REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5227 OF 2017
Dr. T.P. Senkumar IPS ...Appellant
Vs.
Union of India & Ors. ...Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Madan B. Lokur, J.
1. The appellant – Dr. T.P. Senkumar - is said to be an outstanding
officer in the Indian Police Service and in view of his meritorious record
and service, he was appointed as the Director General of Police & Head of
Police Force (the State Police Chief) in terms of Section 18 of The Kerala
Police Act, 2011 (for short “the Act”) on 22nd May, 2015.
2. Section 97 of the Act mandates that the State Government shall ensure
a minimum tenure of two years for the State Police Chief. However, the
State Police Chief could be transferred out before completion of the tenure
if the State Government is prima facie satisfied that it is necessary to do
so, on certain grounds specified in sub-section (2) of Section 97 of the
Act. We are concerned with clause (e) thereof relating to causing “serious
dissatisfaction in the general public about efficiency of police in his
jurisdiction.”
3. Ordinarily therefore, the appellant’s tenure as State Police Chief
should have continued till 21st May, 2017 and even thereafter till his
superannuation sometime in June, 2017. However, the tenure was cut short
and he was transferred out as Chairman and Managing Director of the Kerala
Police Housing and Construction Corporation Ltd. on State deputation basis
by an order dated 1st June, 2016.
4. The appellant challenged his displacement by filing a petition in the
Central Administrative Tribunal, which was dismissed. He then preferred a
writ petition in the Kerala High Court challenging the order of the Central
Administrative Tribunal. The Division Bench hearing the writ petition
dismissed it by the impugned judgment and order dated 25th January, 2017.
It is under these circumstances that the appellant is now before us.
5. The question for our consideration is whether the appellant’s
displacement from the post of State Police Chief in Kerala before the
expiry of his tenure of two years was justified in law. In our opinion, the
answer is in the negative. The removal or displacement or transfer out of
an officer from a sensitive tenure post requires serious consideration and
good reasons that can be tested so that the officer is not dealt with as a
pawn in a game. Unfortunately, the somewhat exacting standards are absent
in the present case and the appellant was displaced from the post of State
Police Chief summarily and without reasonable cause.
Prakash Singh’s case
6. Before detailing the controversy before us it is necessary to refer
to the decision of this Court in Prakash Singh & Ors. v. Union of India and
Ors.[1] In that case, this Court dealt with the issue of police reforms in
the context of the far-reaching changes that had taken place in the country
after the enactment of the Indian Police Act, 1861. It was noted that no
comprehensive review had been undertaken in this regard at the national
level and therefore, the Government of India appointed a National Police
Commission on 15th November, 1977 which recommended significant police
reforms. It was also noted that subsequently, there were other half a
dozen reports on the same or similar subject but no substantive reforms
were brought about.
7. In the course of its judgment, this Court referred to a research
paper titled “Political and Administrative Manipulation of the Police”
published in 1979 by the Bureau of Police Research and Development. The
research paper contained a caution to the effect that excessive control by
the political executive and its principal advisers over the police had the
inherent danger of making the police a tool for subverting the process of
law, promoting the growth of authoritarianism and shaking the very
foundations of democracy. We may add that one of the findings in the
research paper is “The present predicament of Police is that they have been
exposed to a two pronged pressure vertically from the Administration and
laterally from the politicians.”[2] With these two pressures, the
independent functioning of the police can and sometimes does get
compromised at the hands of very important persons and those claiming
proximity to very important persons.
8. Keeping this and other material in mind, including the fact that
commitment, devotion and accountability of the police has to be only to the
rule of law, this Court issued certain directions in exercise of powers
under Article 32 read with Article 142 of the Constitution for doing
complete justice in any cause or matter. This Court took the view that the
directions and guidelines ought to be observed in the absence of
legislation and implemented till the Legislatures pass appropriate
legislations.
9. Resort to Article 32 read with Article 142 of the Constitution in
such situations was in continuation of similar views expressed in Vishaka
v. State of Rajasthan[3] wherein this Court held in paragraph 16 of the
Report that in the absence of enacted law,
“…… to provide for the effective enforcement of the basic human right of
gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment and abuse, more
particularly against sexual harassment at workplaces, we lay down the
guidelines and norms specified hereinafter for due observance at all
workplaces or other institutions, until a legislation is enacted for the
purpose. This is done in exercise of the power available under Article 32
of the Constitution for enforcement of the fundamental rights and it is
further emphasised that this would be treated as the law declared by this
Court under Article 141 of the Constitution.”
A similar view was taken by this Court in Vineet Narain v. Union of
India[4] wherein this Court held in paragraph 49 of the Report as follows:
“There are ample powers conferred by Article 32 read with Article 142 to
make orders which have the effect of law by virtue of Article 141 and there
is mandate to all authorities to act in aid of the orders of this Court as
provided in Article 144 of the Constitution. In a catena of decisions of
this Court, this power has been recognised and exercised, if need be, by
issuing necessary directions to fill the vacuum till such time the
legislature steps in to cover the gap or the executive discharges its
role……… It is essential and indeed the constitutional obligation of this
Court under the aforesaid provisions to issue the necessary directions in
this behalf. We now consider formulation of the needed directions in the
performance of this obligation. The directions issued herein for strict
compliance are to operate till such time as they are replaced by suitable
legislation in this behalf.”
10. One of the more significant directions given by this Court pertains
to the establishment of a State Security Commission. It was directed that
it should be ensured that the State Government does not exercise
unwarranted influence or pressure on the State Police and, therefore, a
watchdog body called the State Security Commission should be constituted
with some official members as well as some non-official members who should
be chosen in such a manner that they are able to function independent of
government control. It was directed that the recommendations of the State
Security Commission shall be binding on the State Government.
Incidentally, on our asking we were informed by learned counsel for the
State Government that as of now, the State Security Commission does not
have any independent member.
11. Another significant direction given was that the State Government
shall select the Director General of Police of the State from amongst the
three senior-most empanelled officers keeping in mind their length of
service, very good record and range of experience for heading the police
force. It was directed that the Director General of Police should have a
minimum tenure of at least two years irrespective of his date of
superannuation. It was further directed that the Director General of
Police may be relieved of responsibilities by the State Government acting
in consultation with the State Security Commission on certain specified
grounds. All these directions were given by this Court so as to insulate
the police from external pressures and maintain the rule of law and not of
persons.
The State legislation
12. A few years after the decision in Prakash Singh, the Kerala
Legislature enacted the Kerala Police Act, 2011.
13. Section 18 of the Act provides for a State Police Chief vested with
the administration, supervision, direction and control of the police
throughout the State, subject to the control of the State Government. The
State Police Chief should have the ability to lead the police force of the
State and should be selected taking this into account as well as the
overall history of service, professional knowledge and experience. Section
18 of the Act reads as follows:
“18. State Police Chief - (1) The administration, supervision, direction
and control of the Police throughout the State shall, subject to the
control of the Government, be vested in an officer designated as the State
Police Chief.
(2) The State Police Chief shall be appointed by the Government from among
those officers of the State Cadre of the Indian Police Service who have
already been promoted to the rank of Director General of Police, taking
into account the ability to lead the Police Force of the State, the overall
history of service, professional knowledge and experience:
Provided that where in a case or disciplinary proceedings, for and on
behalf of the State a charge has been given or is pending against an
officer before any Court or Tribunal or departmental agency, that officer
shall not be appointed as the State Police Chief.
(3) Any person who performs any functions of the police in the State of
Kerala in exercise of the powers under this Act shall be officers
subordinate to the State Police Chief.
(4) Such number of officers of different ranks as may be decided by the
Government from time to time shall assist the State Police Chief.
(5) No officer senior to the State Police Chief shall be appointed in the
Kerala Police.”
14. Section 24 of the Act provides for the constitution of the State
Security Commission for discharging certain functions as mentioned in
Section 25 of the Act. The State Security Commission consists of the
Minister in-charge of Home Department who shall be the Chairperson; the
Minister in-charge of Law; the Leader of Opposition; a retired Judge of the
High Court nominated by the Chief Justice of the High Court of Kerala; the
Chief Secretary; the Secretary to State Government in the Home Department
and the State Police Chief as ex-officio members and three non-official
members of eminence nominated by the Governor of the State, one of the non-
official members being a woman. In other words, the State Security
Commission is expected to be a relatively independent body, but is not
truly so in view of other provisions in the Act.
15. The functions of the State Security Commission as given in Section 25
of the Act read as follows:
“25. Functions of the Commission. – (1) The Commission shall have the
following functions, namely:-
to frame general policy guidelines for the functioning of the Police in the
State;
to issue directions for the implementation of crime prevention tasks and
service oriented activities of the Police;
to evaluate, from time to time, the performance of the Police in the State
in general;
to prepare an annual report of the activities of the Commission and submit
it to the Government; and
to prepare the guidelines for the changes to be carried out, from time to
time, in the State Police; and
to discharge such other functions as may be assigned to it by the
Government.
(2) The report submitted by the Commission under clause (d) of sub-section
(1) shall, on receipt, be placed before the Legislative Assembly.
(3) No Act or Proceedings of the Commission shall be deemed to be invalid
merely by reason of any vacancy in the Commission at the time any such Act
or Proceedings was done or issued.
(4) Notwithstanding any guidelines or directions issued by the Commission,
the Government may lawfully issue such directions as it deems necessary on
any matter, if the situation so warrants, to meet any emergency.
(5) The directions of the Commission shall be binding on the Police
Department:
Provided that the Government may, for reasons to be recorded in writing,
fully or partially, reject or modify any recommendation or direction of the
Commission.”
16. With regard to the minimum tenure of police officers including the
State Police Chief, Section 97 of the Act provides as follows:
“97. Minimum tenure of police officers.- (1) The Government shall ensure a
minimum tenure of two years for police officers posted as State Police
Chief, Inspectors General in charge of Ranges, Superintendents of Police or
Commissioners in charge of Police Districts and State House Officers:
Provided that this tenure shall not be applicable in cases of
superannuation, promotion, reversion, suspension, leave, etc.
(2) The Government or the appointing authority may, without prejudice to
the right to initiate any legal or departmental action transfer any police
officer before completing the normal tenure of two years, on being
satisfied prime facie that it is necessary to do so on any of the following
grounds stated in (a) to (f) namely:-
the officer is subjected to disciplinary action;
it is found prima facie on investigation that the officer is involved in a
corrupt practice or in a criminal offence involving proclivity for violence
or moral turpitude;
the officer is physically or mentally incapable of discharging his duties;
a superior officer evaluating the work of an officer, reports, in writing,
that the officer is not carrying out his duties efficiently;
cause serious dissatisfaction in the general public about efficiency of
police in his jurisdiction;
the officer requests, in writing, for a transfer from the place where he is
working.”
17. It will be seen from the above that some of the directions given by
this Court were not accepted by the Kerala Legislature in enacting the Act.
Among these was the direction regarding the binding nature of the
recommendations of the State Security Commission and the direction relating
to the Director General of Police or the State Police Chief being relieved
of responsibilities by the State Government acting in consultation with the
State Security Commission. Consequently, in the selection or removal of the
Director General of Police or the State Police Chief, the State Security
Commission has no role to play under the Act. In a sense therefore, an
important element in the spirit of the judgment of this Court was not
accepted by the Kerala Legislature, namely that of making the State Police
Chief accountable only to the rule of law nor did the Kerala Legislature
accept the warning of the Bureau of Police Research and Development against
excessive control over the police by the political executive and its
principal advisers.
18. In this background, what falls for our consideration is whether the
State Police Chief can be removed from his tenure posting on a prima facie
opinion that he or she caused “serious dissatisfaction in the general
public about efficiency of police in his jurisdiction” and what are the
restrictions and constraints in arriving at such a prima facie conclusion.
Puttingal Temple Tragedy and the Note of 13th April, 2016
19. The appellant was given a tenure appointment as the State Police
Chief on 22nd May, 2015 in accordance with Section 18 and Section 97 of the
Act. It appears that his tenure did not involve any controversy until the
night of 9th April, 2016.
20. Very briefly, on 9th April, 2016 a festival called ‘Meena Bharani
Utsavam’ was celebrated in district Kollam. As a part of the celebrations,
the Temple Administration Committee sought permission to have a fireworks
display in the form of a competition at the Puttingal Devi Temple.
Permission to hold such a competition was declined by the District
Administration. An application was then made by the Temple Administration
Committee to hold a fireworks display (non-competitive) but even this was
declined by the District Administration. However, the Temple Administration
Committee nevertheless went ahead with a fireworks display. Late into the
night (early morning of 10th April) an extremely unfortunate tragedy
occurred resulting in the stock of fireworks catching a spark. This
resulted in an explosion and the death of more than 100 persons and
injuries to more than 400 persons.
21. The facts leading up to the tragedy are summarized in a Note dated
13th April, 2016 by the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) with regard to
what is now known as the Puttingal Temple tragedy. The Note of the
Additional Chief Secretary (Home) is comprehensive and is based on reports
received from:
State Police Chief and Director General of Police (appellant)
Commandant General Fire Police
Director, State Intelligence
Additional Director General of Police, Crimes
District Collector and District Magistrate, Kollam
Commissioner of Police, Kollam City
In other words, the Note is based on inputs received from all relevant
sources and is also based on contemporaneous information.
22. The Note records that the Temple Administration Committee sought
permission for a display of fireworks but this was declined by an order
dated 8th April, 2016 by the Additional District Magistrate, Kollam. The
officer declined to grant any permission either for display of fireworks or
competitive fireworks. While declining to grant permission, the Additional
District Magistrate, Kollam specifically instructed the Commissioner of
Police, Kollam City to ensure that no violation of the order takes place.
23. The Circle Inspector of Police, Paravur was present at the site of
display of fireworks and the tragic incident. It was reported that the
officer “repeatedly asked the temple authorities to stop the display of
fireworks” but obviously to no effect. It appears that before the fireworks
display started, the temple authorities informed the Circle Inspector of
Police that a sanction order from the Additional District Magistrate was on
the way but he failed to verify this from the District Magistrate.
24. From the report of the Director, State Intelligence Bureau, it
appears that the District Police Chief (perhaps the Commissioner of Police)
Kollam City was alerted on 31st March, 2016 for taking steps concerning
issues relating to the temple festival.
25. On 9th April, 2016 at about 12.30 p.m. a meeting was held in the
chambers of the Deputy Commissioner of Police, Kollam City where the temple
authorities of Puttingal Devi temple and police officers participated.
The Deputy Commissioner of Police gave instructions that the fireworks
display could be conducted only after getting a proper license or
permission from the Additional District Magistrate. The temple authorities
apparently assured that the fireworks display would be conducted only in
accordance with law.
26. The Note records several conclusions, some of the more important ones
as far as we are concerned are as follows:
Despite the warning given as early as on 31st March, 2016 there was no pro-
active planning [by the police] to avert the tragedy. The Additional
District Magistrate had passed an order on 8th April, 2016 prohibiting the
display of fireworks and the Commissioner of Police had received this
order. The Deputy Commissioner of Police held a meeting in his chamber on
9th April, 2016 wherein he is said to have told the temple authorities to
get an order from the Additional District Magistrate for permitting the
fireworks display after ensuring that there would be no competition. It was
concluded that apparently the Deputy Commissioner of Police was appeasing
the temple authorities rather than trying to implement the order of the
Additional District Magistrate.
The Circle Inspector of Police did not inform any officer senior to him in
the chain of command when the situation was going out of control. As far
as the Commissioner of Police is concerned, he admitted that he got
information of the tragedy only when it had struck (and not when the
fireworks display started).
The fireworks display started at about 11.30 p.m. on 9th April, 2016 but
the Circle Inspector of Police and other officers remained mute witnesses
to a violation of the order of the Additional District Magistrate.
It was then concluded:
“The conclusion is therefore inescapable that the field officers have
failed in implementing the order of the District Magistrate; in following
up the field situation on a minute to minute basis so that this tragedy
could have been averted.
There is absolute dereliction of duty and abdication of responsibility on
the part of the ACP, Chathanur and DCP, Kollam City in not effectively
monitoring the situation in the temple in the night of 9th April, 2016,
resulting in a tragedy claiming more than 110 human lives.
In the circumstances, it is not desirable to keep the three officers -
Commissioner of Police, Kollam City, Assistant Commissioner of Police,
Chathanur and Circle Inspector of Police, Paravur - in their present
postings any longer. They should be kept out of their field postings
pending disciplinary proceedings for major penalty. Their suspension is
warranted in public interest.”
27. The Note dated 13th April, 2016 appears to have been placed before
the Chief Minister of the State on 14th April, 2016 but he did not pass any
order thereon and the file was returned only after the elections to the
Legislative Assembly were over in May 2016. However, what is of
significance, as far as the present appeal is concerned, is that the
appellant was not found blameworthy in any manner whatsoever – it is only
the three police officers at the field level in Kollam City, Chathanur and
Paravur who were found to be at fault and their suspension and transfer was
recommended.
28. At this stage, it may be mentioned that the results of the elections
to the Kerala Legislative Assembly were declared on 19th May, 2016 and the
political party of the incumbent Chief Minister did not secure a majority.
Consequently, the present government with a different Chief Minister
assumed office on 25th May, 2016. It seems that the concerned file was
returned only around this time.
Suo motu proceedings in the High Court
29. In the meanwhile, soon after the Puttingal Temple tragedy, the Kerala
High Court took notice of the tragedy and registered a suo motu writ
petition being W.P. (C) No.14978 of 2016. In this writ petition, an
affidavit was filed by the Chief Secretary of the State on 13th April,
2016. The affidavit gives the sequence of events which is more or less the
same as in the Note dated 13th April, 2016. With regard to the role of the
police, he stated in paragraph 6 of the affidavit as follows:
“Subsequently on 09.04.2016, the police made all bandobust arrangements for
the conduct of the festival and there was a scheme prepared by the police
for crowd management as well to prevent commission of offences. In the
night of 09.04.2016 thousands of people gathered at the temple to watch the
fire works display. The police officials as well as the Tahsildar, Kollam
were present at the temple premises. The Circle Inspector of Police,
Paravoor who was on duty in the temple compound, noticing the preparation
made by the organizers for the fire works display after the lowering of the
festival flag from the flag mast at 9.30 p.m. asked the office bearers of
the Temple Committee to show the order granting permission of the same.
They said that sanction had been obtained from the Additional District
Magistrate and somebody would be bringing it to the spot. In the meanwhile
it was announced through the public address system that the committee had
permission to conduct display of fire works (Vedikkettu) from the
Additional District Magistrate and there would be a display of fire words.
The Circle Inspector of Police asked to wait until the permit was actually
shown to him. Instead, the temple authorities violating the law, defying
the lawful direction of the authorities started to ignite the fire works
abruptly. When the fire works (Vedikkettu) started huge crowd rushed
forward to view it. All officials including the Circle Inspector of Police
immediately went to the ground for managing the crowd, since there was
surge of people. It is submitted that around 03.00 a.m. on 10.04.2016 some
spark from the fire works fell inside the fire works shed (Kambappura) and
resulting in explosion causing heavy casualties.”
30. In his affidavit, the Chief Secretary also mentioned that a judicial
commission has been set up, headed by a former Judge of the Kerala High
Court, to look into all aspects of the Puttingal Temple tragedy. It was
noted that investigation into the crime, which resulted in the tragedy was
handed over to the CB-CID and a team headed by the Additional Director
General of Police (Crime) was constituted. We were told that the
investigation was transferred to the CB-CID on 11th April, 2016. It appears
that the writ petition is still pending disposal and the judicial
commission has not yet given its report.
31. Significantly, even the Chief Secretary did not make any adverse
comment against the appellant.
Jisha Murder case
32. On 28th April, 2016 another terrible incident occurred, namely, the
brutal murder of a young Dalit girl Jisha within the jurisdiction of the
Kuruppumpady police station. On 3rd May, 2016 the appellant sent a
communication to the Additional Chief Secretary (N/C) giving the details of
the crime and the initial investigation. The communication reads as
follows:
“Crime No. 909/16 u/s 449, 302 IPC of Kuruppumpady Police Station was
registered at 9.30 p.m. on 28.04.2016 on the basis of the statement given
by one Anas, Panchayat Member there. This was related to the murder of
Jisha, aged 30/2016 years who was found murdered in her house on the bank
of a canal. Within a short time, District Police Chief, Ernakulam Rural
also reached the spot and the entire team started investigation. The
deceased was staying with her mother Smt. Rajeswari. It is known that,
Jisha’s father belongs to SC community and Smt. Rajeswari belongs to OBC
community. All scientific investigation procedures are adopted in this
case. IGP Ernakulam Range, who had experience of working in CBI for 7
years is personally supervising the investigation from 29.04.2016 onwards.
They have formed a good investigation team with DySP, Perumbavoor as
Investigating Officer. Efforts are taken to identify the accused through
scientific methods.
The post-mortem report of the deceased has revealed that the deceased had
been attacked with more than one weapon. Brutality of the attack is also
noticed. The time of the death is estimated to be between 4.30 p.m. and
5.00 p.m. on 28.04.2016. The investigation is in full swing by one of the
best team available in the state. It is expected that the accused can be
clearly found out within a short time.”
A Special Investigation Team consisting of 28 officers has since been
constituted to investigate and prosecute the crime. For the present, it is
not advisable to say anything more on this subject.
Notes of 26th May, 2016 and the appellant’s transfer
33. Other than the terrible murder of Jisha nothing of significance seems
to have transpired between 13th April, 2016 and 26th May, 2016 or at least
the official files do not reveal anything of significance. However,
elections to the Legislative Assembly had intervened in the meantime and
another Government assumed office.
34. On 26th May, 2016 the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) put up two
Notes to the (recently elected) Chief Minister. The first Note suggests (by
way of an example) that it was prompted by a report in the New Indian
Express of 18th April, 2016 wherein the appellant expressed the view that
the police alone cannot be blamed for the Puttingal Temple tragedy. The
newspaper report reads:
Don't Blame the Police Alone: DGP[5]
By Pradeep Pillai | Published: 18th April 2016 03:58 AM |
Last Updated: 18th April 2016 03:58 AM | A+A A- |
KOCHI: DGP T P Senkumar has hit right back. “Where was the ADM and
Tahasildar when tragedy struck Puttingal Devi Temple at Paravur? Why there
is no action against Revenue and other officials concerned,” asked
Senkumar, in response to a report submitted by Additional Chief Secretary
Nalini Netto in which she recommended suspension of three police officers.
In a report submitted to the Chief Minister, the DGP pointed out that it
was not fair to blame the police alone for the tragedy.
Officials of the district administration, Pollution Control Board,
Directorate of Explosives, Environmental Engineering, Fire and Rescue
services should also be held accountable. Action, if any, should be taken
against all,” he argued.
Senkumar also pleaded not to take disciplinary action till the Crime Branch
probe is over. “I am not saying that there is no failure on the part of the
police. When fault finding is being done it has to be done impartially and
everyone responsible should be made accountable,” he told Express.
“How did Thrissur Pooram go on? There was societal pressure. An all party
meet was called, High Court had intervened and a collective decision was
taken to take precaution and ensure smooth conduct. When we take a deviant
move from previous years it should be done sufficiently early and publicity
given.
“Once you had decided to ban the fireworks the district administration
should have called a meeting of officials concerned from all departments.
What was the plan of action? Considering the large gathering during the
fireworks display, a law and order situation should have been anticipated
and suitable directions also should have been given. Revenue officers
should have been present to help the police take action,” he noted.
“The Tahasildar was supposed to be there. Instead of merely complaining to
the police, he could also have called the District Collector and informed
the possibility of a violation. It is reported that he went home after
midnight and returned only in the morning. If the CI on the field is to be
blamed, the Tahasildar should also be equally responsible. It is not
correct to start looking for scapegoats once something goes wrong,” he
said.
Further stressing his point, Senkumar said: “The ADM vanished from the
scene. Did he seek permission of the Chief Electoral Officer before leaving
the district for his home in Ernakulam? It is too much to say that the
police alone is responsible after things went out of hand. It is wrong,
partial,” the DGP said.
35. In the first Note dated 26th May, 2016 the Additional Chief Secretary
(Home) explained that the earlier Note dated 13th April, 2016 dealt mainly
with the report of the State Police Chief dated 13th April, 2016. She had
then confined herself to examining the critical issues only and did not
elaborate on the “peripherals”. Therefore, she submitted the Note dated
26th May, 2016.
36. On a reading of the first Note, it appears to be in the nature of a
counter affidavit to certain observations, comments and conclusions
recorded more than a month earlier by Senkumar in his report dated 13th
April, 2016. In any event, the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) concluded
the Note by expressing the opinion that:
“….. Even if all other departments are ticked off for contributory failure,
it will in no way mitigate or absolve the District Police from its
responsibility, as it is the police which has to publicise the ban order
and implement it effectively. The primary responsibility for the said
tragedy therefore rests fairly and squarely on the District Police and
there is no hiding from this fact. The DGP as head of the police force is
expected to evaluate without fear or favour the performance of his force
and take to task those found remiss in the line of duty. Here, instead of
providing proper leadership, the DGP has gone overboard to protect erring
police officials, sending a very wrong and dangerous message, not just to
the force, but also to the public, which could have far reaching disastrous
consequences.
In addition to all these, the action of the DGP in trying to interfere in
an undesirable manner the functioning of the investigating team of the
Crime Branch which is probing the Puttingal temple tragedy, can be seen
from the devious means adopted by him. In his letter dated nil, the DGP
gave a panel of names for replacing ACP, Chathannur on the request of the
ADGP (Crimes). But strangely enough, both the names given are those of
officers who have been part of the investigating team of the Crime Branch.
Even when the ADG Crimes requested that the investigating team should not
be changed, no action was taken by the DGP. Finally a fresh panel had to
be called for by the Government. Even if it is argued that the names were
given inadvertently, not taking action on the request of the ADGP (Crimes)
to retain his investigating team, is reason enough for presuming an
undesirable motive.
All these point to an inefficient and ineffective leadership, which is
highly detrimental to a huge uniformed force like the State Police,
entrusted with the dual responsibilities of maintaining law and order and
prevention and detection of crime, in a transparent manner and to the
satisfaction of the public at large.”
37. On the same day, that is on 26th May, 2016 the Additional Chief
Secretary (Home) put up a second Note to the Chief Minister and this was on
the Jisha murder case. In the second Note, there is a reference to a
report made by the Director General of Police (Senkumar) on the Jisha
murder case. The only allegation made in the second Note is that the
report of the Director General of Police is silent on the issue why no
action was taken against certain officers who had delayed the recording of
the First Information Report in the Jisha murder or the delay in forwarding
the First Information Report to the concerned Magistrate. It is also
alleged that the report of the Director General of Police is completely
silent on the callous handling of the scene of crime and the initial
investigation steps. The second Note then goes on to highlight certain
contradictions between the report of the Director General of Police, the
First Information Report and the First Information Statement. We make no
comment on this at all since this is a matter that might come up during the
trial.
38. In the second Note, the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) concludes
from the above, that the control and discipline in the police force is
lacking, pointing to poor leadership and direction of the Director General
of Police and that there is a lack of integrity, transparency and
efficiency of the police force in general in handling the Jisha murder case
that seems to have seriously eroded the confidence of the public,
especially women in particular, reflecting poorly on the leadership of the
force.
The order cutting short the tenure
39. Acting on the above Notes, the Chief Minister took a decision on 27th
May, 2016 to replace the appellant. This decision is under challenge and it
reads as follows:
“It has been decided to replace the present Director General of Police and
State Police Chief in the wake of the fact that his leadership has not been
satisfactory leading to serious dissatisfaction among the general public
about the efficiency and transparency of the Police Force in the State,
especially in regard to the Puttingal Temple Incident and the Jisha Murder
case. The Committee Constituted for the selection of the DGP may meet at
the earliest and examine the profiles of the officers in the zone of
consideration and place the facts before the Government for consideration
to enable a decision to be taken.”
The decision was ratified by the Cabinet on 1st June, 2016 and given effect
to on the same day.
40. It will be apparent from a reading of the decision that what weighed
with the Chief Minister was only one ground, namely, the appellant’s
unsatisfactory leadership leading to serious dissatisfaction among the
general public about the efficiency and transparency of the police force in
the State, especially in regard to the Puttingal Temple tragedy and the
Jisha murder case.
Proceedings in the Central Administrative Tribunal
41. Feeling aggrieved by his transfer and consequent removal as the State
Police Chief, the appellant challenged the order dated 1st June, 2016 in
the Central Administrative Tribunal through O.A. No. 446 of 2016.
42. In response to the averments and allegations made by Senkumar, a
reply affidavit was filed by the Joint Secretary to the Government of
Kerala, General Administration Special (A&C) Department on or about 24th
June, 2016. In the affidavit there is a reference to lapses by the
appellant in dealing with the Puttingal Temple tragedy. It is stated that
he hesitated to suspend or initiate action against the delinquent police
officers and instead adopted an attitude of safeguarding them. This
created widespread dissatisfaction among the general public and in the
media which the government was constrained to take seriously. He tried to
white wash the police at the expense of other departments. As the head of
the police force in the State, he was expected to evaluate, without fear or
favour, the performance of the force and take to task those found remiss in
the line of duty. Instead of protecting the interests of the State and
acting as the protector of the people, the appellant had gone overboard in
protecting erring police officers. This sent a very wrong and dangerous
message, not just to the force but also to the people. Such an attitude
would have far reaching and disastrous consequences which could not be
tolerated in the larger public interest.
43. In the reply affidavit, there is an allegation that after the
Puttingal Temple tragedy, the appellant attempted to interfere with the
Crime Branch investigation team probing the tragedy and that this raised
serious concerns for the State.
44. It was alleged as follows:
“In his letter dated nil, the Director General of Police gave a panel of
names for replacing ACP, Chattannur on the request of the ADGP (Crimes).
But strangely enough, both the names given are those of officers who have
been part of the investigating team of the Crime Branch. Even when the ADG
Crimes requested that the investigating team should not be changed, no
action was taken by the Director General of Police. Finally, a fresh panel
had to be called for by the Government. Even if it is argued that the
names were given inadvertently, not taking action on the request of the
ADGP (Crimes) to retain his investigating team, is reason enough for
presuming an undesirable motive. In fact, the co-ordination between the
higher level police officers was also in question.”
45. With regard to the Jisha murder case it was stated that there were
several serious lapses on the part of the police officers which the
appellant tried to white wash, ignore or justify. It was stated as
follows:-
“The murder shocked the conscience of the nation and especially the people
of Kerala. The manner in which the police officer proceeded with the
investigation of this crime is an everlasting shame to the state police. No
measures were taken to safeguard the available evidence. The police took
hasty steps to cremate the body. In the night of 29.04.2016 though the
incident came to the notice of the people throughout the State, it took 5
days for the State Police Chief to report the matter to Government, that
too, only after the news was widely flashed in the media. This caused wide
spread criticism in the media and among the public about the police apathy.
The report submitted by the State Police Chief even after 5 days of the
incident did not indicate the time of registration of FIR. The report was
an attempt to focus on the skill of the investigation team rather than
informing the Government of the matters regarding the brutal murder. The
Government received a second report on 04.05.2016, which was totally
insensitive to the gravity of the situation. On 12.05.2016, Government
received a third report highlighting the socio-economic scenario of the
victim. It is also indicated that there are such vulnerable families and
such crimes are bound to happen. In fact, there were many willful lapses
on the part of the State Police Chief. He failed to act as the SPC. He
was enthusiastic in protecting the delinquent officers. As a result, the
image of the State Government before the public and sense of security to
the public, were adversely affected. This has resulted in an unfortunate
situation. There was not only failure in prevention but also failure in
detection. The level of callousness and insensitivity with which the
matter was handled by the SPC is appalling. The entire issue was taken
over by the media and civil society. On the whole, Government had no
option but to replace the State Police Chief with an efficient and capable
officer to deal with such a situation.”
46. The Central Administrative Tribunal in its order dated 21st July,
2016 took the view that the replacement or transfer of the appellant as
the State Police Chief was not mala fide or with any oblique motive or for
extraneous or political considerations but on the ground that the
Government was satisfied, prima facie, that the appellant’s shift was
necessary as it caused serious dissatisfaction in the general public about
the efficiency of the police force satisfying the conditions mentioned in
Section 97(2)(e) of the Act.
Proceedings in the High Court
47. Feeling aggrieved by the decision of the Central Administrative
Tribunal, the appellant preferred a writ petition in the Kerala High Court
being O.P. (CAT) No. 205 of 2016. This writ petition was heard and decided
by a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court and by the impugned judgment
and order dated 25th January, 2017 it was dismissed. Unfortunately the
counter affidavit filed by the State (if any counter affidavit was at all
filed) is not on our record.
48. It was held by the High Court, inter alia, that the Government was
prima facie satisfied that action was required to be taken under the
provisions of Section 97(2) (e) of the Act and that there were no mala
fides in the transfer of the appellant particularly due to the change of
government. It was held that the displacement of the appellant was based
on the subjective satisfaction of the government and that the action or
inaction on the part of the appellant was correct or sustainable was not a
matter of scrutiny before the Court. It was further held that the Central
Administrative Tribunal had approached the issue in the correct perspective
and the finding and reasoning given for declining interference did not
warrant any exercise of jurisdiction of the High Court to set aside its
order.
49. It is important to note that the High Court made no reference to the
alleged interference by the appellant in the CB-CID investigations into the
Puttingal Temple tragedy.
50. It is against this decision of the High Court that the present appeal
has been instituted.
Proceedings in this Court
51. The appeal directed against the decision of the High Court was
initially listed for preliminary hearing on 6th March, 2017 when notice was
issued to the respondents. In response to the notice, the Chief Secretary
of the State filed a counter affidavit on 23rd March, 2017 virtually
reiterating the contents of the earlier affidavits. It is stated in the
affidavit that Section 97(2)(e) of the Act which was invoked in the case,
contemplates a prima facie satisfaction of the government that there is
serious dissatisfaction in the general public about the efficiency of the
police in the jurisdiction of a police officer. The prima facie
satisfaction is the subjective satisfaction of the government and is not
open to judicial scrutiny in the sense of propriety of the satisfaction on
an objective appraisal of facts.
52. Significantly, it is reiterated that the primary responsibility for
the Puttingal Temple tragedy rests fairly and squarely on the district
police and there is no hiding from this fact. The appellant as head of the
police force was expected to evaluate without fear or favour the
performance of his force and take to task those found remiss in the line of
duty. Instead of providing proper leadership, he went overboard in
protecting erring police officials, sending a very wrong and dangerous
message, not just to the force, but also to the public, which could have
far reaching disastrous consequences. It is further stated that all this
points to an inefficient and ineffective leadership which is highly
detrimental to a huge uniformed force like the State Police, entrusted with
dual responsibilities of maintaining law and order and prevention and
detection of crime in a transparent manner and to the satisfaction of the
public at large. It is stated that a responsible government is accountable
to the general public and a responsible police officer acting in a manner
not suitable to the occasion cannot be permitted to continue in the post
when the issues involved are sensitive and have far-reaching consequences.
The Council of Ministers in the State was seized of the issues and it was
in pursuance of the decision of the Council of Ministers that the appellant
was transferred.
53. In this affidavit, a reference is made to the report dated 13th
April, 2016 forwarded by the appellant to the Additional Chief Secretary
and which has been referred to above. It is stated that in the report, the
appellant’s attempt and attitude was more to insinuate the lapses resulting
in the tragedy on the district administration while seeking to assert that
the entire blame cannot be put on the police. The course of events clearly
revealed that adequate action was not taken against the delinquent police
officers or such action was not recommended by the appellant at the
appropriate time. This contributed to the dissatisfaction on the
efficiency of the police in the minds of the general public. In the counter
affidavit there is no reference to the Jisha murder case or to the alleged
interference in the CB-CID investigations in the Puttingal Temple tragedy.
54. A further detailed counter affidavit was filed by the Chief Secretary
on 10th April, 2017. In the detailed counter affidavit the facts and views
relating to the Puttingal Temple tragedy are reiterated and it is not
necessary to go over them again.
55. However, in the detailed counter affidavit it was alleged that the
appellant was trying to interfere in the functioning of the CB-CID
investigating team into the Puttingal Temple tragedy.
56. It was stated that while the appellant has asked for the transfer of
one Deputy Superintendent of Police, Tirur on 28th April, 2016 a
communication was received from the Chief Electoral Officer on 5th May,
2016 mentioning the transfer of the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Tirur,
as well as the transfer of the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Chathanur.
57. As a replacement, the appellant suggested Gopakumaran Nair and
Radhakrishnan, but the Additional Director General of Police (Crimes)
(investigating the Puttingal Temple tragedy) wrote to the appellant with a
copy of the letter to the Home Secretary requesting that Gopakumaran Nair
should not be transferred since he was part of the team investigating into
the tragedy. Similarly and for the same reason, the Additional Director
General of Police (Crimes) objected to Radhakrishnan being appointed as the
Assistant Commissioner of Police, Chathanur. Eventually, Velayudhan Nair
was posted as the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Chathanur. The
conclusion drawn by the Home Secretary was that placing Gopakumaran Nair
(or Radhakrishnan) as the Additional Commissioner of Police, Chathanur
would put him under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Police, Kollam
City, whose role was under investigation and therefore “these circumstances
were reasonable enough for presuming an undesirable motive” of the
appellant.
58. There is also a reference to a letter dated 10th May, 2016 sent by
the Home Secretary to the Director General, Election Commission of India
wherein it is mentioned that the Government was not aware of the proposal
for the transfer of the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Chathanur until
it received the communication dated 4th May, 2016. It is not clear why
such a reference is made in the detailed counter affidavit – is it sought
to be suggested that the appellant had influenced the Director General,
Election Commission of India to transfer the Assistant Commissioner of
Police, Chathanur. If that is the suggestion it is extremely unfortunate.
59. Adverting to the Jisha murder case, it was alleged that since details
were not made available to the government with regard to the murder which
had raised a serious public outcry, the Home Secretary sent a detailed
questionnaire on 4th May, 2016 to the Inspector General of Police with a
copy to the appellant asking for full details as to the steps taken.
60. In response, the Inspector General of Police replied to the
questionnaire but the appellant did not do so but only enclosed an order
establishing a Special Investigating Team of 28 officers to investigate the
murder.
61. On a subsequent occasion, the appellant submitted another report to
the Home Secretary on 12th May, 2016 wherein he failed to address the
crucial issue of the cremation of the victim soon after the post mortem
even when forensic investigation was under way as to a possible sexual
assault. The appellant also did not address any of the controversies in
the public domain such as protest marches by various organizations.
The correct perspective
62. However, what is important about the detailed counter affidavit is
that it places the entire case in the proper perspective in the following
words:
“The question was not about his involvement directly in any of the
incidents, the question was how he, as a Chief of the State Police, dealt
with the situation where there was great public concern about these
incidents. The first related to the firework tragedy in a temple complex
and the second related to lapses in the investigation into the murder of a
young law student.
The Police Chief is not personally responsible either for supervising the
conduct of events or adherence to safety measures in relation to large
public gatherings nor is the Police Chief directly incharge of the
investigations. However, where the conduct of the police appears to fall
short of the standards demanded by the law, the Police Chief is expected to
conduct himself in a manner that restores public faith and confidence in
the police and in the Government and not to take a partisan view to protect
his officers. A Police Chief who conduct himself in a manner that creates
dissatisfaction in the general public about the efficiency of the police
can be for that reason transferred by the executive government under the
statute.”
The issue therefore is not really about the details of the Puttingal Temple
tragedy or the Jisha murder case – the issue is really of the appellant’s
conduct post these two events, the expectations of the general public (as
learned counsel for the State put it) and the “serious public
dissatisfaction”.
Discussion on the legal issues
63. On the legal issues, it was submitted by learned counsel for the
State Government that only a prima facie satisfaction of the government was
required to transfer the State Police Chief due to events subsequent to the
Puttingal Temple tragedy and the Jisha murder.
64. It was submitted that the State Government was prima facie satisfied
that the conduct of the appellant post the two incidents did not inspire
any confidence in his leadership and that translated into serious public
dissatisfaction on the efficiency and the role of the police. This, it was
submitted, was more than enough to enable the government to conclude that
the appellant deserved to be transferred out as the State Police Chief.
65. We are of opinion that the Puttingal Temple tragedy and the Jisha
murder, both extremely tragic events, were not and were admittedly not the
basis for the transfer of the appellant. The correct perspective was
placed by learned counsel for the State of Kerala and that is the
subsequent conduct of the appellant in failing to take action against the
errant police officers for the Puttingal Temple tragedy and that he failed
to provide an adequate response to the Jisha murder. It was argued that
cumulatively, this indicated that the appellant was not suited to be in
charge of the State Police and therefore deserved to be replaced.
66. Our attention was drawn to E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu[6] and
particularly the following passage in paragraphs 87 and 88 of the Report:
“Now, two important considerations must weigh with us in determining our
approach to these questions. First, the post of Chief Secretary is a highly
sensitive post. It is a post of great confidence — a lynchpin in the
administration — and smooth functioning of the administration requires that
there should be complete rapport and understanding between the Chief
Secretary and the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister as the head of the
Government is in ultimate charge of the administration and it is he who is
politically answerable to the people for the achievements and failures of
the Government. If, therefore, for any valid reason the Chief Secretary
forfeits the confidence of the Chief Minister, the Chief Minister may
legitimately, in the larger interests of administration, shift the Chief
Secretary to another post, provided of course that does not involve
violation of any of his legal or constitutional rights. There can be no
question in such a case as to who is right and who is wrong. The
displacement of the Chief Secretary from his post in such a case would not
be arbitrary and it would not attract the inhibition of Articles 14 and 16.
It may, however, be pointed out that such an action would not, we think,
ordinarily be taken except for the most compelling reasons, because, if
resorted to without proper justification, it would tend to affect the
political neutrality of the public service and lead to demoralisation and
frustration amongst the public servants.
Secondly…So long as the transfer is made on account of the exigencies of
administration and is not from a higher post to a lower post with
discriminatory preference of a junior for the higher post, it would be
valid and not open to attack under Articles 14 and 16.”
67. In Royappa the concern of this Court was in relation to the post of
the Chief Secretary of the State but which was not a tenure post. This
Court observed that the post of Chief Secretary is a highly sensitive post
and the person holding that post is the lynchpin in the administration.
The Chief Minister of the State must, therefore, have complete confidence
in him or her and there must be complete rapport and understanding between
the Chief Secretary and the Chief Minister of the State. Since the Chief
Minister is in ultimate charge of the administration of the State and is
answerable to the people for the achievements and failures of the
government, if the Chief Secretary forfeits the confidence of the Chief
Minister, he or she may be shifted to another post in the larger interest
of administration provided there is no violation of any legal or
constitutional right.
68. Our attention was also drawn to an observation in Citizens for
Justice & Peace v. State of Gujarat[7] to the effect that “the appointment
of a government servant is the prerogative of the particular Government,
particularly, when it is a sensitive appointment of the Director General of
Police.” It was then observed that this Court would not extend its hands to
upset such an appointment under the judicial doctrine review.
69. The broad principle laid down in Royappa is obviously applicable to
the present case, but with two distinctions, one of them being that it did
not deal with a tenure post or an appointment and replacement under a
statute. Of course and undoubtedly the post of Chief Secretary of a State
and the Director General of Police or the State Police Chief are both
sensitive posts. But the sensitivity attached to the post of a Chief
Secretary has a different dimension from the sensitivity attached to the
post of the State Police Chief, which is of a different genre. Unlike the
Chief Secretary of the State, the State Police Chief as the head of the
police force is concerned with the investigation of crimes, law and order
and public order and not general executive administration. Prakash Singh
makes it very clear that the police must be permitted to function without
any regard to the status and position of any person while investigating a
crime or taking preventive measures. In other words, the rule of law
should not become a casualty to the whims and fancies of the political
executive. In that event, the State Police Chief might be pressurized
laterally by the political executive and vertically by the Administration.
It is to ensure (and that is the rationale for the decision of this Court)
that no such pressure is exerted on the State Police Chief and if so
exerted, then the State Police Chief does not succumb to such pressure,
that Prakash Singh provided for security of tenure and insulating the
police from the Executive.
70. As far as Citizens for Justice & Peace is concerned, that is clearly
inapplicable. We are not concerned with the appointment of the State Police
Chief but with his removal from a tenure post. That apart, it would be
tragic if this Court were to come to a conclusion that the removal of a
person from a sensitive but tenure appointment based on a stature is the
“prerogative” of the government and judicial review is not available merely
because the post concerned is a sensitive one. If such a view were to hold
the field, Article 14 of the Constitution, the citizen’s struggle against
executive arbitrariness would become irrelevant and this Court would be
surrendering its constitutional obligation.
71. We may also recall that the Bureau of Police Research and
Development, in a publication referred to by this Court in Prakash Singh
warned that excessive control by the political executive and its principal
advisors over the police has the inherent danger of making the police a
tool for subverting the process of law. That view too would have to be
thrown out of the window if arbitrary removal from a tenure post based on a
statute is taken out of the purview of judicial review merely because the
person holds a sensitive post.
72. We also cannot overlook the fact that in the event of any law and
order or public order situation, it is the policeman that is the first
responder and not an officer of the administration. If the authority of the
first responder were to get compromised, the citizen would not have anyone
to turn to for assistance resulting in the crumbling of the rule of law.
This certainly cannot be permitted. This is not to say that the police must
be treated with kid gloves – all that is sought to be conveyed is that a
certain degree of freedom is required to be given to the police by
insulating it from possible attempts to control its independent
functioning, and there is a good explanation for this.
73. The decision in Prakash Singh and the fashioning of the Act respect
the necessity of the tenure appointment of the State Police Chief. Prakash
Singh made sure that the removal of the State Police Chief is not a routine
sort of affair. However, the Act diluted this to some extent but retained
the broad contours of the law laid down by this Court in its decisions.
74. In Royappa this Court cautioned (in the passage quoted above) against
the easy and mechanical displacement of the Chief Secretary of the State.
In our opinion the caution is equally, if not more, applicable in the case
of the Director General of Police or the State Police Chief. This Court
observed that the displacement of the Chief Secretary must be for the most
compelling reasons and should not be arbitrary, otherwise it “would tend to
affect political neutrality” and lead to demoralization and frustration
among public servants.
75. It is for this reason that as far as the police is concerned,
commission after commission recommended insulating the police from the
Executive and providing the force a degree of freedom, without political or
executive interference so that it could impartially investigate crimes and
take preventive measures in law and order or public order situations. It
is this that persuaded this Court in Prakash Singh to direct the setting up
of a State Security Commission so that the State Government does not
exercise unwarranted influence or pressure on the State police. It is this
that persuaded this Court to direct that three persons independent of the
government should be members of the State Security Commission (provided
they are appointed by the State Government!) and that the recommendations
of the Commission shall be binding on the State Government. Furthermore,
to provide security of tenure this Court directed that the Director General
of Police should have a minimum tenure of at least two years irrespective
of the date of superannuation. To maintain the independence of the police
from government control in matters relating to investigations or crimes,
preventive measures concerning law and order and public order, the Director
General of Police may be relieved of responsibilities only in consultation
with the State Security Commission and that too for limited reasons.
76. While the Kerala Legislature did not fully adopt the directions given
by this Court while enacting the Act, the Legislature partially and only
partially accepted the spirit of the directions issued by this Court in
maintaining the requirement that the State Police Chief should have a
minimum tenure of two years and the reasons for shifting the State Police
Chief from his or her post were limited and provided for in Section 97 of
the Act. The Kerala Legislature was, perhaps, quite right in adding clause
(e) to Section 97(2) of the Act to the effect that if there is serious
public dissatisfaction about the efficiency of the police, a police officer
may be transferred even if he or she has not completed the normal tenure of
two years. While this transfer could be affected by the government on being
prima facie satisfied of public dissatisfaction, the assessment would
necessarily have to be made in an objective and not a subjective manner
otherwise the entre purpose of a secure tenure appointment would be
nullified. This is where there is a difference in the role of the Chief
Secretary as the chief executive of the State and the Director General of
Police of a State – their roles cannot be equated. While the Chief
Secretary can be removed if he or she does not enjoy the confidence of the
Chief Minister or does not have a “complete rapport and understanding” with
the Chief Minister, the removal cannot be questioned, unless there is a
violation of some statutory or constitutional provision. But that is not so
with the State Police Chief. The reason is not far to seek – the Cabinet
colleagues of the Chief Minister or senior bureaucrats (including the Chief
Secretary) might need to be investigated in an appropriate case. Can the
Chief Minister then remove the State Police Chief on the ground that in
such an event he or she does not enjoy the confidence of the Chief Minister
or that there is no “complete rapport and understanding” between the State
Police Chief and the Chief Minister? The answer is quite obvious.
77. Indeed for this reason, considered in the background of the security
of tenure, each of the various clauses in Section 97(2) of the Act clearly
and unmistakably point to action being permitted against a police officer
only on the basis of verifiable material, such as disciplinary action,
involvement in a corrupt practice or a criminal offence, physical or mental
incapacity, assessment on the basis of evaluation of the work of an officer
by a superior etc. and not on the subjective whims and fancies of those in
a position of power. There is nothing to suggest that as compared to the
other clauses in Section 97(2) of the Act “serious dissatisfaction in the
general public about efficiency of police in his jurisdiction” must be
given a different treatment or interpretation. The opinion of serious
dissatisfaction must be based on verifiable material and not a perception
that the Chief Minister or other senior functionary might have or the
“public expectation” (as learned counsel for the State put it) that the
Chief Minister might imagine. Quite often public opinion can be misleading
or motivated. It is true that where an assessment of this nature is
required to be made, there would be an element of subjectivity, but that
subjective view must have some basis – not a mere perception.
78. Section 97(2)(e) of the Act must, therefore, be read and understood
in the context of the other clauses of that Section which relate to
verifiable facts and events. Clause (e) is not a blanket clause that
permits the State Government to take any decision on the basis of what it
believes to be public dissatisfaction. Otherwise, the State Government can
misuse it and justify an adverse action on the ground of prima facie
satisfaction outside the ambit of judicial review.
79. In this context the following passages from M.A. Rasheed v. State of
Kerala[8] are quite telling on the issue of ‘satisfaction’ of an executive
authority:
“Where powers are conferred on public authorities to exercise the same when
“they are satisfied” or when “it appears to them”, or when “in their
opinion” a certain state of affairs exists; or when powers enable public
authorities to take “such action as they think fit” in relation to a
subject matter, the courts will not readily defer to the conclusiveness of
an executive authority’s opinion as to the existence of a matter of law or
fact upon which the validity of the exercise of the power is predicated.
Where reasonable conduct is expected the criterion of reasonableness is not
subjective, but objective. Lord Atkin in Liversidge v. Anderson[9] said:
“If there are reasonable grounds, the Judge has no further duty of deciding
whether he would have formed the same belief any more than, if there is
reasonable evidence to go to a jury, the Judge is concerned with whether he
would have come to the same verdict.”
The onus of establishing unreasonableness, however, rests upon the person
challenging the validity of the acts.
Administrative decisions in exercise of powers even if conferred in
subjective terms are to be made in good faith on relevant consideration.
The courts inquire whether a reasonable man could have come to the decision
in question without misdirecting himself on the law or the facts in a
material respect. The standard of reasonableness to which the
administrative body is required to conform may range from the courts’ own
opinion of what is reasonable to the criterion of what a reasonable body
might have decided. The courts will find out whether conditions precedent
to the formation of the opinion have a factual basis.”
80. We are therefore clearly of opinion that the removal or displacement
of any senior level officer from a tenure appointment must be for
compelling reasons and must be justified by the concerned authority, if
called upon to do so, on material that can be objectively tested. This is
what the rule of law expects and this is what Section 97 of the Act expects
- the law must be faithfully implemented in a purposive manner.
Discussion on facts
81. We have referred to the various affidavits as well as the Notes of
the Additional Chief Secretary for two reasons: Firstly, no guilt or lapse
has been directly attributed to the appellant either for the Puttingal
Temple tragedy or the Jisha murder case. On the contrary, as far as the
Puttingal Temple tragedy is concerned, the Additional Chief Secretary
recommended action against three specific police officers and placed the
file before the Chief Minister. The appellant has been accused of failure
to take action against these errant police officers (rather supporting
them) and unjustifiably apportioning a part of the blame on the district
administration. However, it must be noted that for more than one and a
half months the Chief Minister took absolutely no action on the Note dated
13th April, 2016 but just seems to have kept it in his office. Under these
circumstances, it is not clear what action could be taken by the appellant
or any officer of the government including the Chief Secretary and the
Additional Chief Secretary against the errant police officers while the
matter was pending with the Chief Minister. Could they or should they have
by-passed the Chief Minister? In any event, nothing has been shown to us
to suggest that the Chief Minister was reminded that some action needed to
be taken by him or that he should give some specific direction on the file
placed before him. In our view therefore, if the appellant failed to take
any action against the errant police officers, the entire official
machinery starting from the Chief Minister down to the Chief Secretary and
the Additional Chief Secretary are equally to blame. What is more important
in this context is that the recommendation to take action against the
errant police officers was made to the Chief Minister and not to the
appellant.
82. As far as the Jisha murder case is concerned, the allegation against
the appellant is of a general nature highlighting certain contradictions
between his report, the First Information Report and the First Information
Statement. We ought not to comment on these alleged contradictions. The
generalization made leads to the conclusion that the leadership of the
appellant was poor and that he lacked control and discipline over the
police force which eroded public confidence, notwithstanding the
responsibility of the large investigating team..
83. The second and more serious reason for the transfer (though it is not
mentioned by the Chief Minister) is to be found in the first Note dated
26th May, 2016 of the Additional Chief Secretary (Home). Perhaps for this
reason, it finds only a fleeting mention in the reply affidavit filed in
the Central Administrative Tribunal and in this Court, but the detailed
counter affidavit elaborates this reason. The allegation has been detailed
above and it is not necessary to repeat it, except to say that according to
the Home Secretary, the appellant attempted to interfere in the
investigations relating to the Puttingal Temple tragedy.
84. The law has been well-settled for many years now that when an order
is passed in exercise of a statutory power on certain grounds, its validity
must be judged by the reasons mentioned in the order. Those reasons cannot
be supplemented by other reasons through an affidavit or otherwise. Were
this not so, an order otherwise bad in law at the very outset may get
validated through additional grounds later brought out in the form of an
affidavit.
85. In this context it is worth referring to Commissioner of Police v.
Gordhandas Bhanji[10] in which it was said:
“Public orders, publicly made, in exercise of a statutory authority cannot
be construed in the light of explanations subsequently given by the officer
making the order of what he meant, or of what was in his mind, or what he
intended to do. Public orders made by public authorities are meant to have
public effect and are intended to affect the acting and conduct of those to
whom they are addressed and must be construed objectively with reference to
the language used in the order itself.”
This view was affirmed by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Mohinder
Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner.[11]
86. Apart from the fact that it is not permissible for the State
Government to provide reasons in the detailed counter affidavit for the
transfer of the appellant, additional reasons that are not mentioned by the
Chief Minister, we find the reference to interference in the investigation
in the Puttingal Temple tragedy as somewhat incongruous. There is nothing
to suggest what advantage could be gained by the appellant in scuttling the
investigations in the Puttingal Temple tragedy, particularly since in an
earlier part of the detailed counter affidavit it is admitted that the
State Police Chief is not personally responsible for supervising the
conduct of events or adherence to safety measures in relation to large
public gatherings. Therefore, why would the appellant want to interfere in
the investigations?
87. The facts and the record of the present case indicate that the
Puttingal Temple tragedy and the Jisha murder were not the flash points
necessitating the transfer of the appellant. The reason for his transfer
was his conduct post the Puttingal Temple tragedy in not taking action
against the errant police officers (but supporting them) and in
apportioning a part of the blame on the district administration. The
reference to the Jisha murder case was an attempt at padding up the reason
while the reference to the alleged interference in the investigations by
the CB-CID was a red herring or a ruse - the alleged interference was not
even in the contemplation of the Chief Minster. The addition of the
allegation of interference with the investigations in the Puttingal Temple
tragedy is a further attempt in that direction – to somehow or the other
nail the appellant.
88. As already indicated above, as far as taking action against the
errant police officers for the Puttingal Temple tragedy is concerned, the
Chief Minister of the State also took no action for more than a month after
the Note dated 13th April, 2016 was put up by the Additional Chief
Secretary (Home). The Chief Minister did not take any action in spite of
the Note pinpointing the three errant police officers against whom action
was required to be taken. It is difficult to hazard a guess why no action
was taken. But in any event, the fact of the matter is that a suo motu
writ petition concerning the incident and its aftermath was pending in the
Kerala High Court, a judicial commission chaired a former Judge of the
Kerala High Court was appointed by the State Government and investigations
had been referred to the CB-CID in this regard. Surely Senkumar cannot
alone be pre-judged and blamed for this state of affairs.
89. As far as apportioning a part of the blame on the district
administration is concerned, it cannot be anybody’s case and indeed no such
submission was made before us that the district administration had
absolutely no role to play in the Puttingal Temple tragedy. While it is
true that a major part of the blame must rest on the police force at the
ground level, the district administration perhaps cannot be completely
absolved of its responsibility in the enormous tragedy that took place, but
this is ultimately an issue that may have to be decided by the Kerala High
Court or by the judicial commission or by the CB-CID. In any event, this
can hardly be any justification for coming to the conclusion that the
appellant alone deserved to be acted against only because he supported his
subordinates, while seeking to apportion a part of the blame on the
district administration.
90. Similarly, as far as the Jisha murder case is concerned some of the
conclusions arrived at on the file placed before us are a little
unfortunate and appear to be prejudging the investigation. What impact
this might have on the trial is again anybody’s guess but surely the State
Police Chief cannot alone be blamed for any lapse in investigation or any
delay in apprehending the accused. This is more so considering the fact
that a Special Investigating Team had been appointed consisting of 28
officers to investigate the Jisha murder case. The appellant was not the
investigating officer in the matter.
91. Perhaps, what might be a very serious infraction by the appellant is
the allegation that he tried to interfere with the investigations in the
Puttingal Temple tragedy. We have, therefore, very carefully considered
this allegation. Unfortunately, the file placed before us does not
indicate the circumstances in which the Assistant Commissioner of Police,
Chathanur was transferred out by the Election Commission but we are
entitled to assume that the decision of the Election Commission in this
regard was completely bona fide. However, to attribute oblique motives to
the appellant for recommending the posting of a member of the Special
Investigating Team as Assistant Commissioner of Police, Chathanur so that
he is under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Police, Kollam City is
a little far-fetched. The appellant had nothing to fear in the
investigations by the CB-CID since he was not involved in the ground level
arrangement in the Puttingal Temple. It cannot be said that the recommended
officer was indispensable to the Special Investigating Team even if the
Additional Director General of Police (Crimes) may have objected to his
transfer. It appears to us that too much is being read into this and a
hypothesis that was not even accepted by the Chief Minister or the State
Government is being advanced as a definite conclusion. It is being assumed
that even though the appellant was completely absolved of any lapse in
respect of the Puttingal Temple tragedy, he wanted to interfere with the
investigation for no apparent reason except perhaps to benefit the
Commissioner of Police, Kollam City for no apparent reason. There is no
evidence or material to arrive at any such conclusive opinion.
92. Learned counsel for the State Government is right in submitting that
it is only a prima facie satisfaction that is to be arrived at by the State
Government that the general public is dissatisfied with the efficiency of
the police so as to enable a shifting out of the State Police Chief.
However, that prima facie satisfaction must be based on some cogent and
rational material. Nothing has been placed before us in this regard except
the view that there was dissatisfaction among the general public on the
efficiency of the police. Mere repetition of the provisions of Section
97(2)(e) of the Act is not sufficient - there must be some material on
record (other than a newspaper report) but unfortunately nothing has been
pointed out to us during the course of submissions. It is not enough to
merely contend that the State Government was subjectively satisfied that
the appellant ought to be transferred out as the State Police Chief.
93. The subjective satisfaction of the State Government must be based on
some credible material, which this Court might not analyze but which can
certainly be looked into. Having looked into the record placed before us
we find that there is no material adverse to the interests of the appellant
except an expression of opinion and views formed, as far as he is
concerned, as late as on 26th May, 2016. This make-believe prima facie
satisfaction by itself cannot take out judicial review of administrative
action in the garb of subjective satisfaction of the State Government.
94. We are a little disturbed by the resurrection of the Puttingal Temple
tragedy and the Jisha murder case on 26th May, 2016 as soon as the present
government in Kerala assumed office. The so-called public dissatisfaction
with regard to the role of the police in the Puttingal Temple tragedy lay
dormant for more than one month and similarly, the role of the police in
the investigations in the Jisha murder case also remained dormant for
almost a month. Suddenly, these issues resurfaced as soon as the present
government assumed office. This might perhaps be a coincidence but it might
also be politically motivated, as suggested by learned counsel for the
appellant. It is not necessary for us to delve into this controversy nor
is it necessary for us to consider the submission of learned counsel for
the State Government that there was no politics involved in the transfer of
the appellant since the first Note was put up before the Chief Minister by
the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) as far back as on 13th April, 2016.
While this is so, it must not be forgotten that the Note dated 13th April,
2016 did not cast any aspersion on the appellant. In any event, if we are
asked to choose between leaning in favour of the State or the citizen, we
would certainly lean in favour of the citizen and give him or her benefit
of the doubt.
95. We are also a little disturbed with the view expressed in the
detailed counter affidavit and elsewhere that the appointment of the
appellant was irregular if not illegal. If that is so and the State
Government of Kerala is bent upon making irregular or illegal appointments
to sensitive posts, then no one can help God’s own country.
Conclusion
96. On an overall consideration of the material on record and considering
the case in its proper perspective, that is the events post the Puttingal
Temple tragedy and the Jisha murder and not the two tragedies themselves,
we have no hesitation in concluding that the appellant has been unfairly
and arbitrarily dealt with. Under the circumstances, we are compelled to
set aside the judgment and order of the Central Administrative Tribunal,
the impugned judgment and order of the High Court as well as the order
dated 1st June, 2016 and direct the State of Kerala to reinstate the
appellant Dr. T.P. Senkumar as the State Police Chief.
97. The appeal is allowed.
……………………………J
(Madan B. Lokur)
New Delhi; ……………………………J
April 24, 2017 (Deepak Gupta)
-----------------------
[1]
[2] (2006) 8 SCC 1
[3]
[4] Research Studies on Police and Prison Issues (1970-
2009) [Compendium] published by the Bureau of Police Research and Training
[page 81]
[5]
[6] (1997) 6 SCC 241
[7]
[8] (1998) 1 SCC 226
[9]
[10] http://epaper.newindianexpress.com/781747/The-New-
Indian-Express-Kochi/18042016#page/1/2 and
http://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/9748784
[11]
[12] (1974) 4 SCC 3
[13]
[14] (2009) 11 SCC 213
[15]
[16] (1974) 2 SCC 687 paragraphs 8 to 10
[17]
[18] 1942 AC 206, 228-229
[19]
[20] AIR 1952 SC 16
[21]
[22] 1978 (1) SCC 405
