IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6532 OF 2015
(Arising out of S.L.P. (C) NO. 1640 of 2014)
DALJIT SINGH GREWAL ………… APPELLANT
Vs.
STATE OF PUNJAB & ORS. ………… RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.
Leave granted.
This appeal is directed against the impugned judgment and order dated
27.08.2013 passed by the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in
Review Application No. 208 of 2013 (O&M) in Civil Writ Petition No. 5643 of
2004 whereby the High Court did not find any merit in the application and
dismissed the same.
The brief facts of the case are mentioned below :-
The appellant joined the Punjab Home Guards Department as District
Commander in the year 1993 after being selected through Punjab Public
Service Commission under the Punjab Home Guard Class-II Rules, 1988. The
work of the appellant was appreciated by the ADGP, Railways when a big
tragedy on the railway tracks was averted as a result of his efforts. His
work and conduct was considered as excellent. The dispute in the instant
case arose when he received a letter dated 28.06.2000, wherein the Annual
Confidential Report (ACR) for the period 1.07.1999 to 31.03.2000 rated his
performance as ‘average’. The D.G.P-cum-Commandant General had written the
following remarks:
“An mediocre officer, whose performance was barely satisfactory. His own
officers intrigue and directly make unfounded allegations. This work
environment, he has not been able to change.”
The said assessment of his performance by the Deputy Commandant General-cum-
Deputy Director, Civil Defence and the D.G.P-cum- Commandant General, Home
Guards & Director Civil Defence led the appellant to place a representation
dated 07.07.2000 before the DGP-cum-Commandant General, Home Guards and
Director Civil Defence, Punjab- respondent No.5, requesting the supply of
documents on the basis of which his conduct and diligence was graded as
‘average’. But no satisfactory response was received by the appellant
despite having been made reminder representations dated 18.08.2000 and
25.08.2000 for supply of the said documents. On 29.12.2000, Instructions
were issued by the Department of Personnel, State Government, Punjab
whereby a ‘benchmark system’ was introduced for promotion to Group-A and
Group-B posts.
On 15.03.2001, the appellant submitted a detailed representation to the
Secretary, Personnel, Punjab, Civil Secretariat-respondent No.3 herein,
requesting him to re-consider the said Instructions on the ground that the
same were violative of principles of natural justice. He also stated in the
representation that the recording of adverse entries in the ACR must be
conveyed to the concerned officers so as to enable them to improve their
work accordingly. On 07.05.2001, the appellant received a letter from the
Under Secretary, Department of Home Affairs and Justice, informing him that
his representations dated 18.08.2000 and 25.08.2000 to the Government had
been considered and rejected.
The appellant again made a representation on 31.05.2001 to the then
Principal Secretary, Department of Home and Justice, requesting that the
adverse remarks made in his ACR for the year 1999-2000 be expunged so that
he could be promoted to the post of Battalion Commander.
On 30.06.2001, the appellant became eligible for promotion to the post of
Battalion Commander after completion of 8 years of service as per Punjab
Home Guard Class-I Rules, 1988. Rule 8(2) of the Rules provides that the
District Commanders having 8 years of experience are entitled to promotion
to the post of Battalion Commander on the basis of seniority-cum-merit and
that no person could claim promotion on the basis of seniority alone.
Ultimately, having received no satisfactory response from the respondent
Nos. 3 to 5 despite making several representations, the appellant filed
Civil Suit No. 70 of 2001 before the Civil Judge (Sr. Div.), challenging
the adverse entries made in his ACR for the year 1999-2000.
Meanwhile, the representation of the appellant was rejected by respondent
No. 4 by way of a non-speaking order on 08.08.2001.
By letter No.4/6/2000-3PPI/13720 dated 06.09.2001, the government modified
its earlier Instructions dated 29.12.2000, whereby the benchmark system was
introduced for promotion to the Group-A and Group-B posts which was
approved and published by the Government of Punjab on 18.12.2001. A
conscious policy decision was taken to set up Departmental Promotion
Committees for considering cases of eligible officers for promotion to
Class-I and Class-II (Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B’) posts, which inter alia
reads thus:-
“……a…
……b…
|NO. OF VACANCIES |NORMAL ZONE |ZONE FOR |
| | |CONSIDERATION SC/ST|
|1 |5 |5 |
|2 |8 |10 |
|3 |10 |15 |
|4 |12 |20 |
| |Twice the number of |5 times number of |
| |vacancies plus 4 |vacancies |
xxx xxx xxx
(c) It has been decided to retain the numbering system of evaluation of
ACRs as contained in the instructions dated 29.12.2000 which is as under:-
|Outstanding |4 MARKS |
|Very good |3 MARKS |
|Good |2 MARKS |
|Average |1 MARK |
ACRs for the last 5 years are to be taken into consideration for promotion.
The criteria for promotions will be as under:-
1….
2. For promotion to posts falling in Group ‘A’ other than Head of
Department, the minimum bench mark will be Very Good with at least 12
marks. Amongst those meeting this criteria, there would be supersession.
3. In the case of promotion to posts falling in Group ‘B’ the minimum bench
mark will be “Good” and there would be no supersession i.e. promotions
would be made strictly on seniority-cum-merit.
XXX XXX XXX..”
By the judgment and order dated 15.03.2002, the Civil Judge, (Sr. Div.),
Patiala in Civil Suit No. 70 of 2001 decreed the suit in favour of the
appellant. The adverse remarks recorded against the appellant in the ACR
for the period 01.04.1999 to 31.03.2000 were expunged and all consequential
benefits were granted to the appellant.
Since no appeal was filed by the respondents against the said judgment and
decree of the Civil Judge (Sr. Divn.), the appellant requested the
respondents vide representation dated 08.05.2002 to consider him for
promotion to the post of Battalion Commander. Thereafter, despite having
submitted representations dated 10.05.2002 and 20.06.2002 to the respondent
No. 4, no action was taken to implement the decree passed in favour of the
appellant.
In the meanwhile, the Division Bench of High Court passed an order on
14.01.2003 in CWP No. 4491 of 2001 and CWP No. 11011 of 2001 (filed by some
other petitioners, who had also challenged Instructions dated 29.12.2000)
issuing direction to the State Government for considering the case of
petitioners therein, by ignoring the Instructions dated 29.12.2000.
Two more representations were made by the appellant on 31.03.2003 and
09.04.2003 to respondent No. 4, but no action was taken.
Once again, having found that his performance was shown as ‘average’ in the
ACR for the period 01.04.2001 to 31.03.2002 which was graded by the
respondent No.4, the appellant submitted another representation on
16.04.2003 for upgrading his ACR for the period 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 as
his controlling officer i.e. Division Commander has awarded him “A” Grade
and Review Authority i.e. Deputy Commandant General also awarded him “+A”
which entries were accepted by the final authority i.e. Commandant General,
Home Guard-respondent No. 5. He also mentioned in the representation that
he was shocked to find that his ACR for the period 2001-2002 was downgraded
by respondent No. 4 without assigning any reason or affording an
opportunity of being heard. As per the departmental procedure, Rules and
Instructions, the then Principal Secretary, Home who has not seen the work
and conduct of the appellant, could not have downgraded his performance by
making an adverse entry in his ACR. However, no action was taken on this
representation made by him.
As per the Instructions dated 06.09.2001, at least 12 marks were required
for promotion to the post of Battalion Commander. The appellant was not
considered for promotion even after having a decree passed in his favour by
the Civil Court which was deliberately not placed before the Departmental
Promotion Committee (hereinafter “the DPC”) for its consideration. Due to
the adverse remarks in the ACR for the year 2001-2002, the appellant fell
short of this benchmark.
The appellant again made representations dated 10.09.2003 and 15.09.2003 to
the respondent No. 4 for implementing the judgment and decree passed by the
Civil Judge (Sr. Div.) in his favour and requested them to promote him to
the post of Battalion Commander. He also got a legal notice issued to the
respondents on 06.10.2003. The respondents deliberately ignored the request
of the appellant by placing reliance on the Instructions referred to supra
and the non-upgraded ACRs for the year 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002,
though the suit was decreed in his favour.
On 16.02.2004, the appellant issued a legal notice to the respondent Nos. 4
and 5 for upgrading the ACR for the period 2001-2002 from ‘Average’ to
‘Excellent’.
A similar issue arose for consideration of promotion and quashing of
Instructions regarding the benchmark method introduced by the State
Government, Department of Personnel in the case of Balbir Singh Bedi v.
State of Punjab & Ors.[1], wherein this Court upheld the validity of the
executive Instructions dated 29.12.2000 and 06.09.2001, holding that these
Instructions are nothing but a codification of directions issued by this
Court regarding promotions and the criteria of seniority-cum-merit in a
catena cases.
The appellant made a complaint on 11.03.2004 to the respondent no.4 seeking
that action be taken against the persons who were tampering with the ACR’s
to harm the service career of the appellant.
Ultimately, the appellant filed CWP No. 5643 of 2004 before the High Court
challenging the legality and validity of the Instructions and orders dated
02.05.2003 and 30.01.2004. The said petition was dismissed by the Division
Bench of the High Court on 02.04.2004.
Meanwhile, the appellant was supplied certain documents under the RTI Act
which had material effect on the merits of his case. The appellant filed
SLP (C) No. 14964 of 2004 against the order of the High Court dated
02.04.2004. This Court granted leave in the said SLP and the same was
converted into Civil Appeal No. 5192 of 2004 and was directed to be heard
along with the case of Balbir Singh Bedi referred to supra. The case was
dismissed, but the appellant was granted liberty by this Court to file a
Review Petition before the High Court.
The appellant approached the High Court after being granted liberty by this
Court in the above referred case and a Review Application No. 208 of 2013
was filed for recall of order dated 02.04.2004. The High Court having found
no merit in the Review Application dismissed the same vide its order dated
27.08.2013. On the issue of the performance of the appellant being graded
as ‘average’, the High Court observed that though it was not clear as to
whether the adverse entries in the ACR for the period of 01.04.2001 to
31.03.2002 were conveyed to the appellant, yet it was clear from his
representations that the contents of the reports were in his knowledge and
he had specifically represented against its downgrading. The High Court
further held that the appellant could not contend that the adverse ACR’s
were made behind his back. Hence, the present appeal is filed questioning
the correctness of the action of the respondents in not giving promotion to
the appellant to the post of Battalion Commander though he was entitled for
the same and also challenged the judgment and orders passed in writ
petition and also review petition.
Mr. Rakesh Kumar Khanna, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the
appellant has contended that the High Court erred in not complying with the
observations made by this Court in Civil Appeal No. 5192 of 2004, wherein
this Court directed that the additional documents obtained by the appellant
under the RTI Act were to be considered by the High Court. Thus, the
appellant withdrew the Civil Appeal No.5192 of 2004 and filed a Review
Application before the High Court in order to produce the documents
obtained by him so that the same could be considered by the High Court and
pass appropriate orders.
It is also contended by the learned senior counsel that the High Court
failed to consider the representation dated 16.04.2003 submitted by the
appellant to the respondent No. 4, wherein he had requested for the
implementation of the judgment and decree dated 15.03.2002 passed in the
Civil Suit No. 70 of 2001.
It is further contended by the learned senior counsel on behalf of the
appellant that the High Court should have taken into consideration the
latest judgment of this Court rendered in the case of Sukhdev Singh v.
Union of India[2] wherein it was held that all the ACRs whether poor, fair,
average, good or very good, must be apprised to the concerned
employee/officer within the stipulated time so that he/ she can take
suitable action if he/she is aggrieved by the same. While on the one hand,
the High Court presumed that the appellant had knowledge of the downgrading
in his ACR, at the same time it was also observed that it was not clear
whether the downgrading was conveyed to the appellant.
It is further contended by the learned senior counsel appearing on behalf
of the appellant that the High Court should have considered the law laid
down in the case of Gurdial Singh Fiji v. State of Punjab[3], wherein this
Court has specifically held that the adverse remarks made in the ACR cannot
be acted upon by the Authority to deny promotion to a post unless they have
been communicated to the concerned person.
It is further contended by the learned senior counsel that the respondent
No. 4 could not have downgraded his ACR and that too without conveying the
same to him, as he had not personally seen the work of the appellant. There
should have been some reason for the respondents to make adverse entries in
his ACR’s for the relevant periods by changing the original entries made by
the Reporting Authority-respondent No. 5. The adverse entries made in the
ACR’s of the appellant for the relevant periods were not communicated to
him. If there were any adverse entries in the ACR’s, the same should have
been communicated to the appellant to enable him to improve his
shortcomings or submit a representation against the adverse entries. It was
further contended by the learned senior counsel that the favourable entries
recorded in the ACR’s for the relevant periods were deliberately not
produced before the Selection Committee or DPC by the respondents so that
the appellant would not be considered for promotion and promoted to the
promotional post, which aspect of the matter should have been taken into
consideration by the High Court while passing the impugned judgment and
order in the writ petition and also in the order passed in the review
application.
On the other hand, Mr. Nikhil Nayyar, the learned Additional Advocate
General appearing on behalf of the respondent Nos. 1 to 5, has sought to
justify the impugned judgment and order contending that the same is legal
and justifiable on facts and also in law. Therefore, the High Court has
rightly dismissed the Writ Petition and Review Application of the
appellant. Hence, the same does not warrant interference by this Court.
It is further contended by the learned Additional Advocate General that the
DPC considered the ACRs of the past five years of the appellant and on the
basis of final marks obtained by him for the relevant ACRs, his claim was
not considered by the DPC for promotion as he failed to meet the benchmark
criteria laid down as per Instructions dated 29.12.2000 and 06.09.2001
issued by the respondent No. 3. Further, even the Head of the Department
did not issue the requisite integrity certificate in favour of the
appellant.
It was further contended by the learned Additional Advocate General that in
an earlier round of litigation before this Court in a similar matter i.e.
Balbir Singh Bedi (supra), this Court upheld the validity of benchmark
Instructions dated 29.12.2000 and 06.09.2001 issued for consideration of
eligible officers for promotion to the posts of Class I and II viz. Group A
and Group B and therefore, the same cannot be ignored. Thus, the appellant
cannot be promoted to the post of Battalion Commander.
Further, it was contended by the learned Additional Advocate General that
there were no adverse remarks in the ACRs of the appellant for the year
2000-2001 and 2001-2002, which were required to be apprised to him and he
was also aware of his adverse ACRs for the years 1999-2000. Therefore, it
was rightly held by the High Court that the contents of those reports were
within his knowledge. Therefore, there is no error of law committed by the
High Court.
It is further contended by the learned Additional Advocate General that it
was not right on the part of the appellant to request the respondent No. 4
to upgrade his ACRs and consequently to promote him to the promotional post
retrospectively, which is impermissible in law. In support of his
submission he placed reliance on the case of Dev Dutt v. Union of India &
Ors.[4], wherein this Court had directed the appellant therein to make a
representation before the concerned authorities to consider his claim for
promotion retrospectively.
After hearing the learned counsel for both the parties and considering the
facts and rival legal contentions urged by them including the written
submissions submitted by the learned counsel for the parties and on perusal
of record, we pass the following order in this appeal on merits by
assigning the reasons as mentioned herein below.
The promotion of the appellant to the post of Battalion Commander from the
post of District Commandant is governed by Rule 8(1)(2)(i) of the Rules.
The aforesaid rule contemplates that 75% of the promotional posts of the
Battalion Commander be filled up by promotion amongst the Battalion second
in command. The legal requirement for promotion to the post of Battalion
Commander is that the claimant should have been working as a District
Commandant for a period of 8 years and the appointment to the said
promotional post shall be made by the Competent Authority on seniority-cum-
merit basis. No person shall be entitled to claim promotion on the basis of
seniority alone. As per the Punjab State Government Instructions issued on
06.09.2001, certain guidelines have been laid down for DPC to consider the
cases of promotion to the post of Class-I and Class-II namely, group ‘A’
and ‘B’ posts. As per the said guidelines, an eligible candidate is
promoted on the basis of the seniority-cum-merit criteria, where merit is
determined on the basis of benchmark awarded to the various aspects
contained in the ACR of the officer, wherein marks are awarded against such
entries made in the ACRs of the officers concerned for the relevant period.
Further, as per the records obtained by the appellant from the respondents
under the RTI Act at the time of his claim for promotion to the post of
Battalion Commander was first considered, his ACRs from year 1996 were
considered. The Instructions dated 29.12.2000 would be applicable
prospectively to the ACRs of the appellant for relevant periods which were
prepared after those Instructions were issued. According to the
Instructions, officers obtaining 0-14 marks out of a total of 20 marks
would be graded over all ‘Good’. Thus, the appellant was entitled to
promotion as he had been awarded 10 marks as per the proceedings of DPC.
The High Court in the impugned judgment further observed that the final
reporting authority had downgraded the appellant as an ‘average’ officer
for the above relevant period. As per the executive Instructions dated
10.01.1985 issued by the State Government, the Commandant General is the
final Authority for the rank of the District Commander. That being the
factual position, the downgrading of the performance of the appellant in
his ACR for the above relevant period by the respondent No. 4 was not valid
as the same was done without any authority and competence. The adverse
entries in the ACR have deprived the appellant of his right of promotion to
the post in question and therefore, the said adverse entries in the ACRs
against the appellant are not legal and valid. The ACR for the period 2000-
2001 is extracted hereunder:
|Integrity |Correct |
|Conduct |Very Good |
|Health and Activeness |Very Good |
|Personality and Initiative |Very Good |
|Knowledge and Intelligence |Very Good |
|Dependability/ reliability |Fully Dependable |
|Power to Command |Very Good |
|Efficiency in Parade |Correct |
|Moral courage and efficiency to expose corrupt|Very Good |
|subordinates | |
|Impartiality |Impartial |
|Knowledge of English |Very Good |
|Knowledge of Punjabi and Hindi and to make |Very Good |
|drafts in these languages | |
|Knowledge of Civil rules and regulations, Home|Very Good |
|Guard Act, administration instructions and | |
|circulars | |
|Behaviour and to work with each other |Very Good |
|Defect, if any, whether brought to his notice |Not Applicable |
|Whether fit for promotion |At his own term |
|Whether he disposes his work in Punjabi |Yes |
|General Remarks |He is very good and |
| |responsible officer |
A perusal of the ACR for the period 2000-2001 reveals that though the
general remarks stated that “He is very good and responsible officer”
respondent No. 4 had given a grade which read, “I agree. An average
officer”. The said entry shows that he had agreed to all the remarks of the
ACR given in respect of columns 1 to 18 for that year by the Competent
Accepting Authority, but he further stated assessed the officer to be an
‘average’ officer without assigning any reason whatsoever apart from his
competence to make such adverse entries. The overall grading of the ACR is
based upon the observations made by the Reporting Authority, Reviewing
Authority and final Accepting Authority. As per the entries made by the
respondent No. 4, he had agreed to the overall grading as given by the
Accepting Authority. In such a case, he could not have downgraded the
overall grading in the ACR by using the words “an average officer”.
Further, if the comments made on 20.05.2004 by the respondent No. 4 on the
ACR for the year 2000-2001 are being sought to justify the stand of denial
of promotion to the appellant to the post in question, then the
clarification needs to take effect from that date, i.e 20.05.2004. In such
a case, the appellant was to be assigned 3 marks as per the instructions
for the year 2003, when he was ignored for the promotion for the first
time.
A perusal of the copy of the ACR for the period 2003-2004 reflects a true
picture of the injustice that has been perpetrated against the appellant.
The ACR has been written by Mr. Tejinder Singh, respondent No. 4 who was
the Reporting Authority as the Divisional Commandant. The very same officer
was also the Reviewing Authority as Deputy Commandant General. Further, the
same officer also happened to be the Final Accepting Authority as the
Commandant General, as is evident from his comment dated 30.09.2004. The
fact that in the said year also the performance of the appellant had been
graded as ‘average’ clearly reveals the malafide intention of the
respondent nos.1-4 in deliberately denying the promotion to the appellant
to the post in question. According to the respondents themselves, the
executive Instructions dated 06.09.2001 have not been superseded by any
other Instructions or rules framed by the competent authority. If these
illegal downgrading entries in the ACR for the relevant period are ignored,
then the appellant would attain 14 marks. As per the Instructions dated
06.09.2001, 12 marks were required for promotion to the post as per the
benchmark fixed.
Further, the adverse remarks for the period 1999-2000 were conveyed to
appellant vide communication dated 28.06.2000 by the D.G.P-cum- Commandant
General. The representations dated 18.08.2000 and 25.08.2000 made by the
appellant against the same were submitted to respondent No. 4. The said
representation was rejected on 07.05.2001. The appellant had challenged the
same by filing Civil Suit No. 70 of 2001, wherein the respondent No. 4 was
impleaded as defendant No. 3. The civil suit was decreed on 15.03.2002 in
favour of the appellant. The said judgment and decree passed in favour of
the appellant has not been implemented by the respondent Nos. 4 and 5,
despite having attained finality, which clearly reflects the fact that the
respondent No.4 was not fair in considering him for promotion to the post
of Battalion Commander as provided under Rule 8(2) of the Rules. According
to the Rules, the appointment to the promotional post shall be made on
seniority-cum-merit basis. As per the ACRs placed on record, the appellant
has fulfilled the aforesaid requirement of seniority-cum-merit by securing
14 marks, as per the Instructions in relation to all aspects entered in the
ACR. The strong reliance placed upon the adverse remarks made by the
respondent No.4, who has made the same without assigning any reasons, has
resulted in the appellant being denied of the promotional benefit, even
though the order of the respondent No. 4 was set aside by the judgment and
decree in Civil Suit no. 70 of 2001. The action of respondent No. 4 in
denying the promotional benefit to the appellant is tainted with malafides.
It can further be observed from the record that it was respondent no.7 who
had filed the reply on behalf of all the respondents in the writ petition
proceedings before the High Court. It is important to note at this stage
that respondent No. 7 happens to be an officer junior to the appellant, who
was promoted to the post in question. The non-filing of written statement
by respondent No. 4 traversing the allegations of malafide against him
proves the malafide intention on part of the respondent No. 4. Therefore,
there was no justification for the respondent No. 4 in denying the
promotional benefit to the post of Battalion Commander to the appellant
and. The learned senior counsel on behalf of the appellant has rightly
placed reliance on the case of Sukhdev Singh (supra), wherein this Court
has lucidly laid down the law pertaining to communication of ACR. It was
held that if the ACR of the officer concerned is to be used for the purpose
of denying promotion, then all such ACRs were required to be communicated
to him, to enable him to make a representation against his adverse entries
made in the ACRs.
As per the record submitted by the respondents, the appellant was given
grade ‘A+’ for the year 2001-2002, but only 1 mark was assigned. According
to the executive Instructions, the grade ‘A+’ is to be assigned 4 marks.
Accordingly, if 4 marks are assigned for the ACR of the appellant for the
period 2001-2002, then he would have scored 12 marks at the time of
consideration for promotion in the year 2003, whereas admittedly, the
appellant was required to achieve only 10 marks in order to be promoted to
the post of Battallion Commander. Hence, if the calculation of marks made
by the respondents on the various aspects in the ACR of the appellant is
believed to be true, then also he has achieved the required benchmark. The
action of the respondent No. 4 in deliberately ignoring the claim of the
appellant is vitiated in law as the same is contrary to the Rules and
records of ACR for the relevant period and Instructions issued by the State
Government laying down certain guiding principles.
Therefore, the order of denial of promotion to the appellant, which has
been affirmed by the High Court in its judgment and order passed in the
Writ Petition and Review Application is liable to be set aside.
For the reasons stated supra, we pass the following order:-
We set aside the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court in
both the Civil Writ Petition and the Review Application and also the order
of denying the promotional benefit by the respondents-Department to the
post of the Battalion Commander from the year 2001-2002;
Further, we direct the respondent Nos. 1 to 5 to reconsider the claim of
the appellant in the light of our findings and reasons recorded on the
contentious factual and legal aspects so that he could get higher post of
Battalion Commander notionally to get pensionary benefits as he has been
prematurely retired from service on 31.7.2007; and
The said direction shall be complied with within 8 weeks from the date of
the receipt of the copy of this order and extend all the consequential
benefits for the purpose of fixing his pensionary benefits and other
monetary benefits for which he is legally entitled to and submit the
compliance report to this Court.
The appeal is allowed in the above said terms with cost of Rs.10,000/-
payable to the appellant by respondent Nos. 1 to 4.
……………………………………………………………………J.
[V.GOPALA GOWDA]
……………………………………………………………………J.
[S.A. BOBDE]
New Delhi,
August 21, 2015
-----------------------
[1] (2013) 11 SCC 746
[2] 2013 (9) SCC 566
[3] AIR 1979 SC 1622
[4] (2008) 8 SCC 725
-----------------------
|REPORTABLE |
