REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4080 OF 2014
KULDEEP SINGH PATHANIA … APPELLANTS (S)
VERSUS
BIKRAM SINGH JARYAL … RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
KURIAN, J.:
Chapter III of Part VI of The Representation of the People Act, 1951
(hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) deals with trial of election
petitions. Under Section 86(1) of the Act, “the High Court shall dismiss an
election petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section 81
or Section 82 or Section 117”. Section 100 of the Act provides for grounds
for declaring election to be void. Section 100(1)(d)(iii) of the Act
provides that an election of a returned candidate can be declared to be
void if the High Court is of the opinion that the result of the election,
in so far as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially affected
by the improper reception, refusal or rejection of any vote or the
reception of any vote which is void. Section 81 provides for institutional
requirements including limitation and Section 117 provides for deposit of
security for costs. Section 83, under Chapter II, deals with contents of
an election petition. Under Section 83(1)(a) of the Act, “an election
petition shall contain a concise statement of material facts on which the
petitioner relies”. Under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as “the Code”), a plaint shall be
rejected where it does not disclose a cause of action and under Order XIV
Rule 2(2), the court may deal with the preliminary issue on jurisdiction of
the court and bar to the suit created by any law in force. These are the
provisions relevant for consideration of the present case.
The appellant lost election from Bhattiyat Assembly Constituency of
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly held in 2012 by a margin of 111
votes. He filed an election petition mainly on the grounds under Section
100(1)(d)(iii) of the Act. Of the six issues settled, issues 2 to 5 were
treated as preliminary issues, of which, issues 2 and 3 related to cause of
action:
“2) Whether the election petition is liable to be dismissed in limine for
lack of material facts and particulars, as alleged?
3) Whether the election petition is not maintainable for want of any
cause of action, as alleged?”
Appellant is aggrieved since his petition has been dismissed, based on the
findings on the preliminary issues that the election petition lacked in
material facts as required under Section 83(1)(a) of the 1951 Act and as
such, did not disclose any cause of action.
As far as the averments in the election petition are concerned, it is not
necessary for us to refer to the same in extenso since they have been
summarized in paragraph-27 of the impugned judgment, which reads as
follows:
“27. The “violations” alleged by the petitioner during poling and counting
of votes can be grouped in the following three categories, which shall be
dealt with one by one:-
Exercise of dual right of franchise by a voter and discrepancy between the
EVM record and the record maintained in Form 17-A at polling station No.92-
Kamla;
Improper reception of 30 postal ballot papers; and
Discrepancy regarding 100 postal ballot papers-whether 597 or 697?”
The High Court dealt with the violations referred to above extensively so
as to find out whether a cause of action is made out, but committed a grave
error by considering the explanations offered in the replies filed by the
respondents. All the three violations have been discussed meticulously by
the High Court with reference to the replies furnished by the respondents
and the court came to the conclusion that the petition did not disclose any
cause of action since it lacked material facts. The High Court ventured
into such an elaborate enquiry in the light of the pleadings in the
replies, to see whether the result of the election has been materially
affected, apparently or rather mistakenly, under Order XIV Rule 2.
Order XIV deals with settlement of issues and determination of suit on
issues of law or on issues agreed upon. Order XIV Rule 2 provides for
disposal of a suit on a preliminary issue and under sub-Rule (2) of Rule 2,
if the court is of opinion that a case or part thereof can be disposed of
on an issue of law only, it may try that issue first, in case it relates to
jurisdiction of the court or bar to entertaining the suit. After the 1976
amendment, the scope of a preliminary issue under Order XIV Rule 2(2) is
limited only to two areas, one is jurisdiction of the court, and the other,
bar to the suit as created by any law for the time being in force. The
whole purpose of trial on preliminary issue is to save time and money.
Though it is not a mini trial, the court can and has to look into the
entire pleadings and the materials available on record, to the extent not
in dispute. But that is not the situation as far as the enquiry under Order
VII Rule 11 is concerned. That is only on institutional defects. The court
can only see whether the plaint, or rather the pleadings of the plaintiff,
constitute a cause of action. Pleadings in the sense where, even after the
stage of written statement, if there is a replication filed, in a given
situation the same also can be looked into to see whether there is any
admission on the part of the plaintiff. In other words, under Order VII
Rule 11, the court has to take a decision looking at the pleadings of the
plaintiff only and not on the rebuttal made by the defendant or any other
materials produced by the defendant.
It appears, the High Court committed a mistake in the present case, since
four out of the six issues settled were taken as the preliminary issues.
Two such issues actually are relatable only to Order VII Rule 11 of the
Code, in the sense those issues pertained to the rejection at the
institution stage for lack of material facts and for not disclosing a cause
of action. Merely because it is a trial on preliminary issues at the stage
of Order XIV, the scope does not change or expand. The stage at which such
an enquiry is undertaken by the court makes no difference since an enquiry
under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code can be taken up at any stage.
Thus, for an enquiry under Order VII Rule 11 (a), only the pleadings of the
plaintiff-petitioner can be looked into even if it is at the stage of trial
of preliminary issues under Order XIV Rule 2(2). But the entire pleadings
on both sides can be looked into under Order XIV Rule 2(2) to see whether
the court has jurisdiction and whether there is a bar for entertaining the
suit.
In the present case, the issue relates to an enquiry under Order VII Rule
11(a) of the Code, and hence, there is no question of a preliminary issue
being tried under Order XIV Rule 2(2) of the Code. The court exercised its
jurisdiction only under Section 83(1)(a) of the Act read with Order VII
Rule 11(a) of the Code. Since the scope of the enquiry at that stage has to
be limited only to the pleadings of the plaintiff, neither the written
statement nor the averments, if any, filed by the opposite party for
rejection under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code or any other pleadings of
the respondents can be considered for that purpose.
In Mayar (H.K.) Ltd. and others v. Owners & Parties, Vessel M.V. Fortune
Express and others[1], this Court has dealt with a similar issue. To the
extent relevant, paragraph-12 reads as follows:
“12. From the aforesaid, it is apparent that the plaint cannot be rejected
on the basis of the allegations made by the defendant in his written
statement or in an application for rejection of the plaint. The court has
to read the entire plaint as a whole to find out whether it discloses a
cause of action and if it does, then the plaint cannot be rejected by the
court exercising the powers under Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code. Essentially,
whether the plaint discloses a cause of action, is a question of fact which
has to be gathered on the basis of the averments made in the plaint in its
entirety taking those averments to be correct. A cause of action is a
bundle of facts which are required to be proved for obtaining relief and
for the said purpose, the material facts are required to be stated but not
the evidence except in certain cases where the pleadings relied on are in
regard to misrepresentation, fraud, wilful default, undue influence or of
the same nature. So long as the plaint discloses some cause of action which
requires determination by the court, the mere fact that in the opinion of
the Judge the plaintiff may not succeed cannot be a ground for rejection of
the plaint. …”
It is not necessary to load this judgment with other judgments dealing
with this first principle of Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code. As held by
this Court in Virender Nath Gautam v. Satpal Singh and others[2], at
paragraph-52:
“52. The High Court, in our considered opinion, stepped into prohibited
area of considering correctness of allegations and evidence in support of
averments by entering into the merits of the case which would be
permissible only at the stage of trial of the election petition and not at
the stage of consideration whether the election petition was maintainable
and dismissed the petition. The said action, therefore, cannot be upheld
and the order deserves to be set aside.”
As we have been taken through the averments in the election petition and we
are satisfied that the petition has disclosed a cause of action, it is not
necessary to remit the petition for a fresh enquiry in that regard.
The appeal is however allowed, the impugned order is set aside and the
election petition is remitted to the High Court to try it on merits
expeditiously, and being one filed in the year 2013, preferably within a
period of four months. We make it clear that we have not expressed any
opinion on the merits of the case.
There shall be no order as to costs.
..……………………….J.
(KURIAN JOSEPH)
.……………………….J.
(A.M. KHANWILKAR)
NEW DELHI;
JANUARY 24, 2017.
-----------------------
[1] (2006) 3 SCC 100
[2] (2007) 3 SCC 617
-----------------------
9
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4080 OF 2014
KULDEEP SINGH PATHANIA … APPELLANTS (S)
VERSUS
BIKRAM SINGH JARYAL … RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
KURIAN, J.:
Chapter III of Part VI of The Representation of the People Act, 1951
(hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) deals with trial of election
petitions. Under Section 86(1) of the Act, “the High Court shall dismiss an
election petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section 81
or Section 82 or Section 117”. Section 100 of the Act provides for grounds
for declaring election to be void. Section 100(1)(d)(iii) of the Act
provides that an election of a returned candidate can be declared to be
void if the High Court is of the opinion that the result of the election,
in so far as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially affected
by the improper reception, refusal or rejection of any vote or the
reception of any vote which is void. Section 81 provides for institutional
requirements including limitation and Section 117 provides for deposit of
security for costs. Section 83, under Chapter II, deals with contents of
an election petition. Under Section 83(1)(a) of the Act, “an election
petition shall contain a concise statement of material facts on which the
petitioner relies”. Under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (hereinafter referred to as “the Code”), a plaint shall be
rejected where it does not disclose a cause of action and under Order XIV
Rule 2(2), the court may deal with the preliminary issue on jurisdiction of
the court and bar to the suit created by any law in force. These are the
provisions relevant for consideration of the present case.
The appellant lost election from Bhattiyat Assembly Constituency of
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly held in 2012 by a margin of 111
votes. He filed an election petition mainly on the grounds under Section
100(1)(d)(iii) of the Act. Of the six issues settled, issues 2 to 5 were
treated as preliminary issues, of which, issues 2 and 3 related to cause of
action:
“2) Whether the election petition is liable to be dismissed in limine for
lack of material facts and particulars, as alleged?
3) Whether the election petition is not maintainable for want of any
cause of action, as alleged?”
Appellant is aggrieved since his petition has been dismissed, based on the
findings on the preliminary issues that the election petition lacked in
material facts as required under Section 83(1)(a) of the 1951 Act and as
such, did not disclose any cause of action.
As far as the averments in the election petition are concerned, it is not
necessary for us to refer to the same in extenso since they have been
summarized in paragraph-27 of the impugned judgment, which reads as
follows:
“27. The “violations” alleged by the petitioner during poling and counting
of votes can be grouped in the following three categories, which shall be
dealt with one by one:-
Exercise of dual right of franchise by a voter and discrepancy between the
EVM record and the record maintained in Form 17-A at polling station No.92-
Kamla;
Improper reception of 30 postal ballot papers; and
Discrepancy regarding 100 postal ballot papers-whether 597 or 697?”
The High Court dealt with the violations referred to above extensively so
as to find out whether a cause of action is made out, but committed a grave
error by considering the explanations offered in the replies filed by the
respondents. All the three violations have been discussed meticulously by
the High Court with reference to the replies furnished by the respondents
and the court came to the conclusion that the petition did not disclose any
cause of action since it lacked material facts. The High Court ventured
into such an elaborate enquiry in the light of the pleadings in the
replies, to see whether the result of the election has been materially
affected, apparently or rather mistakenly, under Order XIV Rule 2.
Order XIV deals with settlement of issues and determination of suit on
issues of law or on issues agreed upon. Order XIV Rule 2 provides for
disposal of a suit on a preliminary issue and under sub-Rule (2) of Rule 2,
if the court is of opinion that a case or part thereof can be disposed of
on an issue of law only, it may try that issue first, in case it relates to
jurisdiction of the court or bar to entertaining the suit. After the 1976
amendment, the scope of a preliminary issue under Order XIV Rule 2(2) is
limited only to two areas, one is jurisdiction of the court, and the other,
bar to the suit as created by any law for the time being in force. The
whole purpose of trial on preliminary issue is to save time and money.
Though it is not a mini trial, the court can and has to look into the
entire pleadings and the materials available on record, to the extent not
in dispute. But that is not the situation as far as the enquiry under Order
VII Rule 11 is concerned. That is only on institutional defects. The court
can only see whether the plaint, or rather the pleadings of the plaintiff,
constitute a cause of action. Pleadings in the sense where, even after the
stage of written statement, if there is a replication filed, in a given
situation the same also can be looked into to see whether there is any
admission on the part of the plaintiff. In other words, under Order VII
Rule 11, the court has to take a decision looking at the pleadings of the
plaintiff only and not on the rebuttal made by the defendant or any other
materials produced by the defendant.
It appears, the High Court committed a mistake in the present case, since
four out of the six issues settled were taken as the preliminary issues.
Two such issues actually are relatable only to Order VII Rule 11 of the
Code, in the sense those issues pertained to the rejection at the
institution stage for lack of material facts and for not disclosing a cause
of action. Merely because it is a trial on preliminary issues at the stage
of Order XIV, the scope does not change or expand. The stage at which such
an enquiry is undertaken by the court makes no difference since an enquiry
under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code can be taken up at any stage.
Thus, for an enquiry under Order VII Rule 11 (a), only the pleadings of the
plaintiff-petitioner can be looked into even if it is at the stage of trial
of preliminary issues under Order XIV Rule 2(2). But the entire pleadings
on both sides can be looked into under Order XIV Rule 2(2) to see whether
the court has jurisdiction and whether there is a bar for entertaining the
suit.
In the present case, the issue relates to an enquiry under Order VII Rule
11(a) of the Code, and hence, there is no question of a preliminary issue
being tried under Order XIV Rule 2(2) of the Code. The court exercised its
jurisdiction only under Section 83(1)(a) of the Act read with Order VII
Rule 11(a) of the Code. Since the scope of the enquiry at that stage has to
be limited only to the pleadings of the plaintiff, neither the written
statement nor the averments, if any, filed by the opposite party for
rejection under Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code or any other pleadings of
the respondents can be considered for that purpose.
In Mayar (H.K.) Ltd. and others v. Owners & Parties, Vessel M.V. Fortune
Express and others[1], this Court has dealt with a similar issue. To the
extent relevant, paragraph-12 reads as follows:
“12. From the aforesaid, it is apparent that the plaint cannot be rejected
on the basis of the allegations made by the defendant in his written
statement or in an application for rejection of the plaint. The court has
to read the entire plaint as a whole to find out whether it discloses a
cause of action and if it does, then the plaint cannot be rejected by the
court exercising the powers under Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code. Essentially,
whether the plaint discloses a cause of action, is a question of fact which
has to be gathered on the basis of the averments made in the plaint in its
entirety taking those averments to be correct. A cause of action is a
bundle of facts which are required to be proved for obtaining relief and
for the said purpose, the material facts are required to be stated but not
the evidence except in certain cases where the pleadings relied on are in
regard to misrepresentation, fraud, wilful default, undue influence or of
the same nature. So long as the plaint discloses some cause of action which
requires determination by the court, the mere fact that in the opinion of
the Judge the plaintiff may not succeed cannot be a ground for rejection of
the plaint. …”
It is not necessary to load this judgment with other judgments dealing
with this first principle of Order VII Rule 11(a) of the Code. As held by
this Court in Virender Nath Gautam v. Satpal Singh and others[2], at
paragraph-52:
“52. The High Court, in our considered opinion, stepped into prohibited
area of considering correctness of allegations and evidence in support of
averments by entering into the merits of the case which would be
permissible only at the stage of trial of the election petition and not at
the stage of consideration whether the election petition was maintainable
and dismissed the petition. The said action, therefore, cannot be upheld
and the order deserves to be set aside.”
As we have been taken through the averments in the election petition and we
are satisfied that the petition has disclosed a cause of action, it is not
necessary to remit the petition for a fresh enquiry in that regard.
The appeal is however allowed, the impugned order is set aside and the
election petition is remitted to the High Court to try it on merits
expeditiously, and being one filed in the year 2013, preferably within a
period of four months. We make it clear that we have not expressed any
opinion on the merits of the case.
There shall be no order as to costs.
..……………………….J.
(KURIAN JOSEPH)
.……………………….J.
(A.M. KHANWILKAR)
NEW DELHI;
JANUARY 24, 2017.
-----------------------
[1] (2006) 3 SCC 100
[2] (2007) 3 SCC 617
-----------------------
9
