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The authority contemplated in Section 26 is the Highway Authority constituted under Section 3 or any officer authorised by the Highway Authority. Since no claim is raised based on powers under Section 26, we are constrained to interfere in the matter. Accordingly, the impugned judgment is set aside.

‘REPORTABLE’

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4946 OF 2021

(Arising out of SLP (C)No. 10493 of 2021)

GUNASEKARAN Appellant(s)

VERSUS

THE DIVISIONAL ENGINEER

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS & ORS. Respondent(s)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4947 of 2021

(Arising out of SLP (C)No. 11768 of 2021)

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4948 of 2021

(Arising out of SLP (C)No. 12587 of 2021)

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4949/2021

(Arising out of SLP (C)No. 12947 of 2021)

J U D G M E N T

K. M. JOSEPH, J.

Leave granted.

(1) Dr. Joseph Aristotle, learned counsel, appears and

accepts notice on behalf of the respondents in Civil Appeal

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

No. 4948 of 2021 (arising out of SLP (C)No. 12587 of 2021)

and Civil Appeal No. 4949 of 2021 (arising out of SLP (C)No.

12947 of 2021).

(2) The appellants in these cases filed writ petitions

wherein they mounted challenge to the show cause notices

issued by the respondents. The High Court, by the impugned

judgment, did not interfere with the impugned notices noting

that the appellants have not attributed any malafides and

their writ petitions were accordingly, dismissed.

However, in paragraph 15 it held as follows:

“15. However, it is open to the petitioners to offer

their explanation to the impugned show cause notices

to the respondents, within a period of ten days from

the date of receipt of copy of this order and if any

explanation is offered by the petitioners, the 2nd

respondent shall consider the same and pass orders

within a period of two weeks from the date of receipt

of their explanation and thereafter, shall proceed

further. No costs. Consequently, connected

miscellaneous petitions are also dismissed.”

The dispute lies essentially in a narrow compass. The

allegation raised in the show cause notices is to the effect

that the appellants have encroached upon the property

comprising in the ‘National Highway’ in question. The case

set up by the appellants before the High Court was that the

notices have been issued, purporting to be under Section

28(2)(ii) of the Tamil Nadu State Highway Act, 2001

(hereinafter referred to as State Act, 2001, for brevity).

It was contended that the said enactment had become void in

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

view of the enactment of the Right to Fair Compensation and

Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Act, 2013. It was expatiated and is contended

that the authority under the State Act, 2001, did not have

the jurisdiction in the matter of dealing with the alleged

encroachments over the National Highway.

The High Court notices that though the road actually

belongs to the National Highways Department, the

construction and maintenance of the road was under the

supervision and control of the officer of the National

Highways Wing, Highways Department, Government of Tamil

Nadu. Noticing that since the subject matter of the road is

under the maintenance and supervision of the National

Highways Wing, Highways Department, Government of Tamil

Nadu, the Court did not find any error in the impugned

notices. It is further noted that there were 326

encroachers in the said Highway and such encroachments were

identified after survey and notices were issued. It was

further observed that the impugned notices are only show

cause notices, which are normally not interfered with,

except for lack of jurisdiction of the authority or if

malafides is attributed. Accordingly the writ petitions

were dismissed as noticed.

(3) We have heard Shri B. Karunakaran, learned counsel for

the appellants, and Shri V. Krishnamurthy, learned

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

Additional Advocate General for the State.

(4) In the appeals, the appellants persisted with the

complaint that the notices have been issued under the State

Act, 2001. It is the case of the appellants that the

officer who issued the notices, could not possibly have

seized at, power to purport to remove the alleged

encroachment in the National Highway.

(5) The contention on the other hand of the State as

articulated by Shri V. Krishnamurthy, learned Additional

Advocate General for the State of Tamil Nadu, is that

notification has been issued under Section 5 of the National

Highways Act, 1956 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Act of 1956’

for brevity) and the roads in question where the

encroachments have taken place are covered by the

notification. It is the contention of the respondents that

the officer, therefore, who has issued notices purportedly

under the State Act, did have jurisdiction, as correctly

found by the High Court.

(6) If we notice the statutory framework of the Act of

1956, this Act provides in Section 5 as follows:

5. Responsibility for development and maintenance of

national highways.—It shall be the responsibility of

the Central Government to develop and maintain in

proper repair all national highways; but the Central

Government may, by notification in the Official

Gazette, direct that any function in relation to the

development or maintenance of any national highway

shall, subject to such conditions, if any, as may be

specified in the notification, also be exercisable by

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

the Government of the State within which the national

highway is situated or by any officer or authority

subordinate to the Central Government or to the State

Government.

There is undoubtedly a notification issued under

Section 5 in this case.

(7) If matters stood thus, perhaps it could be contended

that the power comprised in the section has been delegated

to the author of the notices in these cases and which

extended to the removal of encroachments over the National

Highway. We must further notice that in fact, Section 5

speaks about the responsibility of the Central Government to

develop and maintain in proper repair the National Highways.

It also provides, undoubtedly, that any function in relation

to the development and maintenance of any National Highway

shall, subject to such conditions, as may be specified in

the notification, also be exercisable by the Government of

the State within which the national highway is situated or

by any officer or authority subordinate to the Central

Government or to the State Government. It is in terms of

this power that the notification relied upon by the

respondent-State has been issued viz., it provides for the

functions relating to development or maintenance of the

National Highway. The legislature however, has not stood

still. In the year 2002, new legislation was churned out

viz., The Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic)

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

Act, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Act of 2002’ for

brevity). The following is the statement of objects and

reasons:

“1. At present, the National Highways are governed by

the National Highways Act, 1956 and the National

Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. These

enactments contain provisions for declaration of the

National Highways and for the constitution of the

National Highways Authority of India for the

development, maintenance and management of the

National Highways and the matters connected

therewith. However, these enactments do not give

powers to the Central Government to prevent or remove

encroachments on land under the National Highways/or

to restrict access to them from the adjacent land, or

to regulate traffic movement of any category of

vehicles or animals on the National Highways. The

provisions in the existing law and in the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908 have not proved effective in

view of dilatory tactics adopted by the private

parties to defeat the purposes of these Acts. In

order to deal effectively with these problems, it is

imperative to vest the Central Government with

necessary powers through the Highway Administration.

2. National Highways are rapidly getting congested

and choked by undesirable roadside developments and

encroachments. In fact, encroachments make further

widening of the existing roads in response to growing

traffic, very difficult and costly, and often,

impossible. The result is that the main traffic on

the National Highways is subjected to a lot of

hardship and there is widespread criticism about the

deteriorating level of service.

3. The absence of legislation empowering the

competent authority to remove encroachments on the

National Highways has resulted in shops, hotels, tea

stalls, repair shops, petrol pumps, weigh bridge,

residences and commercial establishments extending

their activities right on the National Highways land.

4. Highway authorities do not have either power to

regulate traffic coming on the National Highways or

to control the number of access roads joining the

highways. All this leads to failure of roads and

bridges caused by overloading, increased congestion,

waste of fuel, reduced speed, high incidents of

accidents, increased vehicle operating costs and

unhealthy and unhygienic conditions. It has been

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

also observed that highways are frequently dug up by

utility organisations which put the traffic on

highways in danger. The highway authorities have no

adequate legal authority to prevent such nuisances.”

(8) Section 3 provides for the establishment of Highways

Administration. It reads as follows:

3. Establishment of Highway Administrations.—(1) The

Central Government shall, by notification in the

Official Gazette,—

(a) establish, for the purposes of this Act, a

body or authority consisting of one or more

officers of the Central Government or the State

Government to be known as Highway Administration

to exercise powers and discharge functions

conferred on it under this Act; and

(b) define the limits of the Highway within which,

or the length of Highway on which, a Highway

Administration shall have jurisdiction:

Provided that the Central Government may, in the

notification issued under this sub-section or by any

general or special order, impose any condition or

limitation subject to which a Highway Administration

shall exercise powers and discharge functions

conferred on it under this Act.

(2) The Central Government may establish one or more

Highway Administrations for a State or Union

territory or for a Highway under sub-section (1).

(3) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the

Highway Administration shall exercise powers and

discharge functions conferred on it under this Act in

such manner as may be prescribed.

(9) Section 4 provides for powers and functions of Highway

Administration:

4. Powers and functions of Highway Administration.—A

Highway Administration shall exercise powers and

discharge functions throughout its jurisdiction

specified under this Act subject to such conditions or

limitations as may be imposed by the notification

issued under sub-section (1) of section 3 and by any

general or special order made in this behalf by the

Central Government.

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

(10) Chapter III deals with prevention of unauthorised

occupation of Highway land and under Section 23, the Highway

land is deemed to be the property of the Central Government.

Section 24 inter alia provides for prevention of

occupation of any person of any Highway land or discharge of

any material through drain on such land without obtaining

prior permission, for such purpose in writing, of the

Highway Administration or any officer authorised by such

administration.

(11) Section 26 dealing with the removal of unauthorised

occupation, reads as follows:

26. Removal of unauthorised occupation.—(1) Where the

Highway Administration or the officer authorised by

such Administration in this behalf is of the opinion

that it is necessary in the interest of traffic

safety or convenience to cancel any permit issued

under sub-section (2) of section 24, it may, after

recording the reasons in writing for doing so, cancel

such permit and, thereupon, the person to whom the

permission was granted shall, within the period

specified by an order made by the Highway

Administration or such officer restore the portion of

the Highway specified in the permit in such condition

as it was immediately before the issuing of such

permit and deliver the possession of such portion to

the Highway Administration and in case such person

fails to deliver such possession within such period,

he shall be deemed to be in unauthorised occupation

of highway land for the purposes of this section and

section 27.

(2) When, as a result of the periodical inspection of

highway land or otherwise, the Highway Administration

or the officer authorised by such Administration in

this behalf is satisfied that any unauthorised

occupation has taken place on highway land, the

Highway Administration or the officer so authorised

shall serve a notice in a prescribed form on the

person causing or responsible for such unauthorised

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

occupation requiring him to remove such unauthorised

occupation and to restore such highway land in its

original condition as before the unauthorised

occupation within the period specified in the notice.

(3) The notice under sub-section (2) shall specify

therein the highway land in respect of which such

notice is issued, the period within which the

unauthorised occupation on such land is required to

be removed, the place and time of hearing any

representation, if any, which the person to whom the

notice is addressed may make within the time

specified in the notice and that failure to comply

with such notice shall render the person specified in

the notice liable to penalty, and summary eviction

from the highway land in respect of which such notice

is issued, under sub-section (6).

(4) The service of the notice under sub-section (2)

shall be made by delivering a copy thereof to the

person to whom such notice is addressed or to his

agent or other person on his behalf or by registered

post addressed to the person to whom such notice is

addressed and an acknowledgment purporting to be

signed by such person or his agent or other person on

his behalf or an endorsement by a postal employee

that such person or his agent or such other person on

his behalf has refused to take delivery may be deemed

to be prima facie proof of service.

(5) Where the service of the notice is not made in

the manner provided under sub-section (4), the

contents of the notice shall be advertised in a local

newspaper for the knowledge of the person to whom the

notice is addressed and such advertisement shall be

deemed to be the service of such notice on such

person.

(6) Where the service of notice under sub-section (2)

has been made under sub-section (4) or sub-section

(5) and the unauthorised occupation on the highway

land in respect of which such notice is served has

not been removed within the time specified in the

notice for such purpose and no reasonable cause has

been shown before the Highway Administration or the

officer authorised by such Administration in this

behalf for not so removing unauthorised occupation,

the Highway Administration or such officer,as the

case may be, shall cause such unauthorised occupation

to be removed at the expenses of the Central

Government or the State Government, as the case may

be, and impose penalty on the person to whom the

notice is addressed which shall be five hundred

rupees per square metre of the land so unauthorisedly

occupied and where the penalty so imposed is less

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

than the cost of such land, the penalty may be

extended equal to such cost.

(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in this

section, the Highway Administration or the officer

authorised by such Administration in this behalf

shall have power without issuing any notice under

this section to remove the unauthorised occupation on

the highway land, if such unauthorised occupation is

in the nature of—

(a) exposing any goods or article—

(i) in open air; or

(ii) through temporary stall, kiosk,

booth or any other shop of temporary

nature,

(b) construction or erection, whether

temporary or permanent, or

(c) trespass or other unauthorised occupation

which can be removed easily without use

of any machine or other device,

and in removing such occupation, the Highway

Administration or such officer may take assistance of

the police, if necessary, to remove such occupation

by use of the reasonable force necessary for such

removal.

(8) Notwithstanding anything contained in this

section, if the Highway Administration or the officer

authorised by such Administration in this behalf is

of the opinion that any unauthorised occupation on

the highway land is of such a nature that the

immediate removal of which is necessary in the

interest of—

(a) the safety of traffic on the Highway; or

(b) the safety of any structure forming part

of the Highway,

and no notice can be served on the person responsible

for such unauthorised occupation under this section

without undue delay owing to his absence or for any

other reason, the Highway Administration or the

officer authorised by such Administration may make

such construction including alteration of any

construction as may be feasible at the prescribed

cost necessary for the safety referred to in clause

(a) or clause (b) or have such unauthorised

occupation removed in the manner specified in subsection (7).

(9) The Highway Administration or an officer

authorised by such Administration in this behalf

shall, for the purposes of this section or section

27, have the same powers as are vested in a civil

court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

1908), while trying a suit, in respect of the

following matters, namely:—

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of

any person and examining him on oath;

(b) requiring the discovery and production of

documents;

(c) issuing commissions for the examination

of witnesses; and

(d) any other matter which may be prescribed,

and any proceeding before such Administration or

officer shall be deemed to be a judicial proceeding

within the meaning of sections 193 and 228, and for

the purpose of section 196, of the Indian Penal Code

(45 of 1860) and the Administration or the officer

shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purposes

of section 195 and Chapter XXVI of the Code of

Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).”

(12) A perusal of Section 26, bearing in mind the object

with which the said law was enacted, leaves us in no manner

of doubt, as regards power and procedure for the removal of

any encroachment at a National Highway. The appropriate

law is the Act of 2002. In other words, the show cause

notices which have been issued and impugned in these cases

are admittedly issued seeking shelter under Section 5 of the

Act of 1956. Power under Section 5 of the Act of 1956 does

not extend as is made clear by the circumstances leading to

the Act of 2002 and also the express provisions of the Act

of 2002, in particular, Section 26 which provides for the

procedure as also the power for causing the removal of

encroachment in regard to National Highways. Section 14 of

the Act of 2002 confer a right of appeal to the Tribunal.

(13) The upshot of the above discussion is that the show

cause notices which have, in fact, been issued by the

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

officer clutching the power under Section 28 of the State

Act, 2001, and which the learned senior counsel for the

State seeks to rest under the provisions of the notification

issued under Section 5 of the Act of 1956, are unauthorised.

As correctly observed by the High Court, one of the grounds

on which show cause notices can be interfered with is the

lack of jurisdiction of the authority. This is one such

case, where the authority to take action and the law under

which such action can be taken are all found located in Act

of 2002. To be more specific, the provision of section 26

provides the statutory charter for setting in motion the

proceedings to get rid of encroachment over National

Highways.

(14) The respondents do not have a case before us that the

authority which has issued the impugned show cause notices

in these cases is the authority contemplated under Section

26. The authority contemplated in Section 26 is the Highway

Authority constituted under Section 3 or any officer

authorised by the Highway Authority.

Since no claim is raised based on powers under Section

26, we are constrained to interfere in the matter.

Accordingly, the impugned judgment is set aside. The

writ petitions are allowed. The impugned show cause notices

will stand set aside. However, we make it crystal clear

that this will be without prejudice to the competent

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Civil Appeal No. 4946/2021 etc.

authority under Section 26 to take appropriate action as

advised in law.

The appeals are allowed as above.

No orders as to costs.

………………………………………………………………., J.

[ K.M. JOSEPH ]

………………………………………………………………., J.

[ S. RAVINDRA BHAT ]

New Delhi;

August 24, 2021.

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