Multiple FIRs — Same transaction — Criminal conspiracy — Cheating of multiple victims — Clubbing of FIRs — Sections 218–223 CrPC

Multiple FIRs — Same transaction — Criminal conspiracy — Cheating of multiple victims — Clubbing of FIRs — Sections 218–223 CrPC

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HEADNOTE (Consolidated, Court-faithful)

Multiple deposits pursuant to a single conspiracy — Whether separate FIRs mandatory

Paras 9–13, 15–16, 18–23

Where multiple acts of cheating are alleged to have been committed pursuant to a single criminal conspiracy, the registration of a single FIR and treatment of subsequent complaints as statements under Section 161 CrPC is permissible, subject to the ultimate determination whether such acts form part of the ‘same transaction’. Whether offences constitute the same transaction depends on unity of purpose or design, proximity of time and place, and continuity of action. The requirement of separate FIRs for each victim is not mandatory at the threshold; consolidation or separation is to be determined by the Magistrate at the stage of framing of charges under Sections 220(1) and 223(a) & (d) CrPC. The contrary view mandating separate FIRs for each deposit is unsustainable.

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ANALYSIS (What the Supreme Court Precisely Held)

1. Core issue — “Same transaction” (Paras 9–11, 19–20)

The Court held that the decisive issue is whether the alleged offences form part of the “same transaction”. The expression is not statutorily defined and must be assessed on facts, applying well-settled tests:

• unity of purpose and design,

• proximity of time and place, and

• continuity of action.

These tests are not cumulative; existence of one or more may suffice.

2. Conspiracy and multiple acts of cheating (Paras 9–10, 21–22)

Relying on S. Swamirathnam and Cheemalapati Ganeswara Rao, the Court reaffirmed that:

• a single conspiracy may give rise to multiple acts, and

• such acts do not become distinct transactions merely because they involve different victims or amounts, if they are in pursuance of the same design.

Where a conspiracy is alleged under Section 120B IPC, multiple acts of cheating flowing from it may constitute the same transaction.

3. FIR jurisprudence — T.T. Antony line (Paras 13, 15–16)

The Court reiterated that:

• there cannot be a second FIR in respect of the same cognizable offence or the same transaction;

• subsequent information relating to the same transaction is to be treated as statements under Section 161 CrPC;

• complainants so treated retain the right to file protest petitions if a closure report is filed or if discharge is proposed.

4. Clubbing of FIRs and trials — Permissibility (Paras 13–17, 19–20)

The Court noted consistent precedent permitting:

• consolidation of FIRs and trials where offences arise from the same transaction, and

• even exercise of Article 142 jurisdiction to avoid multiplicity of proceedings, in appropriate cases.

However, where offences are distinct and independent, separate trials may be necessary (as explained in Lalu Prasad Yadav).

5. Narinderjit Singh Sahni distinguished (Para 18)

The Court observed that Narinderjit Singh Sahni treated each deposit as a separate transaction, but noted that:

• the decision lacked detailed statutory and transactional analysis, and

• later three-Judge Bench decisions reflect the prevailing legal position, which is not an inflexible rule requiring separate FIRs for each deposit.

6. Role of the Magistrate and stage of decision (Paras 20–22)

The Court held that:

• the question whether offences form part of the same transaction cannot be conclusively determined at the FIR stage;

• it is for the Magistrate, on completion of investigation, to decide at the stage of framing of charges whether Section 220(1) and Section 223 CrPC apply;

• if the acts form the same transaction, one trial is permissible; if not, separate trials must follow, subject to Section 219 CrPC / Section 242 BNSS.

7. Error of the High Court and premature reference (Paras 21–23)

The Court held that:

• the reference made by the Additional Sessions Judge was premature, investigation being incomplete at that stage;

• the High Court erred in mandating separate FIRs and separate charge-sheets for each deposit;

• answers to questions (a) and (b) by the High Court were therefore set aside.

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RATIO DECIDENDI

In cases alleging cheating of multiple victims pursuant to a single criminal conspiracy, registration of one FIR and treatment of subsequent complaints as statements under Section 161 CrPC is permissible; whether the acts constitute the ‘same transaction’ is to be determined by the Magistrate at the stage of framing of charges under Sections 220(1) and 223 CrPC, and separate FIRs for each deposit are not mandatory.

Departmental enquiry vis-à-vis criminal prosecution — Effect of exoneration — When criminal proceedings cannot be quashed

Departmental enquiry vis-à-vis criminal prosecution — Effect of exoneration — When criminal proceedings cannot be quashed

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HEADNOTE (Consolidated, Court-faithful)

Departmental exoneration — Whether bars criminal prosecution

Paras 2, 6–8, 9–10, 12–13, 15–19

Exoneration of a delinquent employee in departmental proceedings does not ipso facto warrant quashing of criminal prosecution arising out of the same allegations. Disciplinary proceedings and criminal prosecution are independent and parallel, governed by different standards of proof, conducted by different authorities, and decided on evidence adduced in each forum. The principle in Radheshyam Kejriwal applies only where exoneration in adjudicatory proceedings is on merits, negating the very substratum of the allegation. Where departmental exoneration is not on merits but on account of non-examination of a witness or evidentiary lapses, such exoneration cannot form the basis for quashing criminal proceedings. The decision in Ajay Kumar Tyagi governs cases where departmental and criminal proceedings are conducted by distinct authorities, and departmental findings do not bind the criminal court.

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ANALYSIS (What the Supreme Court Precisely Held)

1. Parallel but independent proceedings (Paras 2, 9)

The Court reaffirmed the settled position that disciplinary proceedings and criminal prosecution are independent, even when founded on identical allegations. The former proceeds on the standard of preponderance of probabilities, while the latter requires proof beyond reasonable doubt.

2. Scope of Radheshyam Kejriwal clarified (Paras 6–8)

The Court explained that Radheshyam Kejriwal was rendered in the context of adjudication and prosecution under the same statute (FERA) by the same authority, where the adjudication conclusively held that the alleged transaction itself never occurred. Such a finding destroyed the substratum of the prosecution.

That ratio cannot be mechanically extended to departmental enquiries under service law.

3. Applicability of Ajay Kumar Tyagi (Paras 10–13)

The Court held that Ajay Kumar Tyagi squarely applies where:

• the criminal prosecution is conducted by an independent agency (ACB/Lokayukta), and

• the departmental enquiry is conducted by the employer.

In such cases, departmental exoneration does not govern or conclude criminal liability.

4. Nature of exoneration — not on merits (Paras 8, 16–18)

The enquiry report in the present case did not exonerate the delinquent on merits. The finding was based on:

• non-examination of the ACB Inspector, and

• independent witnesses being outside the room during handing over of the bribe.

The Court held that this was not a finding that the demand or acceptance of bribe did not occur, but at best a consequence of procedural or evidentiary deficiency in the departmental enquiry.

5. Criminal court not bound by departmental lapses (Paras 16–18)

The Court emphasized that:

• criminal courts have ample coercive powers to secure witnesses,

• anticipated lapses in prosecution cannot be presumed, and

• criminal proceedings cannot be scuttled merely because departmental enquiry failed due to lack of diligence.

6. No total exoneration on merits (Paras 17–18)

On examining the enquiry evidence, the Court found that:

• the complainant and independent witnesses had spoken to demand, acceptance, recovery and phenolphthalein test, and

• even on a preponderance of probabilities, guilt could have been established.

Therefore, this was not a case of complete exoneration negating the charge itself.

7. Consequence (Paras 19–20)

The High Court erred in quashing the criminal proceedings. The appeal was allowed, and continuation of criminal prosecution permitted. The Court clarified that while the departmental proceedings remain closed, conviction in the criminal case would entail service consequences, as already reserved by the disciplinary authority.

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RATIO DECIDENDI

Exoneration of an employee in departmental proceedings does not bar continuation of criminal prosecution on the same allegations unless such exoneration is on merits and negates the very substratum of the charge; where departmental exoneration is founded on procedural or evidentiary lapses and the criminal prosecution is conducted by an independent agency, criminal proceedings cannot be quashed on that basis.

An arbitrator appointed unilaterally by an authority that is itself ineligible under Section 12(5) read with the Seventh Schedule is de jure incapable of acting; such ineligibility can be waived only by an express, post-dispute agreement in writing, and not by conduct, participation, or procedural acquiescence. An arbitral award rendered by such an ineligible arbitrator is a nullity and may be challenged at any stage, including for the first time under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

Headnote — Unilateral appointment, ineligibility, waiver and stage of challenge

Paras 32–39, 46–50, 67–70, 74–89, 99–113, 123

The principle of equal treatment of parties under Section 18 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 applies to the procedure for appointment of arbitrators. A unilateral appointment of a sole arbitrator by one party, where the appointing authority itself is ineligible under Section 12(5) read with the Seventh Schedule, is void ab initio and renders the arbitrator de jure ineligible to act. Such ineligibility can be cured only by an express agreement in writing, entered into after disputes have arisen, as contemplated by the proviso to Section 12(5). Mere participation in arbitral proceedings, filing of statement of claim, recording of “no objection” in a procedural order, seeking extension of time under Section 29A, or continued conduct in arbitration does not amount to an express waiver in writing. An objection to such inherent lack of jurisdiction may be raised at any stage, including for the first time in proceedings under Section 34, as an award passed by an ineligible arbitrator is a nullity and opposed to the public policy of India.

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ANALYSIS (What the Supreme Court Actually Held)

1. Equal treatment and party autonomy (Paras 32–39)

The Court held that party autonomy under Section 11(2) is not absolute. It must operate within the framework of the Act, particularly Section 18. Equal treatment necessarily means equal participation in constitution of the arbitral tribunal. Any clause or practice that allows one party exclusive control over appointment undermines neutrality.

2. Scope of Section 12(5) and Seventh Schedule (Paras 46–50)

Section 12(5) operates notwithstanding any prior agreement. If any Seventh Schedule relationship exists, the arbitrator becomes statutorily ineligible, and disclosure or consent cannot save the appointment unless the proviso is strictly satisfied.

3. Unilateral appointment by ineligible authority (Paras 67–70)

The Chairman of AAI was held to be squarely hit by multiple items of the Seventh Schedule. Once the appointing authority itself is ineligible, it cannot appoint or nominate an arbitrator. A notice invoking arbitration under Section 21 does not amount to consent to such appointment.

4. De jure ineligibility and termination of mandate (Paras 61–64)

Ineligibility under Section 12(5) results in de jure inability under Section 14(1)(a). The mandate of the arbitrator stands automatically terminated by operation of law. This goes to the root of jurisdiction, not merely procedural irregularity.

5. Waiver — meaning of “express agreement in writing” (Paras 74–89)

The Court gave a strict construction to the proviso:

• Waiver must be conscious, informed, post-dispute, and

• Expressly recorded in writing.

Conduct-based waiver, implied consent, procedural acquiescence, or silence is legally insufficient. Section 4 (deemed waiver) has no application to Section 12(5).

6. Participation, pleadings, Section 29A — no waiver (Paras 92–96)

Filing statement of claim, agreeing to procedural orders, or jointly seeking extension of mandate cannot cure statutory ineligibility. Such acts may indicate cooperation but not waiver under the proviso.

7. Stage of challenge — Section 34 permissible (Paras 99–113)

Because ineligibility affects inherent jurisdiction, the objection:

• need not be raised before the tribunal,

• may be raised directly under Section 14, or

• even for the first time under Section 34, after the award.

An award by an ineligible arbitrator is non-est, unenforceable, and contrary to public policy of India.

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RATIO DECIDENDI

An arbitrator appointed unilaterally by an authority that is itself ineligible under Section 12(5) read with the Seventh Schedule is de jure incapable of acting; such ineligibility can be waived only by an express, post-dispute agreement in writing, and not by conduct, participation, or procedural acquiescence. An arbitral award rendered by such an ineligible arbitrator is a nullity and may be challenged at any stage, including for the first time under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

Individual liability in group assault Paras 5.2.1, 5.3 In cases of free fight, criminal liability must be determined on the basis of the individual role played by each accused, and not on the basis of collective attribution of acts.

Headnote 1 — Free fight and absence of common object

Paras 5.2, 5.2.1

Where the incident arises out of a sudden quarrel leading to a free fight between two rival groups and injuries are sustained by both sides, formation of an unlawful assembly with a common object to commit murder cannot be inferred merely from participation in the fight; consequently, conviction with the aid of Section 149 IPC is unsustainable.

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Headnote 2 — Individual liability in group assault

Paras 5.2.1, 5.3

In cases of free fight, criminal liability must be determined on the basis of the individual role played by each accused, and not on the basis of collective attribution of acts.

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Headnote 3 — Single blow with blunt weapon on head

Paras 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

Where the accused inflicts a single blow with a blunt object on the head of the deceased during a sudden fight without premeditation, and medical evidence establishes that death resulted from such injury, the offence would fall under Section 304 Part II IPC if intention to cause death is not proved but knowledge that such injury was likely to cause death can be inferred.

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Headnote 4 — Distinction between murder and culpable homicide

Paras 5.1.3–5.1.5, 5.4

The distinction between murder under Section 302 IPC and culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 IPC depends upon the degree of intention and knowledge; absence of intention to cause death, coupled with knowledge of likelihood of death, attracts Section 304 Part II IPC.

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Headnote 5 — Sentence reduction on account of age and incarceration

Paras 6, 6.1

While sustaining conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC, sentence can be reduced to the period already undergone having regard to advanced age of the accused and substantial period of incarceration already suffered.

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ANALYSIS (Court’s Reasoning)

1. Nature of the incident

   • The occurrence stemmed from a sudden quarrel involving family members.

   • Both sides sustained injuries.

   • Cross-FIRs were lodged, indicating a mutual and spontaneous clash.

2. Failure to establish unlawful assembly / common object

   • Evidence did not disclose prior meeting of minds.

   • Participation in a group fight, by itself, was held insufficient to invoke Sections 147, 148 or 149 IPC.

3. Assessment of individual act

   • The appellant inflicted one lathi blow on the head of the deceased.

   • Medical evidence conclusively linked that injury to the cause of death.

   • The appellant himself suffered head injuries, reinforcing the inference of a free fight.

4. Mental element (mens rea)

   • No premeditation or intention to kill was established.

   • However, given the nature of injury and the body part targeted, knowledge that death was likely could be imputed.

5. Correctness of conviction under Section 304 Part II

   • The High Court rightly altered the conviction from Section 302 to Section 304 Part II IPC.

   • Supreme Court affirmed this finding as legally sound.

6. Sentencing discretion

   • Considering:

     • appellant’s age (over 80 years),

     • total incarceration of over six years,

   • the sentence was reduced to period already undergone, while conviction was maintained.

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RATIO DECIDENDI

In a case arising out of a sudden free fight where both sides sustain injuries, absence of common object excludes application of Section 149 IPC; where the accused inflicts a single blow with a blunt weapon on the head without premeditation, causing death, and intention to kill is not proved though knowledge of likelihood of death can be inferred, the offence is culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 Part II IPC.

ADVOCATEMMMOHAN: Preventive detention vis-à-vis “public order” Par...

ADVOCATEMMMOHAN: Preventive detention vis-à-vis “public order” Par...: advocatemmmohan Preventive detention vis-à-vis “public order” Paras 10–11 Mere registration of multiple criminal cases under the NDPS Act...

Preventive detention vis-à-vis “public order”

Paras 10–11

Mere registration of multiple criminal cases under the NDPS Act against a detenu, without specific material demonstrating that such activities caused or were likely to cause harm, danger, alarm, or a feeling of insecurity among the general public or posed a grave threat to public health, is insufficient to sustain an order of preventive detention under Section 3 of the Telangana Prevention of Dangerous Activities Act, 1986.

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Headnote 2 — Distinction between “law and order” and “public order”

Para 10

There exists a well-settled and fine distinction between “law and order” and “public order”; activities amounting to breach of law and order do not ipso facto constitute disturbance of public order unless their impact transcends individual cases and affects the community at large.

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Headnote 3 — Bail and preventive detention

Paras 8–9

Preventive detention cannot be justified merely on the apprehension that the detenu, if released on bail, may indulge in similar offences, particularly where there is no material to show violation of bail conditions and no steps have been taken for cancellation of bail under ordinary criminal law.

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Headnote 4 — Subjective satisfaction and non-application of mind

Paras 8–10

Reproduction of statutory language contained in Section 2(a) of the Act of 1986, without indicating how the detenu’s activities actually or likely affected maintenance of public order, reflects non-application of mind and vitiates the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority.

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Headnote 5 — Preventive detention not a substitute for ordinary criminal process

Paras 8–9 (read with Ameena Begum, cited and applied)

Preventive detention being an extraordinary measure cannot be invoked as a substitute for cancellation of bail or to bypass ordinary criminal procedure, particularly when ordinary law provides sufficient remedies to deal with the alleged conduct of the detenu.

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ANALYSIS (Judicial Reasoning of the Court)

1. Nature of material relied upon
   The detention order was founded solely on:

   • three criminal cases registered within a short span,

   • the detenu being labelled a “drug offender” under Section 2(f),

   • an apprehension that she might reoffend if released on bail.

2. Absence of public-order impact
   The Court found that:

   • no material was placed to show how the alleged ganja offences affected the community at large,

   • there was no indication of widespread danger, panic, alarm, or grave public health threat,

   • mere seizure and registration of crimes does not automatically elevate the conduct to public-order disturbance.

3. Improper reliance on bail apprehension
   The detaining authority:

   • relied heavily on the likelihood of the detenu being released on bail,

   • failed to examine whether bail conditions were violated,

   • did not attempt cancellation of bail,
     thereby revealing an intent to detain “at any cost”.

4. Extraneous considerations and misuse of detention law
   Applying Ameena Begum v. State of Telangana, the Court held that:

   • preventive detention cannot be used to circumvent judicial orders granting bail,

   • expressions showing frustration with bail orders indicate extraneous considerations,

   • such misuse vitiates the detention order.

5. Failure of subjective satisfaction
   The Court held that:

   • mere reproduction of statutory phrases is insufficient,

   • subjective satisfaction must be supported by specific, relevant material,

   • absence of such material renders detention unconstitutional.

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RATIO DECIDENDI

An order of preventive detention under the Telangana Prevention of Dangerous Activities Act, 1986 is unsustainable where it is based merely on registration of criminal cases and apprehension of future offences upon release on bail, without specific material demonstrating that the detenu’s activities affected or were likely to affect maintenance of public order; preventive detention cannot be used as a substitute for cancellation of bail or ordinary criminal process.