whether the definition of “excluded employees” in Paragraph 2(f) as also the stipulation in Paragraphs 26 and 69 of the Scheme of 1952 refer to any provident fund or only to the Fund under the Scheme of 1952? = if a person is member of the Fund created thereunder i.e., under the Scheme of 1952 and withdraws all his accumulations therein, he may not be obliged to be a member of the same Fund under the Scheme of 1952 over again and could be treated as an “excluded employees”. However, such is not the relaxation granted in relation to an employee who was earlier a member of any other Fund but later on joins such an establishment where he would be entitled to membership of the Fund created under the Scheme of 1952. This framework of the provisions and stipulations appears to be best serving the interest of employees, while providing them with continued financial security.

REPORTABLE
 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7698 OF 2009
MODERN TRANSPORTATION CONSULTATION
SERVICES PVT. LTD. & ANR. ..... APPELLANT(S)
VS.
CENTRAL PROVIDENT FUND COMMISSIONER
EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND
ORGANISATION & ORS. ..... RESPONDENT(S)
JUDGMENT
Dinesh Maheshwari, J.
1. In this appeal by special leave, the appellants (writ petitioners) have called
in question the judgment and order dated 07.05.2008 in FMA No. 537 of 2007
whereby, the Division Bench of High Court at Calcutta has reversed the order
dated 07.04.2006, as passed by the learned Single Judge in W.P. No. 2982(W) of
2005.
1.1. By the aforesaid order dated 07.04.2006, the learned Single Judge of High
Court allowed the writ petition filed by the appellants while upholding their
contentions that the employees of Railways, who had withdrawn full amount of
1
provident fund while retiring and who were engaged by them on lump sum
honorarium basis, should be treated as “excluded employees" for the purpose of
the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'/'the Act of 1952') and the Employees'
Provident Funds Scheme, 1952 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Scheme of 1952').
However, in the Letters Patent appeal preferred by the Central Provident Fund
Commissioner and the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, the Division
Bench of High Court totally disagreed with the learned Single Judge; and
dismissed the writ petition while holding that the said employees, who retired
after serving an exempted employer, would not fall within the category of
excluded employees on re-employment and would be covered by the Act and the
Scheme of 1952.
2. The basic question arising for determination in this appeal is as to whether
the retired employees of Railways, who had withdrawn all the superannuation
benefits, including full amount of accumulations in their provident fund accounts,
are to be treated as "excluded employees" in terms of Paragraph 2(f) of the
Scheme of 1952? If to be treated as "excluded employees", the said retired
employees of Railways, on being re-employed by the appellants, may not be
required to join the Fund created under the said Scheme of 1952 and
consequently, the appellants may not be obliged to make any contribution in that
regard.
2
3. The relevant factual aspects leading to the question aforesaid are not of
much controversy and could be briefly summarised as follows:
3.1. The appellant No. 1, a Private Limited Company, had been engaged in
manning the Captive Railway System of the respondent No. 4-Damodar Valley
Corporation ('DVC'). The appellant No. 2 is said to be a Director of the appellant
No. 1-company. The appellants would submit that their only connection with DVC
had been a contract to supply the personnel for manning the cabins and gates on
the railway-road; and they were receiving the remuneration for supplying the
aforesaid personnel, who were retired employees of the Indian Railways and
were engaged on a lump sum honorarium basis.
3.2. By his letter dated 18.02.2002, the Assistant Provident Fund
Commissioner Circle-IV, Calcutta informed the appellant-company that the
number of employees of its establishment being twenty-eight in the month of
May, 1999, the establishment came within the purview of the Act of 1952 with
effect from 01.05.1999. In reply, the Director of the appellant-company stated in
his letter dated 05.03.2002 that all the persons engaged by the company, except
two of them, were the retired Railway employees above 58 years of age; that all
of them were working only on retainer basis; and that they were not covered
under the Employees' Provident Fund Scheme. The said Assistant Provident
Fund Commissioner, in his letter dated 03.05.2002, refuted the contentions of the
appellants while referring to Paragraph 26 of the Scheme of 1952 and while
3
asserting, inter alia, that on and from 01.11.1990, an employee is eligible for
enrolment as a member of the Scheme of 1952 from the date of joining an
establishment covered under the Act of 1952; that there was no age bar for an
employee to become a member of the Scheme of 1952; and that the employees
in question were not excluded employees in terms of the Scheme of 1952.
3.3. It appears that the appellant-company applied for exemption under Section
17 of the Act and Paragraph 27 of the Scheme of 1952 on the ground that the
persons concerned were retired Railway employees but then, no decision was
taken on such representations. On the other hand, by yet another letter dated
22.05.2002, the appellant-company elaborated on its contentions that the
employees in question, being retired employees of Railways, did not come within
the purview of the Act of 1952 and were to be treated as "excluded employees"
under Paragraph 26 of the Scheme of 1952. It was stated that these employees,
whilst in the service of Railways, were not covered under the Scheme of 1952
but were covered under the General Provident Fund (‘GPF’) Scheme and had
withdrawn all the superannuation benefits including Provident Fund (‘PF’) and
pension and hence, they were not covered under the Act of 1952. It was also
claimed that these employees were in receipt of more favourable benefits than
those available under the Scheme of 1952 and had expressed their unwillingness
to become the members of the Scheme of 1952. However, the authorities related
with the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (the contesting respondents
4
herein) maintained that the employees of an establishment were eligible for
enrolment as members of the Scheme of 1952 irrespective of age; and the
employees of the appellant company were not "excluded employees", as defined
in the Scheme of 1952.
3.4. The appellant-company having failed to remit the requisite contribution in
relation to the employees concerned, the competent authority under the Act of
1952 commenced proceedings under Section 7A thereof, for determination of the
money due from the appellants. By its order dated 31.12.2004, the competent
authority, after having heard the appellants, determined the amount payable by
the appellant-company under various heads while holding, inter alia, that the
provisions of the Act of 1952 were not repugnant to the GPF Scheme; that a
person was entitled to draw double or multiple pension/s; and that the retirement
of the employees from Railways would not take them within the definition of
"excluded employees". Aggrieved, the appellants preferred the writ petition
before the High Court at Calcutta [W.P. No. 2982(W) of 2005].
4. In the impugned order dated 07.04.2006, the learned Single Judge of High
Court, though held that the Act was applicable to the establishment of appellants
but, thereafter, concluded that on superannuation, the retired employees of the
Railways would fall within the definition of “excluded employees”. The learned
Single Judge observed that an employee, who had withdrawn full amount of his
accumulation in the fund, on re-employment with any establishment not
5
exempted under Section 17 of the Act, would not be again treated as an
employee to be covered under the Act. The learned Single Judge further
observed that accepting the submissions of the authorities would create a
situation where an employee, after being employed in any establishment and
working for some time, may voluntarily retire from service and join another
establishment and keep on doing so successively and get the benefit of various
provisions of the Act of 1952. According to the learned Single Judge, even
though the Act of 1952 is a piece of social benefit legislation, and its provisions
are intended to protect the employees, who are considered to be the weaker
section of society, yet, the enactment is not intended to create a largesse in
favour of the employees at the cost of the employer. In the opinion of learned
Single Judge, the retired employees of Railways cannot be compelled to become
members of the Fund and else, the object and purpose of the expression
“excluded employees” in the Scheme of 1952 would be rendered nugatory. The
learned Single Judge also observed that when an employee earning more than
Rs. 6,500/- was treated as an “excluded employee” because of the scale of pay
as per Paragraph 2(f)(ii) of the Scheme of 1952, there was no reason as to why
Paragraph 2(f)(i) would not apply in case of an employee who had withdrawn the
full amount of his accumulations. The learned Single Judge further observed that
in order to decide as to whether the provisions of the Act do not apply in respect
of some of the employees, the provisions contained in Paragraph 2(f) of the
Scheme of 1952 must be strictly construed; and having taken the benefit of one
6
Scheme, the employees cannot compel the employer to comply with the
provisions of the Act. With these observations, the learned Single Judge allowed
the writ petition and remanded the matter to the authorities for re-determination
of the amount of provident fund payable by the appellants, after treating the
retired employees as “excluded employees”, but after taking into account those
employees who were seeking to be included under the Act voluntarily.
5. Aggrieved by the order so passed by the learned Single Judge, the Central
Provident Fund Commissioner and the Regional Provident Fund Commissioner
preferred the Letters Patent appeal that has been considered and allowed by the
Division Bench of High Court at Calcutta by way of the impugned judgment and
order dated 07.05.2008.
5.1. The Division Bench took note of the meaning assigned to the expressions
“Fund” and “Scheme” in the Act of 1952 as also the definition of “excluded
employee” in Paragraph 2(f) of the Scheme of 1952 and rejected the contentions
of the writ petitioners that the employees in question were to be treated as
excluded employees while observing as under:
“We are unable to accept the submission of Mr. Sengupta that the
receipt of GPF and the Pension by the retired railway employees would
be as if full payment has been received under paragraph 69(1). There
can be no addition to the term “Fund” as defined under Section 2(h). It is
also not possible to accept that since the Railway Employees have
retired on superannuation and are beyond the age of 55 years, they
would be on par with the “excluded employees”. There is no maximum
age limit prescribed in any of the provisions of the Act or the 1952
Scheme for an employee to become a member of the Fund or the
Scheme. It is claimed that the term “Scheme” refers only to the
7
Employees Provident Fund Scheme framed under Section 5. The term
“excluded employee” therefore has to be co-related to the employee who
was a member of the “fund” as defined under Section 2(h) of the Act.
Such an employee would be an “excluded employee” when the full
amount has been withdrawn by him on retirement from service after
attaining the age of 55 years i.e., in terms of Paragraph 69(1)(a). The
provision being crystal clear does not admit of any other interpretation.
Paragraph 69(1)(c) deals with an employee who withdraws the full
amount standing to his credit immediately after migration from India for
permanent settlement abroad and for taking employment abroad.
In our opinion, there can be no dissections of these provisions as
proposed by Mr. Sengupta. Under paragraph 2(f)(i) a retired employee
would be an excluded employee. Under Paragraph 2(f)(ii) an employee
who is otherwise entitled to become a Member of the fund becomes an
excluded employee as he is earning beyond the stipulated minimum that
is required for an employee to become a Member of the Scheme. This
provision clearly demonstrates the underlying principle of the Provident
Fund Act is to provide social security for those employees who otherwise
would not be in a position to save any money from their wages.
Paragraph 2(f)(iv) again provides that an apprentice shall be an excluded
employee till he becomes a fullfledged employee. There is a qualitative
difference between Paragraph 2(f)(i) on the one hand and Paragraph 2(f)
(ii) & (iv) on the other. Paragraph 2(f) 1(i) provides exclusion only to the
employees who have already received retirement benefits. On the other
hand, under Clause 2(f)(ii) and 2(f)(iv) an employee may be an excluded
employee at one point and may not be at a subsequent point. But benefit
of these provisions cannot be extended to any employees who are not
erstwhile members of a fund administered by the Central Board, under
Section 5A of the Act
The ‘Fund’ created by the exempted establishment under Section
17(1)(a) cannot be equated with the Fund which is established by the
Central Board under Section 5(1). Nor can it be added to the definition of
Fund under Section 2(h) of the Act. It is for this reason that the
appropriate Government can only exempt an establishment from the
operation of the scheme under Section 17(1) upon forming an opinion
that the employees of such an establishment enjoyed benefits which are
not less favourable to the employee than the benefits available under the
Act or any Scheme made under the Act. In fact, the exemption can only
be granted on consultation with the Central Board. This provision is
made only to give supervisory control to the Appropriate Government
over individual employers seeking exemption. But this provision cannot
be put on the same pedestal as Section 5(1) of the Act. It is admitted
position that employees of the Railways are not members of the 1952
Scheme. Therefore, these retired employees cannot be treated as
excluded employees covered under Paragraphs 69(1)(a) and 26 of the
8
1952 Scheme. There is a clear distinction between a fund which is
created by the Central Government and is administered by the Central
Board under Section 5(1)(a) and a fund created by a private employer,
exempted under Section 17(1) and administered by Board of Trustees
under Section 17(1A) and (b). There can be no intermingling of the two
provisions. ”
5.2. In view of the above, the Division Bench concluded on the matter in the
following:
“In view of the above, we find that the judgment of the learned
Single Judge is not sustainable in law. We are unable to hold that retired
employees of the Railways can be treated as excluded employees. We
are also unable to hold that, not including the retired employees in the
category of excluded employees would in any manner contravene the
provisions of the Act or the Scheme. We are unable to accept that
bringing the Railway employees within the purview of the Act and the
Scheme would result in unjust enrichment of the retired employees. We
are of the opinion that an employee who retires after serving an
exempted employer would not fall within the category of excluded
employees on re-employment and would be covered by the Act and the
1952 Scheme. We are also unable to accept that since the employees
covered under Paragraph 2(f)(i) and (ii) are excluded employees, all
employees who had drawn the full amount from any other Provident
Fund should also be treated as excluded employees.
In view of the above, we allow this appeal and set aside the order
passed by the learned Single Judge.
Consequently, the writ petition being W.P. No. 2982(W) of 2005
shall be dismissed.”
6. Assailing the judgment aforesaid, learned counsel for the appellant has
strenuously argued that the Division Bench of High Court has erred in
interpreting the term “excluded employee” and in holding that the retired
employees of the Railways, even when they had withdrawn the full amount from
their provident fund, cannot be treated as excluded employees. The learned
counsel emphasised on the submissions that the retired Railway employees, who
9
were covered under GPF Scheme while in service, who had drawn all the
superannuation benefits including the PF, and who were also receiving pension
under the CPG rules, would fall within the definition of "excluded employees" as
contained in clause (i) of Paragraph 2(f) of the Scheme of 1952. Learned counsel
submitted that as per Paragraph 26 thereof, the Scheme of 1952 shall apply to all
the employees other than excluded employees; and, as per Paragraph 2(f)(i), an
excluded employee is the one who, having been a member of a provident fund,
had withdrawn the full amount of his accumulations in the fund under clause (a)
or (c) of sub-paragraph (1) of Paragraph 69. Therefore, according to the learned
counsel, the employees concerned in the present case ought to be treated as
“excluded employees”, for having withdrawn their PF accumulated with the Indian
Railways after having reached the age of superannuation. Further, according to
the learned counsel, if these employees are not treated as “excluded
employees”, it would amount to their unjust enrichment, which has never been
the intention of the Act of 1952 or the Scheme thereunder. The learned counsel
contended that the Division Bench of High Court has erred in holding that
Paragraph 69 of the said Scheme does not apply to the case of retired Railway
employees and such retired employees, though not covered under the Act, came
to be so covered on their re-employment in an establishment covered under the
said Act. According to the learned counsel, the Division Bench has erred in
interpreting the definitions of ‘Fund’ and ‘Scheme’ and in restricting the definition
of ‘Fund’ under Section 2(h) of the Act by holding that even after retiring from the
10
Railways and receiving the benefits under GPF Scheme, the said employees are
not "excluded employees" as the said employer is not covered under the Scheme
of 1952.
7. Per contra, learned counsel for the contesting respondents has referred to
the object as also the arrangement of the Act of 1952 and has particularly
submitted that two different sets of provident fund Schemes are envisioned: on
one hand is the Scheme contemplated by Section 5 of the Act, the Scheme of
1952 being that Scheme; and on the other hand, there could be other Scheme/s,
as permissible under Section 17 of the Act of 1952. According to the learned
counsel, coverage of the employees referable to the Act of 1952 by one of the
Schemes of provident fund is the rule and generally, such employees would be
covered by the Scheme of 1952 with the exception that such coverage may not
be necessary when the employees receive the benefits under some other
Scheme, which are not less than those available under the Scheme of 1952.
Learned counsel for the respondent submitted that in the framework of the
Scheme of 1952, only some specific classes of employees are treated as
“excluded employees”, as defined in Paragraph 2(f) thereof; and, as per clause
(i) of Paragraph 2(f), only such an employee would be excluded who was earlier
the member of the Fund under the Scheme of 1952 and had withdrawn all the
benefits thereunder. According to the learned counsel, the present appeal is
devoid of merits for the reason that the Railway employees, who were not
11
covered under the Scheme of 1952, do not fall within the definition of “excluded
employees” as per Paragraph 2(f) of the Scheme of 1952, even if they had
withdrawn the amount standing to their credit in any provident fund created under
any other Scheme.
8. We have bestowed thoughtful consideration to the rival submissions and
have examined the record of the case with reference to the law applicable.
9. For determination of the question involved in this matter, appropriate it
would be to briefly take note of the objects and reasons behind the Act of 1952
as also the relevant provisions thereof and the relevant stipulations in the
Scheme framed thereunder i.e., the Scheme of 1952.
9.1. The background aspects had been that, taking note of the need to provide
for the institution of contributory provident funds for the purpose of financial
security of industrial workers, the Government of India promulgated the
Employees' Provident Fund Ordinance with effect from 15.11.1951, which was
later on replaced by the Act of 19521
. Thus, the concept underlying the
enactment had been of providing for compulsory contributory provident funds for
safeguarding the future of industrial workers. Elaborate provisions have been
made in the Act for creation of a Fund, to be settled in accordance with a
Scheme to be framed by the Central Government. However, the Act also
1 The Act was originally enacted on 04.03.1952 as "The Employees' Provident Funds Act, 1952" (No. 19
of 1952); its nomenclature was changed to "The Employees' Provident Funds and Family Pension Fund
Act, 1952" w.e.f. 23.04.1971; and its nomenclature was again changed to the present one i.e., "The
Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952" w.e.f. 01.08.1976.
12
provides for continuation of such of the other provident funds, which are offering
equal or more advantageous terms to the employees concerned and are
operating efficiently.
9.1.1. In the Act of 1952, the expression “employee” is defined in clause (f) of
Section 2 as under:
“(f) “employee” means any person who is employed for wages in any
kind of work, manual or otherwise, in or in connection with the work of an
establishment, and who gets, his wages directly or indirectly from the
employer, and includes any person,-
(i) employed by or through a contractor in or in connection with the work
of the establishment;
(ii) engaged as an apprentice, not being an apprentice engaged under
the Apprentices Act, 1961 (52 of 1961), or under the standing orders of
the establishment;”
9.1.2. The concepts of “exempted employee” and “exempted establishment” are
defined in clauses (ff) and (fff) of Section 2 of the Act of 1952 as under:
“(ff) “exempted employee” means an employee to whom a Scheme or
the Insurance Scheme, as the case may be, would, but for the exemption
granted under section 17, have applied;
(fff) “exempted establishment” means an establishment in respect of
which an exemption has been granted under section 17 from the
operation of all or any of the provisions of any Scheme or the Insurance
Scheme, as the case may be, whether such exemption has been granted
to the establishment as such or to any person or class of persons
employed therein;”
9.1.3. The expression “Fund” is defined in clause (h) of Section 2 of the Act of
1952 as under:
“(h) “Fund” means the provident fund established under a Scheme;”
13
9.1.4. The expression “Scheme” means the one framed under Section 5 of the
Act of 1952 and is defined in clause (l) of Section 2 as under:
“(l) “Scheme” means the Employees Provident Fund Scheme framed
under section 5;”
9.1.5. Section 5 of the Act of 1952, providing for the Employees’ Provident Fund
Scheme, reads as under2
:
"5. Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme. – (1) The Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, frame a scheme
to be called the Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme for the
establishment of provident funds under this Act for employees or for any
class of employees and specify the establishments or class of
establishments to which the said Scheme shall apply and there shall be
established, as soon as may be after the framing of the Scheme, a Fund
in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the Scheme.
(1A) The Fund shall vest in, and be administered by, the Central
Board constituted under section 5A.
(1B) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a Scheme framed under
sub-section 1 may provide for all or any of the matters specified in
Schedule II.
(2) A Scheme framed under sub-section 1 may provide that any of
its provisions shall take effect either prospectively or retrospectively on
such date as may be specified in this behalf in the Scheme."
9.1.6. For the purpose of the question at hand, sub-section (1) and sub-section
(1-A) of Section 17 of the Act of 1952, relating to the powers of the appropriate
2 The original Section 5 has undergone several changes by way of amendments. The
relevant amendments to be noticed for the present purpose are that by Act No. 37 of 1953,
original Section 5 was re-numbered as sub-section (1), the expressions for establishment of
Fund soon after framing of Scheme were added, and sub-section (2) was also inserted.
Moreover, by Act No. 28 of 1963, Sub-section (1A) to Section 5 (providing for vesting and
administration of Fund in and by the Central Board) was inserted. The provisions relating to
Central and State Boards and co-related aspects were also inserted as Sections 5A to 5E by
the said Act No. 28 of 1963, which need not be dilated upon, for being not relevant for
present purpose.
14
Government to grant exemption and the consequence thereof, could also be
taken note of as under:
"17. Power to exempt - (1) The appropriate Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, and subject to such conditions as may
be specified in the notification, exempt, whether prospectively or
retrospectively, from the operation of all or any of the provisions of any
Scheme –
(a) any establishment to which this Act applies if, in the opinion of
the appropriate Government, the rules of its provident fund with respect
to the rates of contribution are not less favourable than those specified in
section 6 and the employees are also in enjoyment of other provident
fund benefits which on the whole are not less favourable to the
employees than the benefits provided under this Act or any Scheme in
relation to the employees in any other establishment of a similar
character; or
(b) any establishment if the employees of such establishment are
in enjoyment of benefits in the nature of provident fund, pension or
gratuity and the appropriate Government is of opinion that such benefits,
separately or jointly, are on the whole not less favourable to such
employees than the benefits provided under this Act or any Scheme in
relation to employees in any other establishment of a similar character:
Provided that no such exemption shall be made except after
consultation with the Central Board which on such consultation shall
forward its views on exemption to the appropriate Government within
such time limit as may be specified in the Scheme.
(1A) Where an exemption has been granted to an establishment
under clause (a) of sub-section (1),-
(a) the provisions of sections 6, 7A, 8 and 14B shall, so far as may
be, apply to the employer of the exempted establishment in addition to
such other conditions as may be specified in the notification granting
such exemption, and where such employer contravenes, or makes
default in complying with any of the said provisions or conditions or any
other provision of this Act, he shall be punishable under section 14 as if
the said establishment had not been exempted under the said clause (a);
(b) the employer shall establish a Board of Trustees for the
administration of the provident fund consisting of such number of
members as may be specified in the Scheme;
(c) the terms and conditions of service of members of the Board of
Trustees shall be such as may be specified in the Scheme;
15
(d) the Board of Trustees constituted under clause (b) shall–
(i) maintain detailed accounts to show the contributions credited,
withdrawals made and interest accrued in respect of each employee;
(ii) submit such returns to the Regional Provident Fund
Commissioner or any other officer as the Central Government may direct
from time to time;
(iii) invest the provident fund monies in accordance with the
directions issued by the Central Government from time to time;
(iv) transfer, where necessary, the provident fund account of any
employee; and
 (v) perform such other duties as may be specified in the Scheme.
*** *** *** "
9.2. After having taken note of the relevant provisions of the Act of 1952,
essential it is to take into comprehension the relevant provisions and stipulations
of the Scheme of 1952 that has been, as noticed, framed by the Central
Government under Section 5 of the Act of 1952.
9.2.1. Noteworthy it is that there is no definition of an "excluded employee" in the
Act of 1952. In fact, this expression comes in operation for the purpose of
exclusion of certain employees from compulsion to join the Fund created under
the Scheme of 1952. Therefore, this expression is defined only in the Scheme of
1952, in clause (f) of paragraph 2 thereof, as under:
"(f) "excluded employee" means—
(i) an employee who, having been a member of the Fund, withdrew the
full amount of his accumulations in the Fund under clause (a) or (c) of
sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 69;
16
(ii) an employee whose pay at the time he is otherwise entitled to
become a member of the Fund, exceeds fifteen thousand rupees per
month;3
Explanation. --'Pay' includes basic wages with dearness allowance,
retaining allowance (if any) and cash value of food concessions
admissible thereon;
(iii) [omitted]4
;
(iv) an apprentice.
Explanation.-- An apprentice means a person who, according to the
certified standing orders applicable to the factory or establishment, is an
apprentice, or who is declared to be an apprentice by the authority
specified in this behalf by the appropriate Government;"
9.2.2. Paragraph 26 of the Scheme of 1952 specifies the classes of employees
entitled to, and required to, join the Fund as also the co-related aspects. Useful it
shall be to keep in view the fact that the expression "Fund", as occurring in
Paragraph 26 refers to the Fund created under the Scheme of 19525
. This
Paragraph 26 reads as under:
"26. Classes of employees entitled and required to join the fund.-
(1) (a) Every employee employed in or in connection with the work of a
factory or other establishment to which this Scheme applies, other than
an excluded employee, shall be entitled and required to become a
member of the Fund from the day this paragraph comes into force in
such factory or other establishment.
(b) Every employee employed in or in connection with the work of a
factory or other establishment to which this Scheme applies, other than
an excluded employee, shall also be entitled and required to become a
member of the fund from the day this paragraph comes into force in such
factory or other establishment if on the date of such coming into force,
such employee is a subscriber to a provident fund maintained in respect
3 At the relevant point of time, in sub-clause (ii) the figures had been 'six thousand and five hundred
rupees' in place of the present figures of ‘fifteen thousand rupees’
4 Sub-clause (iii) and explanation thereto were omitted by GSR 1467 dated 02.12.1960
5 The contra-distinction of this "Fund" with a "private provident fund" is noticeable in sub-paragraph (5),
where reference is made to an exempted establishment.
17
of the factory or other establishment, or in respect of any other factory or
establishment (to which the Act applies) under the same employer:
Provided that where the Scheme applies to a factory or other
establishment on the expiry or cancellation of an order of exemption
under section 17 of the Act, every employee who but for the exemption
would have become and continued as a member of the Fund, shall
become a member of the fund forthwith.
(2) After this paragraph comes into force in a factory or other
establishment, every employee employed in or in connection with the
work or that factory or establishment, other than an excluded employee,
who has not become a member already shall also be entitled and
required to become a member of the fund from the date of joining the
factory or establishment.
(3) An excluded employee employed in or in connection with the work of
a factory or other establishment to which this Scheme applies shall, on
ceasing to be such an employee, be entitled and required to become a
member of the fund from the date he ceased to be such employee.
(4) On re-election of an employee or a class of employees exempted
under paragraph 27 or paragraph 27 A to join the fund or on the expiry or
cancellation of an order under that paragraph, every employee shall
forthwith become a member thereof.
(5) Every employee who is a member of a private provident fund
maintained in respect of an exempted factory or other establishment and
who but for exemption would have become and continued as a member
of the fund shall, on joining a factory or other establishment to which this
Scheme applies, become a member of the fund forthwith.
(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in this paragraph an officer not
below the rank of an Assistant Provident Fund Commissioner may, on
the joint request in writing of any employee of a factory or other
establishment to which this Scheme applies and his employer, enroll
such employee as a member or allow him to contribute more than fifteen
thousand rupees of his pay per month if he is already a member of the
fund and thereupon such employee shall be entitled to the benefits and
shall be subject to the conditions of the fund, provided that the employer
gives an undertaking in writing that he shall pay the administrative
charges payable and shall comply with all statutory provisions in respect
of such employee."
9.2.3. For comprehension of all the relevant provisions and stipulations, a
reference to sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 69 of the Scheme of 1952 is also
18
pertinent and the same, as applicable at the relevant point of time, may be
noticed as under6
:
"69. Circumstances in which accumulations in the Fund are payable
to a member.- (1) A member may withdraw the full amount standing to
his credit in the Fund—
(a) on retirement from service after attaining of the age of 55 years:
Provided that a member, who has not attained the age of 55 years at the
time of termination of his service, shall also be entitled to withdraw the
full amount standing to his credit in the Fund if he attains the age of 55
years before the payment is authorized;
(b) on retirement on account of permanent and total incapacity for
work due to bodily or mental infirmity duly certified by the medical officer
of the establishment or where an establishment has no regular medical
officer, by a registered medical practitioner designated by the
establishment;
(c) immediately before migration from India for permanent settlement
abroad or for taking employment abroad;
(d) on termination of service in the case of mass or individual
retrenchment;
(dd) on termination of service under a voluntary scheme of retirement
framed by the employer and the employees under a mutual agreement
specifying, inter alia, that notwithstanding the provisions contained in
sub-clause (a) of clause (oo) of section 2 of the Industrial Disputes Act,
1947, excluding voluntary retirements from the scope of definition of
"retrenchment" such voluntary retirements shall for the purpose be
treated as retrenchments by mutual consent of the parties;
(e) in any of the following contingencies, provided the actual payment
shall be made only after completing a continuous period of not less than
two months immediately preceding the date on which a member makes
the application for withdrawal:—
(i) where a factory or other establishment is closed but certain
employees who are not retrenched, are transferred by the employer to
other factory or establishment, not covered under the Act;
6 This paragraph 69 and its sub-paragraphs and clauses have also undergone several amendments from
time to time; however, the contents as reproduced herein are more or less in the same form, as are
applicable to the present case.
19
(ii) where a member is transferred from a covered factory or other
establishment to another factory or other establishment not covered
under the Act, but is under the same employer; and
(iii) where a member is discharged and is given retrenchment
compensation under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947);"
10. Before proceeding further, we may take note of a decision of this Court
referred to by the learned counsel for the parties, being that in the case of N.K.
Jain and Ors. v. C.K. Shah and Ors.: (1991) 2 SCC 495. The relevant
background aspect of the said case had been that the establishment in question
was governed by the provisions of the Act of 1952 but was exempted under
Section 17; and had its own trust in respect of the provident fund contributions.
However, the establishment failed to pay such contributions for some period
during the year 1974 and there was a default. The question was as to whether
such default would entail prosecution also, or only the exemption was to be
cancelled ? The said case, being related to a different fact situation and different
controversy may not have a direct bearing on the present matter but, the
observations of this Court, illuminative on the setup and framework of the Act
and the Scheme of 1952, could be usefully reproduced as under:
“7. On a perusal of the above extracted provisions of the Act the
following aspects to the extent relevant to the present case can be spelt
out. The management of an establishment has to contribute to the
provident fund and the government under Section 5 can frame a
Scheme called Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme and such a Scheme
was framed in the year 1952. The Scheme provides for the
establishment of provident fund under the Act for employees of the
establishments specified therein. Section 6 is the material provision and
deals with contributions which may be provided under the Scheme and
also prescribes the rate of contribution to the fund and that the
employees’ contribution should be equal to the contribution payable by
20
the employer. Section 14 deals with the penalties and Section 14(1-A)
lays down that an employer who contravenes, or makes default in
complying with the provisions of Section 6 shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months but shall not be
less than three months in case of default in payment of the employees’
contribution which has been deducted by the employer from the
employees’ wages. But for adequate reasons it can be less. Paragraph
76 of the Scheme also provides for punishment for failure to pay such
contributions to the fund. Then we have Section 17 which provides for
the exemption. As per the said section the appropriate government may
by notification and subject to such conditions, as may be specified in the
notification, exempt from the operation of all or any of the provisions of
any Scheme (in the present case 1952 Scheme) if the appropriate
government is satisfied that the rules of the provident fund which a
particular establishment is following in the matter of contribution to the
provident fund are not less favourable than those specified in Section 6
and that the employees are also in enjoyment of other provident fund
benefits. In other words the exemption from the operation of the Scheme
is granted provided the particular establishment makes contribution as
per its own rules governing the contribution to the fund, which in other
words, can be called a provident fund scheme of its own are not less
favourable than those specified in Section 6. Accordingly the exempted
establishment has to provide for its employees the benefits which are in
no way less favourable than the ones provided under the Act and the
Scheme.”
10.1. In the said case, this Court finally held that the failure to make the
contributions by an exempted establishment to the provident fund as per its own
rules may also attract the penalties under sub-sections (1-A) and (2-A) of Section
14 of the Act of 1952.
11. In the scheme and structure of the Act of 1952, it is but clear that for the
specified establishments or class of establishments, the Central Government was
to frame a Scheme, to be called “the Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme”; and
soon after framing of such Scheme, a Fund was to be established, which was to
vest in, and administered by, the Board constituted under Section 5A. As noticed,
21
the expression “Fund” is defined in the Act of 1952 to mean the provident fund
established under a Scheme; and the expression “Scheme” is defined to mean
the Employees Provident Fund Scheme framed under Section 5. Indisputably,
the Scheme of 1952 is the one framed by the Central Government in exercise of
the powers conferred by Section 5 ibid. We shall examine the provisions of the
Scheme of 1952 a little later. At this juncture, apposite it would be to take note of
another feature of the Act of 1952 emanating from the provisions relating to
exemption, as contained in Section 17 thereof.
12. By virtue of sub-section (1) of Section 17, an establishment could be
exempted from the operation of all or any of the provisions of any Scheme if: (a)
in regard to the establishment to which the Act applies, the appropriate
Government is of opinion that the rules of its provident fund, with respect to the
rates of contributions, are not less favourable for the employees than those
specified in Section 6 and the employees are in enjoyment of other provident
fund benefits which, on the whole, are not less favourable than the benefits
available under the Act or under the Scheme in relation to any other
establishment of similar character; and (b) in regard to any other establishment,
the appropriate Government is of opinion that benefits in the nature of provident
fund, pension or gratuity, as available to the employees of such establishment
are, on the whole, not less favourable than the benefits provided under the Act or
any Scheme in any other establishment of similar character.
22
12.1. When an exemption is granted to an establishment under clause (a) of
sub-section (1) of Section 17 of the Act of 1952, several duties are cast upon the
employer as specified in sub-section (1-A) thereof, with penal provisions in the
event of default. We need not elaborate on various other provisions contained in
Section 17. Suffice would be to notice for the present purpose that coverage of
the employees like the one engaged in the establishment of appellants is the
rule; and ordinarily, the employees are expected to be covered by the Scheme
framed under Section 5 of the Act of 1952 with the exception being that in case of
availability of equivalent or more favourable benefits in an establishment, the
appropriate Government could grant exemption. As per sub-section (2) of Section
17, even the Scheme may make a provision for exemption but the basic
requirement being again that the persons or the class of persons to be exempted
are entitled to such benefits which are, on the whole, not less favourable than the
benefits provided under the Act and the Scheme thereunder i.e., the Scheme of
19527
. All the requirements of Section 17 make the position undoubtedly clear
that the provisions are intended to ensure optimum benefits for the employees
and even the exemption is granted only on the satisfaction of appropriate
7 Sub-section (2) of Section 17 reads as under:
 (2) Any Scheme may make provision for exemption of any person or class of persons employed
in any establishment to which the Scheme applies from the operation of all or any of the provisions of the
Scheme, if such person or class of persons is entitled to benefits in the nature of provident fund, gratuity
or old age pension and such benefits, separately or jointly, are on the whole not less favourable than the
benefits provided under this Act or the Scheme:
Provided that no such exemption shall be granted in respect of a class of persons unless the
appropriate Government is of opinion that the majority of persons constituting such class desire to
continue to be entitled to such benefits.
23
Government about existence of equivalent or more favourable provident fund
Scheme for the employees concerned.
13. The Scheme of 1952 was framed by the Central Government on
02.09.1952 i.e., within 6 months of the enactment of the Act of 1952. The
provisions of the Scheme are generally made applicable, subject to the
provisions of Sections 16 and 17 of the Act, to all the factories and other
establishments to which the Act applies or is applied under sub-sections (3) and
(4) of Section 1 or under Section 3 of the Act. The provisions of the Scheme of
1952 have been extended to various establishments from time to time under
clause (b) of sub-paragraph (3) of Paragraph 1 thereof. As per Paragraph 26 of
the Scheme of 1952, every employee employed in or in connection with the work
of the factory or other establishment to which this Scheme applies, is entitled to,
and is obliged to, become a member of the Fund from the date the Scheme
would come into force for such factory or establishment, except the “excluded
employees”. Significantly, even an "excluded employee", on ceasing to be so i.e.,
on ceasing to be an “excluded employee”, is entitled to, and is required to,
become a member of the Fund from the date of such cessation.
13.1. In the framework of the Scheme of 1952, exclusion is provided under
clause (i) of Paragraph 2(f) thereof to an employee who had been a member of
the Fund and had withdrawn full amount of his accumulations in the Fund under
clause (a) or (c) of Paragraph 69(1). Now, clause (a) of the said Paragraph 69(1)
24
of the Scheme of 1952 refers to a member who would withdraw the full amount
standing to his credit in the Fund on retirement from service after attaining the
age of 55 years. Clause (c) is not relevant for the present purpose as the same
relates to a member who withdraws the amount before migration from India for
permanent settlement or taking employment abroad but then, a comprehensive
look at various clauses of paragraph 69(1) makes it clear that reference therein is
to a member of the Fund who withdraws full amount standing to his credit for
different eventualities like regular retirement; retirement for disablement or
incapacity; migration from the country; termination of service; accepting a
voluntary retirement scheme; closure of the factory; transfer from a covered
factory or establishment to another factory or establishment not covered under
the Act etc.
14. It is not a matter of much debate in this case that the appellants otherwise
answer to the description of "employer" under the Act of 1952 and their
establishment is covered thereunder. The basic contention urged in this matter
on behalf of the appellants is that the persons engaged by them had been the
members of General Provident Fund while working as the employees of Railways
and had withdrawn the full amount of accumulations in GPF and are, therefore,
to be treated as “excluded employees”. This contention has fundamental
shortcomings as pointed out infra.
25
14.1. The crucial aspect to be considered in this matter is as to whether the
definition of “excluded employees” in Paragraph 2(f) as also the stipulation in
Paragraphs 26 and 69 of the Scheme of 1952 refer to any provident fund or only
to the Fund under the Scheme of 1952? As noticed above, in the setup and
structure of the Act of 1952, specific distinction is maintained between the Fund,
which is created by the Central Government under Section 5(1) of the Act and
any other provident fund, which is created by an employer. Significantly, clause
(f) of Paragraph 2 of the Scheme of 1952 refers to “the Fund" and not to "any
Fund”; and Paragraphs 26 and 69 also refer to “the Fund" and not to "any Fund”.
The determiner “the”, as occurring in Paragraph 2(f) as also Paragraph 69 before
the expression "Fund" makes it clear that the reference therein is only to the
Fund which is created under the Scheme of 1952 and it is not a general
reference to any Fund. The requirement of joining the Fund under Paragraph 26
ibid. is also of joining that Fund which is created under the Scheme of 1952. In
other words, obviously and undoubtedly, the Fund referred to in Paragraphs 2(f),
26 and 69 of the Scheme of 1952 is that Fund, which is created under the
Scheme of 1952 and the reference is not to any other Fund. Thus, to be covered
under the expression “excluded employee” by virtue of clause (i) of paragraph
2(f) read with clause (a) of paragraph 69(1) ibid., the employee must be such
who was a member of the Fund established under the Scheme of 1952 and who
had withdrawn full amount of his accumulations in the said Fund on retirement
from service after attaining the age of 55 years.
26
14.2. On the plain interpretation aforesaid, we have not an iota of doubt that the
retired Railway employees, who had withdrawn their accumulations in General
Provident Fund or any other Fund of which they were members, could not have
been treated as “excluded employees” for the purpose of the Scheme of 1952 for
the reason that such a withdrawal had not been from the Fund established under
the Scheme of 1952. In fact, there was no occasion for them to make any
withdrawal from the Fund established under the Scheme of 1952 because they
were never the members of the said Fund. In other words, the employees in
question were not answering to the requirements of clause (i) of paragraph 2(f)
read with clause (a) of paragraph 69(1) of the Scheme of 1952 and hence, were
not the “excluded employees”. The Division Bench of the High Court has rightly
rejected the contention of appellants that every employee, who had withdrawn
full amount from any provident fund, should be treated as an “excluded
employee”. In our view, the answer by the Division Bench of the High Court is in
accord with law and deserves to be approved.
15. We may also take note of and deal with a few ancillary aspects. The
appellants, in their initial response to the proposition for coverage of the
employees in question under the Scheme of 1952, attempted to state that most
of the said employees were above 58 years of age and that they had expressed
unwillingness to join the Fund under the said Scheme. It does not appear from
the record if the concerned employees categorically made any such expression
27
of unwillingness. Even otherwise, as noticed, the provisions of the Act and the
stipulations of the Scheme of 1952 are mandatory in character and the
application thereof could not have been averted by the appellants or the said
employees except on certain eventualities as mentioned in Section 17 of the Act
as also Paragraph 26 of the Scheme of 1952. Such eventualities are indeed nonexistent in the present matter. So far the aspect relating to age is concerned, the
operation and effect of the Act and the Scheme of 1952 are not restricted with
reference to any age limit of the employee. Such a suggestion relating to the age
of the employees had been entirely baseless and has rightly been disapproved.
15.1. Apart from the above, the appellants also alleged that they had applied for
exemption and no decision was taken on their representation. In this regard, it is
noticed that the appellant had not made any such submission that they had any
better and beneficial scheme for their employees. In any case, there is no
concept of any holidaying in payment of contribution by the employer by merely
moving an application for exemption; and when there was no order of exemption
under Section 17 by the competent authority, the appellant-company was under
the liability to make payment of its contribution.
16. Before concluding, we may also point out that the observations by the
learned Single Judge of High Court in this matter, that clause (i) of Paragraph 2(f)
of the Scheme of 1952 has to be applied in relation to the withdrawal from any
provident fund and else, an employee may keep on successively deriving
28
benefits, remain rather unwarranted because the principle underlying the
enactment and the Scheme of 1952 is to provide financial security to the
employees. The concept of exclusion from the Scheme of 1952 is limited to the
class/es of employees mentioned in Paragraph 2(f) only; and the area of
operation of this exclusion clause cannot be expanded by way of an assumption
about the alleged extra advantage likely to be driven home by an employee. In
fact, even the assumption of the learned Single Judge does not appear apt in the
framework of the Act and the Scheme of 1952. Whatever an employee gets by
virtue of the Act of 1952 is basically the accumulation in his provident fund
account, where he and his employer do contribute. The learned Single Judge
had gone to the extent of observing that when the employees earning more than
the particular amount (Rs. 6,500/- per month at the relevant time) were excluded
under clause (ii) of Paragraph 2(f) of the Scheme of 1952, the retired employees
who had received their accumulations could also be excluded under clause (i) of
Paragraph 2(f). With respect, we are unable to find any logic in these
observations because the stipulation in clause (ii) of Paragraph 2(f) relates to an
entirely different class of employees with reference to the quantum of their pay;
and exclusion of such class of employees as per clause (ii) cannot lead to any
corollary that clause (i) be also expanded beyond its plain language. The order
passed by the learned Single Judge, being based on entirely irrelevant
considerations, has rightly been disapproved by the Division Bench of High
Court.
29
17. To summarise, in the framework and setup of the Scheme of 1952, the
concept remains plain and clear that if a person is member of the Fund created
thereunder i.e., under the Scheme of 1952 and withdraws all his accumulations
therein, he may not be obliged to be a member of the same Fund under the
Scheme of 1952 over again and could be treated as an “excluded employees”.
However, such is not the relaxation granted in relation to an employee who was
earlier a member of any other Fund but later on joins such an establishment
where he would be entitled to membership of the Fund created under the
Scheme of 1952. This framework of the provisions and stipulations appears to be
best serving the interest of employees, while providing them with continued
financial security. Therefore, we find no reason to take any view different than the
one taken by the Division Bench of the High Court in this case.
18. For what has been discussed hereinabove, this appeal fails and is,
therefore, dismissed.
 ...............................................J.
 (ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE)
 ..............................................J.
(DINESH MAHESHWARI) 1
New Delhi
Dated: 26th March, 2019.
30