para 912 of Excise manual) was substituted and the
allowance to cover losses due to evaporation, sullage and other
48
contingencies within the brewery was reduced to 9% in view of the
provision in the Bottling Rules providing for an allowance of one percent for
losses in bottling and storage. Section 28A was inserted by U.P. Act 9 of
1978 (with a provision that the section shall be deemed always to have been
inserted) providing for an allowance to a total extent of 10% in regard to
losses within the brewery and the losses in bottling and storage. It is not in
dispute that the process of brewing beer and the process of bottling beer are
considered to be distinct and separate processes governed respectively by the
Brewery Rules and Bottling Rules. The operations connected with bottling
are required to be conducted in a separate premises under a different licence.
The process of bottling begins with the transfer of bulk beer from the
brewery for bottling. Sub-section (2) of section 28A refers to an allowance
to an extent of 10% not only in regard to losses within the brewery but also
to cover losses in bottling and storage. As noticed above, Rule 53 of the
Brewery Rules and Rule 7(11) of the Bottling Rules when read conjointly
show that the said rules are supplementary to each other and together
implement section 28A of the Act. At all events, the validity of neither Rule
53 of Brewery Rules nor Rule 7(11) of Bottling Rules is under challenge. Be
that as it may.
49
43. The brewery having obtained the bottling licence subject to the special
conditions which include the condition in Rule 7(11) of the Bottling Rules,
cannot ignore the said Rule and contend that the allowance for losses in
bottling could be more than one percent, that is upto ten per cent. In view of
the above there is no merit in the contention of the breweries that they are
entitled to allowance of ten per cent towards losses in bottling and storage
after the excisable article has left the Brewery. The appeals are therefore
liable to be dismissed.
Conclusion :
44. CA Nos.4708-4709/2002 are allowed and the order of the High Court
in Civil Misc. WP Nos.3968/1978 and 4043/2008 are set aside and the said
writ petitions are dismissed.
45. CA Nos.4710, 4711, 4712 & 4713/2002 are dismissed affirming the
decision of the High Court dismissing C.M. W.P. Nos.1375/1978,
3690/1979, 4136/1978 and 4157/1978, though for reasons, somewhat
different from the reasoning of the High Court.
.............................J
(R. V. Raveendran)
50
.............................J
(P. Sathasivam)
New Delhi;
September 23, 2011.
