Hon'ble Mr. Justice Dinesh Maheshwari
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8199 OF 2009
MEHBOOB-UR-REHMAN (DEAD) THROUGH LRS. Appellant(s)
VS.
AHSANUL GHANI Respondent(s)
JUDGMENT
Dinesh Maheshwari, J.
The appellant herein (since deceased and represented by his legal
representatives) had filed the suit for specific performance of Agreement to Sell,
being O.S. No. 392 of 1979, that was decreed by the Court of II Additional Civil
Judge, Kanpur Nagar by the judgment and decree dated 10.12.1981. However,
the decree so passed by the Trial Court was reversed by the Court of IX
Additional District Judge, Kanpur Nagar in its judgment and decree dated
03.07.1995 in Appeal No.54 of 1982, essentially on the ground that the plaintiff
had failed to aver and prove his continuous readiness and willingness to perform
his part of the contract. The High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, in its
impugned judgment dated 10.12.2007 in R.S.A. No. 931 of 1995, while
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dismissing the second appeal filed by the plaintiff-appellant, affirmed the decree
passed by the First Appellate Court. Aggrieved, the plaintiff-appellant has
preferred this appeal.
2. Briefly put, the relevant background aspects of the matter are that on
13.08.1979, the plaintiff-appellant filed the suit aforesaid with the averments that
the defendant-respondent had executed an agreement dated 16/17.04.1975 in
his favour for sale of the property in question, being House Number 102 at
Faithful Ganj, Kanpur Nagar, for a consideration of Rs. 30,000/-; and that a sum
of Rs. 15,000/- was paid as earnest money while the remaining amount was
payable at the time of execution and registration of the sale deed. The plaintiffappellant further averred that after the agreement, the Urban Land (Ceiling and
Regulation) Act, 1976 came to be promulgated prohibiting transfer of the property
without permission of the Competent Authority; and the defendant-respondent
was required to obtain such permission but failed to do so despite requests. The
plaintiff-appellant yet further averred that on 06.05.1979, he served a notice on
the defendant-respondent for obtaining permission from the Ceiling Authorities
and for execution of the sale deed to which, the defendant-respondent sent a
reply dated 06.07.1979 stating ignorance about the agreement and sought a
copy thereof for proper reply while alleging that his signatures were obtained on
some papers in relation to a suit filed by the State Bank of India. The plaintiffappellant stated that these were the false pretexts taken by the defendant who
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was bound to execute the sale deed for the house in question after seeking
necessary permission; and for him having failed to do so, the suit was being filed
for enforcing specific performance of the agreement.
3. The defendant-respondent, while denying the plaint averments, inter alia,
alleged that he was involved as a guarantor in relation to the loan taken by a firm
M/s Adam Textiles from the State Bank of India and his house in question was
hypothecated to the said bank; and when the bank threatened to take action
against him, the plaintiff, who was known to him, assured of contesting the matter
on his behalf and persuaded him to hand over possession of the house in
question on rental basis. The defendant alleged that he got deceived on
persuasion of the plaintiff and, for the purpose of conducting the trial of the suit
filed by the bank, his signatures were obtained on blank papers on which, some
document was fabricated; and that the copy of the alleged agreement was never
supplied to him despite demand. The defendant also took the objections
regarding limitation, valuation and court fees.
4. On the pleading of parties, the Trial Court framed the following issues for
determination of the questions involved in the matter:-
“1. Whether the suit is under valued and court fee
paid is insufficient?
2. Whether the suit is barred by time?
3. Whether the agreement is forged as alleged?
4. Whether the agreement was got affected by
fraud, misrepresentation as alleged in paras 12 to
15 of W.S.?
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5. To what relief if any is the plaintiff entitled?”
5. After taking the evidence and having heard the parties, the Trial Court
decreed the suit on 10.11.1981 while recording the findings, inter alia, to the
effect that time was not the essence of the contract; that the defendant was
required to obtain necessary permission from the Urban Ceiling Authorities and
he having not done so, the suit was within time; that the defendant refused to
honour his commitment in the letter dated 07.08.1979, which was received by the
plaintiff on 17.08.1979, whereas the suit had already been filed on 13.08.1979
and hence, the same was well within limitation; that by way of his testimony as
PW-1 and with the help of the notice dated 06.05.1979 (Exhibit 3), the plaintiff
succeeded to prove that he was always ready and willing to perform his part of
agreement; that the agreement was neither forged nor obtained by fraud or misrepresentation; and that in his reply notice dated 06.07.1979 (Exhibit A-12), the
defendant did not challenge the existence of agreement.
6. While challenging the decree of the Trial Court, the defendant raised the
grounds in the first appeal, inter alia, that the finding of the Trial Court that the
plaintiff was ready and willing to perform his part of agreement was perverse and
for want of necessary averments, the suit ought to have been dismissed.
7. As per the law applicable at the relevant point of time, the said first appeal
was filed in the High Court and the plaintiff, while appearing in the said appeal as
respondent, moved an application seeking leave to amend the plaint whereupon,
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the High Court passed the order dated 29.07.1982 that the application for
amendment would be decided at the time of final hearing of the appeal. Later on,
in view of alteration of jurisdiction, the appeal was transmitted by the High Court
to the District Court and was ultimately assigned to the IX Additional District
Judge, Kanpur Nagar as Appeal No. 54 of 1982. On 28.02.1995, the First
Appellate Court rejected the plaintiff's application seeking leave to amend the
plaint and thereafter, allowed the appeal on 25.04.1995 while holding that the
plaintiff had failed to take the necessary averments in the plaint on his readiness
and willingness to perform his part of the contract.
8. The second appeal preferred by the plaintiff-appellant against the
judgment and decree so passed by the First Appellate Court was admitted by the
High Court on the following substantial questions of law:-
“(i) Whether lower appellate court is justified in
dismissing the suit for non-compliance of
provisions of Section 14 and 16 of Specific Relief
Act without any pleading and/or issue on the said
point?
(ii) Whether the Lower Appellate Court ought to have
framed the issues if relevant and ought to have
remitted it to Trial Court?”
9. The High Court, in its impugned judgment dated 10.12.2007, examined in
detail the contentions of the parties and law applicable to the case, particularly
with reference to Section 16 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (hereinafter also
referred to as ‘the Act’) and several decisions of this Court including that in
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Umabai and another vs. Nilkanth Dhondiba Chavan (Dead) by LRS. and
another : (2005) 6 SCC 243, and rejected the contentions urged on behalf of the
plaintiff-appellant while observing as under:-
“It is clear from the averments made in the plaint and
from the evidence brought on record that there is
complete absence of continuous readiness and
willingness on the part of the plaintiff. There is nothing
in his conduct which may even remotely show that prior
to the notice dated 6.5.1979 the plaintiff had expressed
any readiness and willingness to perform his part of the
contract.
The contention of the learned counsel for the appellant
that the defendant also did not raise such a plea does
not help the plaintiff-appellant because under Section
16 (c) of the Act is for the plaintiff to aver and prove this
fact. This is what was observed by the Supreme Court
in Umabai (supra). The Trial Court, while deciding
issue No. 5 merely observed that certain sections of the
Act including section 16(c) of the Act was not applicable
because the plaintiff has been ready and willing to
perform his part of the contract. This finding has been
arrived at without any discussion. The Lower Appellate
Court, on the other hand, has elaborately dealt with this
issue. It has observed that under the alleged
agreement dated 16/17-4-1975 permission was
required to be taken within one month of the agreement
and then the sale-deed was required to be executed but
the plaintiff not only failed to make any specific
averment in the plaint about readiness and willingness
but also failed to prove the same. In the light of the
discussion made above, the finding recorded by the
Lower Appellate Court is correct.”
10. The contention on behalf of the plaintiff-appellant that the First Appellate
Court was not justified in rejecting the application for amendment was also
negatived by the High Court with the following observations:-
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“The Lower Appellate Court by a detailed order had
rejected the application filed at the belated stage for
amending the plaint by adding a relief about readiness
and willingness. At the time of the admission of the
Second Appeal, the Court did not formulate any
substantial question of law as to whether the
amendment application had been illegally rejected.
This plea, therefore, cannot be considered at the time
of hearing of the Second Appeal. However, even
otherwise there is no infirmity in the order rejecting the
amendment application as it had been moved with a
considerable delay and would involve a retrial as
evidence would have to be led by the parties on this
issue.”
11. Assailing the judgment of the High Court, learned counsel for the appellant
has strenuously argued that in the absence of any objection in the written
statement regarding non-compliance of Section 16(c) of the Act and without any
issue to that effect, the First Appellate Court and the High Court were not justified
in non-suiting the appellant only on the ground of the so called want of pleading
on readiness and willingness. Learned counsel would submit that for the purpose
of Section 16(c) of the Act, while examining the question regarding readiness and
willingness of the plaintiff to perform his part of the contract, the Court is required
to see the pith and substance of the entire pleadings and evidence and not just
the letter and form; and on the substance of the matter, such readiness and
willingness is duly proved on record. Learned counsel would also argue that
there was no justification in rejection of the application for amendment, if at all
any question regarding averment on readiness and willingness was being raised;
and for substantial justice between the parties, such an amendment ought to
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have been allowed. In this regard, learned counsel has also argued with
reference to proviso to sub-section (5) of Section 100 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 ('CPC') that even if a substantial question of law involved in the
matter had not been formulated at the time of admission of appeal, the same
could have been formulated and decided by the High Court for ensuring
substantial justice; and in the present case, the High Court has wrongly confined
itself only to the questions formulated at the time of admission, while putting the
matter in a strait jacket. Per contra, learned counsel for the defendantrespondent has duly supported the judgment of the High Court with the
submissions that the plaintiff-appellant having failed to establish his readiness
and willingness to perform his part of the alleged agreement, the suit has rightly
been dismissed.
12. Having bestowed anxious consideration to the rival submissions and
having examined the record with reference to the law applicable, we are inclined
to agree with the High Court that, in the present suit, specific performance of the
agreement in question cannot be enforced in favour of the plaintiff-appellant for
want of proof of his continuous readiness and willingness to perform his part of
the essential terms of the contract.
13. It remains trite that the relief of specific performance is not that of common
law remedy but is essentially an exercise in equity. Therefore, in the Specific
Relief Act, 1963, even while providing for various factors and parameters
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for specific performance of contract, the provisions are made regarding the
contracts which are not specifically enforceable as also the persons for or against
whom the contract may be specifically enforced. In this scheme of the Act,
Section 16 thereof provides for personal bars to the relief of specific
performance. Clause (c) of Section 16 with the explanation thereto, as applicable
to the suit in question, had been as follows:-
"16. Personal bars to relief.- Specific performance of a
contract cannot be enforced in favour of a person-
(a) *** *** ***
(b)*** *** ***
(c) [who fails to aver and prove]1
that he has
performed or has always been ready and willing to
perform the essential terms of the contract which
are to be performed by him, other than terms the
performance of which has been prevented or
waived by the defendant.
Explanation:--For the purpose of clause (c),---
(i) where a contract involves the payment of money,
it is not essential for the plaintiff to actually tender
to the defendant or to deposit in court any money
except when so directed by the court;
(ii) the plaintiff [must aver]2
performance of, or
readiness and willingness to perform, the contract
according to its true construction.”
14. Though, with the amendment of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 by Act No. 18
of 2018, the expression “who fails to aver and prove” is substituted by the
1 By Act No. 18 of 2018, the expression “who fails to aver and prove” is substituted by the expression
“who fails to prove”
2 By the same Act No. 18 of 2018, the expression “ must aver” is substituted by the expression “must
prove”
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expression “who fails to prove” and the expression “must aver” stands substituted
by the expression “must prove” but then, the position on all the material aspects
remains the same that, specific performance of a contract cannot be enforced in
favour to the person who fails to prove that he has already performed or has
always been ready and willing to perform the essential terms of the contract
which are to be performed by him, other than the terms of which, the
performance has been prevented or waived by the other party. As per the law
applicable at the relevant time, it was incumbent for the plaintiff to take the
specific averment to that effect in the plaint. Of course, it was made clear by this
Court in several decisions3
, that such requirement of taking the necessary
averment was not a matter of form and no specific phraseology or language was
required to take such a plea. However, and even when mechanical reproduction
of the words of statue was not insisted upon, the requirement of such pleading
being available in the plaint was neither waived nor even whittled down. In the
case of A. Kanthamani v. Nasreen Ahmed: (2017) 4 SCC 654, even while
approving the decree for specific performance of the agreement on facts, this
Court pointed out that the requirement analogous to that contained in Section
16(c) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 was read in its forerunner i.e., the Specific
Relief Act, 1877 even without specific provision to that effect. Having examined
the scheme of the Act and the requirements of CPC, this Court said,-
3 vide Syed Dastagir v. T.R.Gopalakrishna Setty: (1999) 6 SCC 337; and
Aniglase Yohannan v. Ramlatha and Ors.: (2005) 7 SCC 534,
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“22. Therefore, the plaint which seeks the relief of
specific performance of the agreement/contract must
contain all requirements of Section 16 (c) read with
requirements contained in Forms 47 and 48 of
Appendix ‘A’ CPC”
15. Such a requirement, of necessary averment in the plaint, that he has
already performed or has always been ready and willing to perform the essential
terms of the contract which are to be performed by him being on the plaintiff,
mere want of objection by the defendant in the written statement is hardly of any
effect or consequence. The essential question to be addressed to by the Court in
such a matter has always been as to whether, by taking the pleading and the
evidence on record as a whole, the plaintiff has established that he has
performed his part of the contract or has always been ready and willing to do so.
In this regard, suffice it would be to refer to the principles enunciated by this
Court in the case of Umabai (supra) as under:-
"30. It is now well settled that the conduct of the parties,
with a view to arrive at a finding as to whether the
plaintiff-respondents were all along and still are ready
and willing to perform their part of contract as is
mandatorily required under Section 16 (c) of the
Specific Relief Act must be determined having regard to
the entire attending circumstances. A bare averment in
the plaint or a statement made in the examination-inchief would not suffice. The conduct of the plaintiffrespondents must be judged having regard to the
entirety of the pleadings as also the evidences brought
on records.
*** *** ***
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45. It was for the plaintiff to prove his readiness and
willingness to pay the stipulated amount and it was not
for the appellants to raise such question…"
16. When the pleadings in the present case are examined with reference to
the principle aforesaid, it is but apparent that in the plaint, the plaintiff referred to
the agreement in question whereby, the defendant had allegedly agreed to sell
the house in question to him for a sale consideration of Rs. 30,000/- and averred
that the defendant received a sum of Rs. 15,000/- from him. The plaintiff stated
that the agreement was executed on 16/17.04.1975. Thereafter, the plaintiff
straight away referred to the fact that subsequent to the execution of agreement,
the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 was promulgated; and
Section 27 thereof prohibited transfer of property without prior permission of the
Competent Authority. The plaintiff further averred that he served notice dated
06.05.1979 on the defendant asking him to seek permission and to execute the
sale deed; that the notice was personally served on the defendant on
17.05.1979; and that the defendant in his reply dated 06.07.1979, feigned
ignorance about the agreement. The plaintiff further averred that the defendant
was bound to execute the sale deed of the house after seeking necessary
permission and for the defendant having failed to do so, the suit was being filed.
There is not even a remote suggestion in the plaint averments that the plaintiff
had performed or has always been ready and willing to perform his part of the
contract. Even in the plaintiff’s testimony as PW-1, it is difficult to find a
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categorical assertion that he had performed or has always been ready and willing
to perform his part of the contract. The testimony of the plaintiff as PW-1 is
essentially directed towards the existence and validity of the alleged agreement
and the surrounding dealings of the parties; but is lacking in those material
assertions on readiness and willingness on his part, which remain essential for
grant of the relief of the specific performance.
17. In the above set of circumstances, we are unable to find any fault in the
findings of the High Court that the plaintiff had failed to aver and prove his
continuous readiness and willingness to perform his part of the contract. The suit
was bound to fail on this ground alone.
18. So far as the proposition for amendment of the plaint is concerned, we are
unable to find any illegality on the part of the First Appellate Court and the High
Court in rejecting the prayer belatedly made by the plaintiff. As noticed, the
averment and proof on readiness and willingness to perform his part of the
contract has been the threshold requirement for a plaintiff who seeks the relief of
specific performance. The principle that the requirement of such averment had
not been a matter of form, applied equally to the proposition for amendment at
the late stage whereby, the plaintiff only attempted to somehow improve upon the
form of the plaint and insert only the phraseology of his readiness and
willingness. In such a suit for specific performance, the Court would be, and had
always been, looking at the substance of the matter if the plaintiff, by his conduct,
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has established that he is unquestionably standing with the contract and is not
wanting in preparedness as also willingness to perform everything required of
him before he could be granted a relief whereby, the performance of other part of
the contract could be enjoined upon the defendant. In the present case, the
plaintiff-appellant had failed to aver and prove his readiness and willingness to
perform his part of the contract. The Trial Court made a rather assumptive
observation that he had proved such readiness and willingness. Thereafter, the
plaintiff sought leave to amend the plaint only when the ground to that effect was
taken in the first appeal by the defendant. In the facts and circumstances of the
present case, in our view, it was too late in the day for the plaintiff to fill up such a
lacuna in his case only at the appellate stage. In other words, the late attempt to
improve upon the pleadings of the plaint at the appellate stage was only an
exercise in futility in the present case.
19. Moreover, the High Court has pointed out, and rightly so, that no
substantial question of law as regards the correctness of the order refusing the
application for amendment was formulated. In the scheme of the provisions
relating to second appeal, it remains fundamental, as per Section 101 CPC, that
no second appeal would lie except on the ground mentioned in Section 100.
Sections 100 and 101 of the Code of Civil Procedure read as under:-
“100. Second Appeal.- (1) Save as otherwise expressly provided
in the body of this Code or by any other law for the time being in
force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree
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passed in appeal by any Court subordinate to the High Court, if
the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial
question of law.
(2) An appeal may lie under this section from an appellate decree
passed ex parte.
(3) In an appeal under this section, the memorandum of appeal
shall precisely state the substantial question of law involved in the
appeal.
(4) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of
law is involved in any case, it shall formulate that question.
(5) The appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated and
the respondent shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to
argue that the case does not involve such question:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take
away or abridge the power of the Court to hear, for reasons to be
recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of law, not
formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the case involves such
question.
101. Second appeal on no other grounds.-No second appeal
shall lie except on the grounds mentioned in Section 100."
20. As per Section 100 CPC, the appeal would lie to the High Court from the
decree passed in appeal by any Court subordinate only if the High Court is
satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law; such question is
required to be stated in the Memorandum of Appeal; the High Court is required to
formulate the question on being satisfied that the same is involved in the case;
the appeal is to be heard on the question so formulated; and at the time of
hearing, the respondent could urge that the case does not involve such a
question. The proviso to sub-section (5) of Section 100 CPC makes it clear that
the Court could hear the appeal on any other substantial question of law not
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formulated by it, but only after recording the reasons that the case involves such
a question. In the case of Surat Singh (Dead) v. Siri Bhagwan and Ors.: (2018)
4 SCC 562 this Court has pointed out the contours of the powers of High Court
under the proviso to sub-section (5) of Section 100 CPC as under:-
“21……… The proviso to sub-section (5), however, also
recognises the power of the High Court to hear the appeal
on any other substantial question of law which was not
initially framed by the High Court under sub-section (4).
However, this power can be exercised by the High Court
only after assigning the reasons for framing such additional
question of law at the time of hearing of the appeal”.
21. We are clearly of the view that the proviso to sub-section (5) of Section
100 CPC is not intended to annul the other requirements of Section 100 and it
cannot be laid down as a matter of rule that irrespective of the question/s
formulated, hearing of the second appeal is open for any other substantial
question of law, even if not formulated earlier. The said proviso, by its very
nature, could come into operation only in exceptional cases and for strong and
convincing reasons, to be specifically recorded by the High Court. There being
no such strong and convincing reason in the present case to formulate and hear
the second appeal on any other question of law, the High Court cannot be faulted
in rejecting the contentions urged on behalf of the plaintiff-appellant in this
regard.
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22. For what has been discussed hereinabove, we are satisfied that the relief
of specific performance of agreement in question has rightly been declined by the
First Appellate Court and the High Court. No case for interference being made
out, the appeal stands dismissed.
...............................................J.
(ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE)
...............................................J.
(DINESH MAHESHWARI) 1
New Delhi,
Dated: 15th February, 2019.
