Sec.138 and sec.142 (b) of N.I.Act- Delay of 25 days in filing complaint after issuing a hand note - High court quashed the complaint as barred by limitation - Apex court held that since there is no opportunity for explaining delay as the complaint strongly believed that he filed complaint from statutory notice and since the accused not raised this plea during the trial of case and for the fist time raised before High court for quashing, the apex court granted time to file a separate application for condone the delay in the special circumstances of the case but not as precedent authorizing every one from not filing delay condone application =
he
had given a loan of Rs.60 lakhs to the respondent in the month of November,
2011. In discharge of his obligation to the appellant, on 25th April, 2012,
the respondent issued (i) Cheque No. 889953, drawn on Allahabad Bank, for
Rs.30 lakhs; (ii) Cheque No. 545420, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs.20 lakhs;
and (iii) Cheque No. 545409, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs. 10 lakhs. When
the appellant presented the said cheques in his Bank for realization, they
were dishonoured by the respondent’s banker with remarks ‘Stop Payment’.
The High
Court expressed the view that the complaint was not filed within a period
of one month after the expiry of 15 days of receipt of the notice dated
27th April, 2012 and hence it was barred by limitation under Section 142(b)
of the Act and by the impugned judgment quashed the criminal proceedings
against the respondent.
(a) Whether the handwritten note sent by the appellant on 27th April,
2012 to the respondent could be treated as ‘notice’ or the notice issued by
the advocate on 24th May, 2012 could only be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138 of the Act?
(b) If there was any delay in filing the Complaint in the present case,
whether such delay could have been condoned by the High Court in accordance
with the provisions of the Act?
(c) Whether the High Court was right in quashing the criminal proceedings
on the ground of limitation or instead of quashing the criminal proceedings
it ought to have remitted the matter back to the Trial Court for deciding
the issue of limitation?
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1684 OF 2014
ARISING OUT OF
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL) NO. 8924 OF 2013
PAWAN KUMAR RALLI … APPELLANT
VERSUS
MANINDER SINGH NARULA … RESPONDENT
JUDGMENT
N.V. RAMANA, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal arises out of the judgment and order dated 15th January,
2013 of the High Court of Delhi passed in Criminal Miscellaneous Case No.
2961 of 2012 filed by the respondent herein under Section 482 of the
Criminal Procedure Code. By the said judgment, the High Court quashed the
criminal proceedings initiated by the appellant under Section 138 of the
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’)
against the respondent.
3. The brief history of the case, according to the appellant, is that he
had given a loan of Rs.60 lakhs to the respondent in the month of November,
2011. In discharge of his obligation to the appellant, on 25th April, 2012,
the respondent issued (i) Cheque No. 889953, drawn on Allahabad Bank, for
Rs.30 lakhs; (ii) Cheque No. 545420, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs.20 lakhs;
and (iii) Cheque No. 545409, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs. 10 lakhs. When
the appellant presented the said cheques in his Bank for realization, they
were dishonoured by the respondent’s banker with remarks ‘Stop Payment’.
4. The appellant, after receiving the communication from his banker
about the dishonour of Cheques, issued a handwritten notice (Annexure P4)
to the respondent on 27th April, 2012 calling upon him to make the payment.
Upon non-compliance by the respondent, a formal legal notice dated 24th
May, 2012 (Annexpure P5) was issued under Section 138/142 of the Act
requiring the respondent to pay the cheques amount along with interest and
costs. In his reply to the legal notice, the respondent totally disagreed
with the allegation of taking loan from the appellant. Subsequently, the
appellant filed a Complaint Case against the respondent invoking Sections
138, 141 and 142 of the Act and Section 420, of the Indian Penal Code. The
Metropolitan Magistrate took cognizance and summoned the respondent who
pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.
5. During the pendency of trial, the respondent filed Criminal
Miscellaneous Case before the High Court under Section 482, Cr.P.C. for
quashing of criminal proceedings pending before the Trial Court. The High
Court expressed the view that the complaint was not filed within a period
of one month after the expiry of 15 days of receipt of the notice dated
27th April, 2012 and hence it was barred by limitation under Section 142(b)
of the Act and by the impugned judgment quashed the criminal proceedings
against the respondent. Aggrieved by the order of the High Court, the
appellant-complainant approached this Court by way of Special Leave
Petition.
6. Before us, the case of the appellant is that the High Court was not
justified in exercising extra ordinary jurisdiction under Section 482,
Cr.P.C. The High Court incorrectly considered the handwritten note as
legal notice and calculated the limitation period accordingly. Whereas, the
handwritten note was only an intimation to the accused and according to the
provisions of law, the actual notice within 30 days from the date of
dishonour of the cheques, was issued on 24th May, 2012 and accordingly
criminal proceedings were initiated well within the limitation period. But,
the High Court failed to take into consideration this material fact and
merely on the ground of 25 days delay from the date of service of
handwritten note, quashed the criminal proceedings. The High Court ignored
the fact that the Act clearly enables the Court to condone the delay, if
any, beyond 30 days of limitation period under proviso to Section 142(b) of
the Act.
7. During the course of hearing, we felt it justifiable to have
assistance of a senior counsel and we accordingly appointed Mr.
Huzefa Ahmadi, learned senior counsel as Amicus Curiae.
8. Learned Amicus submitted that the handwritten note dated 27th April,
2012 whereby the appellant called upon the respondent to make payment,
would fall within the four corners of ‘notice’ under Section 138(b) of the
Act and there was a delay of 25 days in filing the Complaint under the
provisions of the Act. He further submitted that the proviso to Section
142(b) of the Act confers power on the Court to condone the delay, if the
complainant satisfies the Court on the part of delay. As it was believed by
the Trial Court that since the legal notice was issued on 24th May, 2012
the limitation period would come into force from that date only, there was
no occasion for the appellant to plead for sufficient cause for condonation
of delay as the question of delay did not arise before the Trial Court.
While issuing process, the Trial Court was clearly of the view that the
Complaint was within limitation on the basis of averments made in the
Complaint. Therefore, the occasion did not arise for the appellant to raise
the plea of ‘sufficient cause’ for the delay. Moreover, the respondent had
also not raised the question of limitation before the Trial Court and the
issue of limitation was raised for the first time before the High Court.
9. Even otherwise, before quashing the criminal proceedings on the
ground of limitation, the High Court could have decided whether sufficient
cause was made out by the appellant under the proviso to Section 142(b) of
the Act, and if satisfied, it could have condoned the delay. Alternatively,
the High Court could have remanded the matter to the Trial Court to
determine the issue. In support of his submissions, he placed reliance on a
judgment of this Court in Rakesh Kumar Jain Vs. State (Through CBI) (2000)
7 SCC 656, in which while considering the provisions of Section 473,
Cr.P.C. and deciding the question whether on the ground of limitation, the
accused is entitled to seek his discharge, this Court held:
“The mere fact that the complaint was filed 25 days after the expiry of the
period of limitation did not entitle the accused to seek his discharge
under Section 245, Cr.P.C because the complainant has, under law, a right
to seek for extension of time under Section 473 Cr.P.C. The complainant
could satisfy the Magistrate on the facts and circumstances of the case
that the delay was explainable which was occasioned on account of their
bona fide belief to obtain the sanction for the purpose of filing the
complaint”.
10. Learned Amicus finally submitted that the legislative intent in
inserting the proviso to Clause (b) of Section 142 of the Act was only to
protect the Cheque holders from the defaulters who issued the Cheques and
the Court should act reasonably in providing an opportunity to the Cheque
holder to present his version on the issue of delay if any. After taking
into consideration the reasons advanced by the Cheque holder, the Court
should consider the question of delay and then only it should pass an
order. But in the present case, the High Court adopted an unhealthy
approach by passing the impugned order quashing the criminal proceedings on
the ground of limitation, that too for a delay of only 25 days, without
considering the appellant’s reasons for the delay. He further submitted
that the observation of the High Court in the impugned order that “allowing
the appellant to pursue the Complaint against the respondent would be an
abuse of process” is also not in the interest of justice.
11. Learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand, contended that
there is no apparent error in the judgment of the High Court in quashing
the criminal proceedings on the ground of limitation. The High Court has
correctly treated the handwritten notice sent by the appellant on 27th
April, 2012 as a valid notice in terms of Section 138 of the Act as the
appellant had given the notice in writing within fifteen days of
information of dishonour of the Cheuqes from his banker. In support of this
contention learned counsel has cited the judgment of this Court in Central
Bank of India & Anr. Vs. Saxons Farms & Ors. (1999) 8 SCC 221 wherein this
Court held that though no form of notice is prescribed in Clause (b) of
Section 138 of the Act, the requirement is that notice shall be given in
writing within fifteen days of receipt of information from the bank
regarding return of the Cheque as unpaid and in the notice a demand for
payment of the amount of the Cheque has to be made. So, learned counsel
argued that looking at this settled legal position, the first notice issued
by the appellant on 27th April, 2012 had since fulfilled the criteria laid
down by this Court, the same has to be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138(b) of the Act. Therefore, he submitted that the High
Court was right in considering the handwritten note as ‘notice’ for the
purpose of calculating delay in filing the Complaint and it rightly
declared that the Complaint was barred by limitation.
12. Learned counsel for the respondent further contended that even though
the proviso to Section 142(b) of the Act facilitates condonation of delay
if the complainant satisfies the Court that he had cogent reasons for not
making the complaint within the limitation period, in the present case the
complainant had made no request before the High Court for availing such
benefit of condonation of delay. To substantiate his argument, learned
counsel relied upon the counter affidavit filed by the appellant before the
High Court and submitted that there also the appellant, instead of pleading
for condonation of delay, took the stand that the communication dated 27th
April, 2012 shall not be treated as notice, whereas it fulfilled all
ingredients of a ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act. In support of his
claim that the matter is barred by limitation and requires to be dismissed
at the threshold itself, he relied on this Court’s Judgment in Ramesh Chand
Sharma Vs. Udham Singh Kamal & Ors. (1999) 8 SCC 304 and submitted that in
that case also despite the objection of limitation raised by the
appellants, the first respondent did not file any application for
condonation of delay and this Court had dismissed the O.A. filed by the
first respondent, on the ground of limitation.
13. Learned counsel for the respondent therefore firmly opposed the plea
of the learned Amicus that the matter has to be remanded back to the Trial
Court for hearing the issue of limitation by providing an opportunity to
the appellant to avail the remedy envisaged under the proviso to Section
142(b) of the Act. He finally submitted that the High Court was right in
quashing the criminal proceedings and the impugned order does not call for
interference of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution.
14. We have heard learned counsel at length. In view of the conflicting
approach adopted by the High Court in determining the issue of limitation
which subsequently led to the quashing of criminal proceedings pending
before the Trial Court, the following issues emerge for our consideration
for the disposal of this matter:
(a) Whether the handwritten note sent by the appellant on 27th April,
2012 to the respondent could be treated as ‘notice’ or the notice issued by
the advocate on 24th May, 2012 could only be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138 of the Act?
(b) If there was any delay in filing the Complaint in the present case,
whether such delay could have been condoned by the High Court in accordance
with the provisions of the Act?
(c) Whether the High Court was right in quashing the criminal proceedings
on the ground of limitation or instead of quashing the criminal proceedings
it ought to have remitted the matter back to the Trial Court for deciding
the issue of limitation?
15. Before embarking on the above issues, we may notice that the proviso
appended to Section 138 of the Act limits the applicability of the main
provision stating:
138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc. of funds in the account.—
… … …
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless—
(a) the cheque has been presented to the bank within a period of six
months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its
validity, whichever is earlier;
(b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may
be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a
notice in writing, to the drawer of the Cheque, within thirty days of the
receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the
Cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such Cheque fails to make the payment of the said
amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due
course of the Cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said
notice.”
16. Section 142 of the Act also puts a limitation on the power of the
Court to take cognizance of the offences, which reads as under:
142. Cognizance of offences—Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974),—
(a) no court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under Section
138 except upon a complaint, in writing, made by the payee or, as the case
may be, the holder in due course of the cheque;
(b) such complaint is made within one month of the date on which the
cause of action arises under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138:
Provided that the cognizance of a complaint may be taken by the Court after
the prescribed period, if the complainant satisfies the court that he had
sufficient cause for not making a complaint within such period.
(c) no Court inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial
Magistrate of the First Class shall try any offence punishable under
Section 138.
17. Admittedly, in the case on hand, the Cheques in question were issued
by the respondent and the same were dishonoured by the Bank on his
instructions of ‘stop payment’. Two communications, one a handwritten note
dated 27th April, 2012 by the appellant himself and the other a formal
legal notice dated 24th May, 2012 issued by the advocate, were served on
the respondent calling upon him to pay the Cheque amounts. The respondent
did not respond to the handwritten communication, but has replied to the
legal notice issued through advocate on 24th May, 2012 denying the
allegation. Upon failure of the respondent to obey the handwritten
communication as well as the legal notice, the appellant initiated criminal
proceedings by filing Complaint Case on 5th July, 2012. It appears that
the respondent contested the matter before the Trial Court and also filed
an application under Section 91, Cr.P.C. warranting the appellant to
produce various documents. He has also moved an application under Section
410, Cr.P.C. seeking transfer of the Complaint to a different Court. It is
noteworthy that all through out the pendency of proceedings before the
Trial Court, the respondent did not raise the issue of ‘limitation’. The
issue was raised for the first time before the High Court in Section 482,
Cr.P.C. proceedings. The High Court, considering the handwritten note sent
by the appellant on 27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the
Act, came to the conclusion that the complaint is barred by limitation.
18. This Court has already clarified in Central Bank of India & Anr.
(supra) that Section 138 of the Act does not prescribe any specific form of
notice, but mandates that it should be issued in writing within thirty days
(w.e.f. 6-2-2003) of receipt of information from the banker about the
dishonour of Cheque, with a demand to the drawer for making payment of the
said amount.
19. We have perused the handwritten note dated 27th April, 2012 (Annexure
P4) and found that it was issued within the mandatory period of thirty days
of dishonour of cheques and contained (a) the subject amount of
Rs.60,00,000/- given by the appellant as loan to the respondent under
promissory notes; (b) the details of Cheque numbers and dates of issue with
amounts and particulars of Bank; (c) Returning of Cheques by the banker
dishonouring them on the ground of ‘Stop Payment’ by the respondent; (d) a
demand for immediate repayment of the amount; and (d) a caution to the
respondent that in case of failure on the part of respondent, the appellant
would initiate legal proceedings. Thus, in our opinion, the handwritten
note dated 27th April, 2012 fulfilled the mandatory requirements under
clause (b) of proviso to Section 138 and could be said to be a valid
‘notice’ in the light of this Court’s Judgment in Central Bank of India &
Anr. (supra). Moreover, this document (Annexure P4) stands admitted by the
appellant in his cross examination also. Therefore, in our opinion, the
High Court has committed no error in considering the handwritten note dated
27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act.
20. However, when the issue of limitation has come up for the first time
before the High Court, it ought to have dealt with the same on merits as
per proviso to Section 142(b) of the Act. The said proviso appended to
clause (b) of Section 142 of the Act was inserted by the Negotiable
Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 and the
legislative intent was, no doubt, in order to overcome the technicality of
limitation period. The Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the
Amendment Bill, 2002 suggests that the introduction of this proviso was to
provide discretion to the Court to take cognizance of offence even after
expiry of the period of limitation [See MSR Leathers Vs. S. Palaniappan
(2013) 1 SCC 177]. Only with a view to obviate the difficulties on the
part of the Complainant, Parliament inserted the proviso to clause (b) of
Section 142 of the Act in the year 2002. It confers a jurisdiction upon the
Court to condone the delay [See Subodh S. Salaskar Vs. Jayprakash M. Shah
(2008) 13 SCC 689].
21. It is no doubt true that at the time of filing the complaint, the
Magistrate has to take cognizance of the complaint when it is within
limitation and in case of delay in filing the complaint, the complaint has
to come up with the application seeking condonation of delay. But, the
peculiar fact of the present case is that in the complaint, the complainant
had only averred that he has sent the legal notice dated 24th May, 2012 but
not mentioned about the handwritten note dated 27th April, 2012. Basing on
the said averment, the learned Trial Judge was satisfied that the complaint
is within the prescribed period of limitation. Hence, in this case, raising
the plea of limitation and Court exercising the discretion to condone the
delay did not arise at all.
22. In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, while keeping
in mind the legislative intent and the specific plea of the appellant
raised in the grounds for the Special Leave Petition that he should have
been allowed to move an application for condonation of delay before the
Trial Court as the respondent has not suffered any prejudice by reason of
25 days delay, we strongly feel that the appellant should not have been
deprived of the remedy provided by the Legislature. In fact, the remedy so
provided was to enable a genuine litigant to pursue his case against a
defaulter by overcoming the technical difficulty of limitation. Hence, the
High Court has committed an error by not considering the issue of
limitation on merits.
23. In view of the settled principles of law in Rakesh Kumar Jain, MSR
Leathers. Subodh S. Salaskar (supra) and in the peculiar facts and
circumstances of the case, we are of the considered opinion that the High
Court was not right in quashing the complaint merely on the ground that
complaint is barred by limitation, that too a plea which was taken for the
first time before the High Court. On the other hand, the High Court ought
to have remanded the matter to the Trial Court for deciding the issue of
limitation.
24. At the same time, we want to make it very clear that by this
observation we are not laying down a legal proposition that without even
filing an application seeking condonation of delay at an initial stage,
complainant can be given opportunity at any stage of the proceeding. As
already discussed by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we have come to the
irresistible conclusion, to afford an opportunity for the complainant to
move an application seeking condonation of delay, under the peculiar facts
and circumstances of the case.
25. For all the aforesaid reasons, in order to meet the ends of justice,
we exercise our discretion under Article 142 of the Constitution and set
aside the impugned judgment of the High Court quashing the criminal
proceedings and restore the criminal proceedings before the Trial Court.
The appellant is permitted to file an application for condonation of delay
before the Trial Court and if such an application is filed, the Trial Court
shall be at liberty to consider the same on its own merits, without being
impressed upon by any of the observations by this Court, and pass
appropriate orders.
26. We are thankful to Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi, learned amicus curiae, for his
able assistance.
27. The appeal stands allowed with the aforesaid observations.
….……………………………….J.
(RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI)
.....………………………………J.
(N.V. RAMANA)
NEW DELHI
AUGUST 11, 2014
-----------------------
15
he
had given a loan of Rs.60 lakhs to the respondent in the month of November,
2011. In discharge of his obligation to the appellant, on 25th April, 2012,
the respondent issued (i) Cheque No. 889953, drawn on Allahabad Bank, for
Rs.30 lakhs; (ii) Cheque No. 545420, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs.20 lakhs;
and (iii) Cheque No. 545409, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs. 10 lakhs. When
the appellant presented the said cheques in his Bank for realization, they
were dishonoured by the respondent’s banker with remarks ‘Stop Payment’.
The High
Court expressed the view that the complaint was not filed within a period
of one month after the expiry of 15 days of receipt of the notice dated
27th April, 2012 and hence it was barred by limitation under Section 142(b)
of the Act and by the impugned judgment quashed the criminal proceedings
against the respondent.
(a) Whether the handwritten note sent by the appellant on 27th April,
2012 to the respondent could be treated as ‘notice’ or the notice issued by
the advocate on 24th May, 2012 could only be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138 of the Act?
(b) If there was any delay in filing the Complaint in the present case,
whether such delay could have been condoned by the High Court in accordance
with the provisions of the Act?
(c) Whether the High Court was right in quashing the criminal proceedings
on the ground of limitation or instead of quashing the criminal proceedings
it ought to have remitted the matter back to the Trial Court for deciding
the issue of limitation?
It appears that
the respondent contested the matter before the Trial Court and also filed
an application under Section 91, Cr.P.C. warranting the appellant to
produce various documents. He has also moved an application under Section
410, Cr.P.C. seeking transfer of the Complaint to a different Court. It is
noteworthy that all through out the pendency of proceedings before the
Trial Court, the respondent did not raise the issue of ‘limitation’. The
issue was raised for the first time before the High Court in Section 482,
Cr.P.C. proceedings.
Apex court held that
Thus, in our opinion, the handwritten
note dated 27th April, 2012 fulfilled the mandatory requirements under
clause (b) of proviso to Section 138 and could be said to be a valid
‘notice’ in the light of this Court’s Judgment in Central Bank of India &
Anr. (supra). Moreover, this document (Annexure P4) stands admitted by the
appellant in his cross examination also. Therefore, in our opinion, the
High Court has committed no error in considering the handwritten note dated
27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act.
In view of the settled principles of law in Rakesh Kumar Jain, MSR
Leathers. Subodh S. Salaskar (supra) and in the peculiar facts and
circumstances of the case, we are of the considered opinion that the High
Court was not right in quashing the complaint merely on the ground that
complaint is barred by limitation, that too a plea which was taken for the
first time before the High Court. On the other hand, the High Court ought
to have remanded the matter to the Trial Court for deciding the issue of
limitation.
24. At the same time, we want to make it very clear that by this
observation we are not laying down a legal proposition that without even
filing an application seeking condonation of delay at an initial stage,
complainant can be given opportunity at any stage of the proceeding. As
already discussed by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we have come to the
irresistible conclusion, to afford an opportunity for the complainant to
move an application seeking condonation of delay, under the peculiar facts
and circumstances of the case.
25. For all the aforesaid reasons, in order to meet the ends of justice,
we exercise our discretion under Article 142 of the Constitution and set
aside the impugned judgment of the High Court quashing the criminal
proceedings and restore the criminal proceedings before the Trial Court.
The appellant is permitted to file an application for condonation of delay
before the Trial Court and if such an application is filed, the Trial Court
shall be at liberty to consider the same on its own merits, without being
impressed upon by any of the observations by this Court, and pass
appropriate orders.
2014 -Aug. Part- http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/filename=41820the respondent contested the matter before the Trial Court and also filed
an application under Section 91, Cr.P.C. warranting the appellant to
produce various documents. He has also moved an application under Section
410, Cr.P.C. seeking transfer of the Complaint to a different Court. It is
noteworthy that all through out the pendency of proceedings before the
Trial Court, the respondent did not raise the issue of ‘limitation’. The
issue was raised for the first time before the High Court in Section 482,
Cr.P.C. proceedings.
Apex court held that
Thus, in our opinion, the handwritten
note dated 27th April, 2012 fulfilled the mandatory requirements under
clause (b) of proviso to Section 138 and could be said to be a valid
‘notice’ in the light of this Court’s Judgment in Central Bank of India &
Anr. (supra). Moreover, this document (Annexure P4) stands admitted by the
appellant in his cross examination also. Therefore, in our opinion, the
High Court has committed no error in considering the handwritten note dated
27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act.
In view of the settled principles of law in Rakesh Kumar Jain, MSR
Leathers. Subodh S. Salaskar (supra) and in the peculiar facts and
circumstances of the case, we are of the considered opinion that the High
Court was not right in quashing the complaint merely on the ground that
complaint is barred by limitation, that too a plea which was taken for the
first time before the High Court. On the other hand, the High Court ought
to have remanded the matter to the Trial Court for deciding the issue of
limitation.
24. At the same time, we want to make it very clear that by this
observation we are not laying down a legal proposition that without even
filing an application seeking condonation of delay at an initial stage,
complainant can be given opportunity at any stage of the proceeding. As
already discussed by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we have come to the
irresistible conclusion, to afford an opportunity for the complainant to
move an application seeking condonation of delay, under the peculiar facts
and circumstances of the case.
25. For all the aforesaid reasons, in order to meet the ends of justice,
we exercise our discretion under Article 142 of the Constitution and set
aside the impugned judgment of the High Court quashing the criminal
proceedings and restore the criminal proceedings before the Trial Court.
The appellant is permitted to file an application for condonation of delay
before the Trial Court and if such an application is filed, the Trial Court
shall be at liberty to consider the same on its own merits, without being
impressed upon by any of the observations by this Court, and pass
appropriate orders.
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1684 OF 2014
ARISING OUT OF
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL) NO. 8924 OF 2013
PAWAN KUMAR RALLI … APPELLANT
VERSUS
MANINDER SINGH NARULA … RESPONDENT
JUDGMENT
N.V. RAMANA, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal arises out of the judgment and order dated 15th January,
2013 of the High Court of Delhi passed in Criminal Miscellaneous Case No.
2961 of 2012 filed by the respondent herein under Section 482 of the
Criminal Procedure Code. By the said judgment, the High Court quashed the
criminal proceedings initiated by the appellant under Section 138 of the
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’)
against the respondent.
3. The brief history of the case, according to the appellant, is that he
had given a loan of Rs.60 lakhs to the respondent in the month of November,
2011. In discharge of his obligation to the appellant, on 25th April, 2012,
the respondent issued (i) Cheque No. 889953, drawn on Allahabad Bank, for
Rs.30 lakhs; (ii) Cheque No. 545420, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs.20 lakhs;
and (iii) Cheque No. 545409, drawn on ICICI Bank, for Rs. 10 lakhs. When
the appellant presented the said cheques in his Bank for realization, they
were dishonoured by the respondent’s banker with remarks ‘Stop Payment’.
4. The appellant, after receiving the communication from his banker
about the dishonour of Cheques, issued a handwritten notice (Annexure P4)
to the respondent on 27th April, 2012 calling upon him to make the payment.
Upon non-compliance by the respondent, a formal legal notice dated 24th
May, 2012 (Annexpure P5) was issued under Section 138/142 of the Act
requiring the respondent to pay the cheques amount along with interest and
costs. In his reply to the legal notice, the respondent totally disagreed
with the allegation of taking loan from the appellant. Subsequently, the
appellant filed a Complaint Case against the respondent invoking Sections
138, 141 and 142 of the Act and Section 420, of the Indian Penal Code. The
Metropolitan Magistrate took cognizance and summoned the respondent who
pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.
5. During the pendency of trial, the respondent filed Criminal
Miscellaneous Case before the High Court under Section 482, Cr.P.C. for
quashing of criminal proceedings pending before the Trial Court. The High
Court expressed the view that the complaint was not filed within a period
of one month after the expiry of 15 days of receipt of the notice dated
27th April, 2012 and hence it was barred by limitation under Section 142(b)
of the Act and by the impugned judgment quashed the criminal proceedings
against the respondent. Aggrieved by the order of the High Court, the
appellant-complainant approached this Court by way of Special Leave
Petition.
6. Before us, the case of the appellant is that the High Court was not
justified in exercising extra ordinary jurisdiction under Section 482,
Cr.P.C. The High Court incorrectly considered the handwritten note as
legal notice and calculated the limitation period accordingly. Whereas, the
handwritten note was only an intimation to the accused and according to the
provisions of law, the actual notice within 30 days from the date of
dishonour of the cheques, was issued on 24th May, 2012 and accordingly
criminal proceedings were initiated well within the limitation period. But,
the High Court failed to take into consideration this material fact and
merely on the ground of 25 days delay from the date of service of
handwritten note, quashed the criminal proceedings. The High Court ignored
the fact that the Act clearly enables the Court to condone the delay, if
any, beyond 30 days of limitation period under proviso to Section 142(b) of
the Act.
7. During the course of hearing, we felt it justifiable to have
assistance of a senior counsel and we accordingly appointed Mr.
Huzefa Ahmadi, learned senior counsel as Amicus Curiae.
8. Learned Amicus submitted that the handwritten note dated 27th April,
2012 whereby the appellant called upon the respondent to make payment,
would fall within the four corners of ‘notice’ under Section 138(b) of the
Act and there was a delay of 25 days in filing the Complaint under the
provisions of the Act. He further submitted that the proviso to Section
142(b) of the Act confers power on the Court to condone the delay, if the
complainant satisfies the Court on the part of delay. As it was believed by
the Trial Court that since the legal notice was issued on 24th May, 2012
the limitation period would come into force from that date only, there was
no occasion for the appellant to plead for sufficient cause for condonation
of delay as the question of delay did not arise before the Trial Court.
While issuing process, the Trial Court was clearly of the view that the
Complaint was within limitation on the basis of averments made in the
Complaint. Therefore, the occasion did not arise for the appellant to raise
the plea of ‘sufficient cause’ for the delay. Moreover, the respondent had
also not raised the question of limitation before the Trial Court and the
issue of limitation was raised for the first time before the High Court.
9. Even otherwise, before quashing the criminal proceedings on the
ground of limitation, the High Court could have decided whether sufficient
cause was made out by the appellant under the proviso to Section 142(b) of
the Act, and if satisfied, it could have condoned the delay. Alternatively,
the High Court could have remanded the matter to the Trial Court to
determine the issue. In support of his submissions, he placed reliance on a
judgment of this Court in Rakesh Kumar Jain Vs. State (Through CBI) (2000)
7 SCC 656, in which while considering the provisions of Section 473,
Cr.P.C. and deciding the question whether on the ground of limitation, the
accused is entitled to seek his discharge, this Court held:
“The mere fact that the complaint was filed 25 days after the expiry of the
period of limitation did not entitle the accused to seek his discharge
under Section 245, Cr.P.C because the complainant has, under law, a right
to seek for extension of time under Section 473 Cr.P.C. The complainant
could satisfy the Magistrate on the facts and circumstances of the case
that the delay was explainable which was occasioned on account of their
bona fide belief to obtain the sanction for the purpose of filing the
complaint”.
10. Learned Amicus finally submitted that the legislative intent in
inserting the proviso to Clause (b) of Section 142 of the Act was only to
protect the Cheque holders from the defaulters who issued the Cheques and
the Court should act reasonably in providing an opportunity to the Cheque
holder to present his version on the issue of delay if any. After taking
into consideration the reasons advanced by the Cheque holder, the Court
should consider the question of delay and then only it should pass an
order. But in the present case, the High Court adopted an unhealthy
approach by passing the impugned order quashing the criminal proceedings on
the ground of limitation, that too for a delay of only 25 days, without
considering the appellant’s reasons for the delay. He further submitted
that the observation of the High Court in the impugned order that “allowing
the appellant to pursue the Complaint against the respondent would be an
abuse of process” is also not in the interest of justice.
11. Learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand, contended that
there is no apparent error in the judgment of the High Court in quashing
the criminal proceedings on the ground of limitation. The High Court has
correctly treated the handwritten notice sent by the appellant on 27th
April, 2012 as a valid notice in terms of Section 138 of the Act as the
appellant had given the notice in writing within fifteen days of
information of dishonour of the Cheuqes from his banker. In support of this
contention learned counsel has cited the judgment of this Court in Central
Bank of India & Anr. Vs. Saxons Farms & Ors. (1999) 8 SCC 221 wherein this
Court held that though no form of notice is prescribed in Clause (b) of
Section 138 of the Act, the requirement is that notice shall be given in
writing within fifteen days of receipt of information from the bank
regarding return of the Cheque as unpaid and in the notice a demand for
payment of the amount of the Cheque has to be made. So, learned counsel
argued that looking at this settled legal position, the first notice issued
by the appellant on 27th April, 2012 had since fulfilled the criteria laid
down by this Court, the same has to be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138(b) of the Act. Therefore, he submitted that the High
Court was right in considering the handwritten note as ‘notice’ for the
purpose of calculating delay in filing the Complaint and it rightly
declared that the Complaint was barred by limitation.
12. Learned counsel for the respondent further contended that even though
the proviso to Section 142(b) of the Act facilitates condonation of delay
if the complainant satisfies the Court that he had cogent reasons for not
making the complaint within the limitation period, in the present case the
complainant had made no request before the High Court for availing such
benefit of condonation of delay. To substantiate his argument, learned
counsel relied upon the counter affidavit filed by the appellant before the
High Court and submitted that there also the appellant, instead of pleading
for condonation of delay, took the stand that the communication dated 27th
April, 2012 shall not be treated as notice, whereas it fulfilled all
ingredients of a ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act. In support of his
claim that the matter is barred by limitation and requires to be dismissed
at the threshold itself, he relied on this Court’s Judgment in Ramesh Chand
Sharma Vs. Udham Singh Kamal & Ors. (1999) 8 SCC 304 and submitted that in
that case also despite the objection of limitation raised by the
appellants, the first respondent did not file any application for
condonation of delay and this Court had dismissed the O.A. filed by the
first respondent, on the ground of limitation.
13. Learned counsel for the respondent therefore firmly opposed the plea
of the learned Amicus that the matter has to be remanded back to the Trial
Court for hearing the issue of limitation by providing an opportunity to
the appellant to avail the remedy envisaged under the proviso to Section
142(b) of the Act. He finally submitted that the High Court was right in
quashing the criminal proceedings and the impugned order does not call for
interference of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution.
14. We have heard learned counsel at length. In view of the conflicting
approach adopted by the High Court in determining the issue of limitation
which subsequently led to the quashing of criminal proceedings pending
before the Trial Court, the following issues emerge for our consideration
for the disposal of this matter:
(a) Whether the handwritten note sent by the appellant on 27th April,
2012 to the respondent could be treated as ‘notice’ or the notice issued by
the advocate on 24th May, 2012 could only be treated as ‘notice’ within the
meaning of Section 138 of the Act?
(b) If there was any delay in filing the Complaint in the present case,
whether such delay could have been condoned by the High Court in accordance
with the provisions of the Act?
(c) Whether the High Court was right in quashing the criminal proceedings
on the ground of limitation or instead of quashing the criminal proceedings
it ought to have remitted the matter back to the Trial Court for deciding
the issue of limitation?
15. Before embarking on the above issues, we may notice that the proviso
appended to Section 138 of the Act limits the applicability of the main
provision stating:
138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc. of funds in the account.—
… … …
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless—
(a) the cheque has been presented to the bank within a period of six
months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its
validity, whichever is earlier;
(b) the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque, as the case may
be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a
notice in writing, to the drawer of the Cheque, within thirty days of the
receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the
Cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such Cheque fails to make the payment of the said
amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due
course of the Cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said
notice.”
16. Section 142 of the Act also puts a limitation on the power of the
Court to take cognizance of the offences, which reads as under:
142. Cognizance of offences—Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974),—
(a) no court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under Section
138 except upon a complaint, in writing, made by the payee or, as the case
may be, the holder in due course of the cheque;
(b) such complaint is made within one month of the date on which the
cause of action arises under clause (c) of the proviso to Section 138:
Provided that the cognizance of a complaint may be taken by the Court after
the prescribed period, if the complainant satisfies the court that he had
sufficient cause for not making a complaint within such period.
(c) no Court inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial
Magistrate of the First Class shall try any offence punishable under
Section 138.
17. Admittedly, in the case on hand, the Cheques in question were issued
by the respondent and the same were dishonoured by the Bank on his
instructions of ‘stop payment’. Two communications, one a handwritten note
dated 27th April, 2012 by the appellant himself and the other a formal
legal notice dated 24th May, 2012 issued by the advocate, were served on
the respondent calling upon him to pay the Cheque amounts. The respondent
did not respond to the handwritten communication, but has replied to the
legal notice issued through advocate on 24th May, 2012 denying the
allegation. Upon failure of the respondent to obey the handwritten
communication as well as the legal notice, the appellant initiated criminal
proceedings by filing Complaint Case on 5th July, 2012. It appears that
the respondent contested the matter before the Trial Court and also filed
an application under Section 91, Cr.P.C. warranting the appellant to
produce various documents. He has also moved an application under Section
410, Cr.P.C. seeking transfer of the Complaint to a different Court. It is
noteworthy that all through out the pendency of proceedings before the
Trial Court, the respondent did not raise the issue of ‘limitation’. The
issue was raised for the first time before the High Court in Section 482,
Cr.P.C. proceedings. The High Court, considering the handwritten note sent
by the appellant on 27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the
Act, came to the conclusion that the complaint is barred by limitation.
18. This Court has already clarified in Central Bank of India & Anr.
(supra) that Section 138 of the Act does not prescribe any specific form of
notice, but mandates that it should be issued in writing within thirty days
(w.e.f. 6-2-2003) of receipt of information from the banker about the
dishonour of Cheque, with a demand to the drawer for making payment of the
said amount.
19. We have perused the handwritten note dated 27th April, 2012 (Annexure
P4) and found that it was issued within the mandatory period of thirty days
of dishonour of cheques and contained (a) the subject amount of
Rs.60,00,000/- given by the appellant as loan to the respondent under
promissory notes; (b) the details of Cheque numbers and dates of issue with
amounts and particulars of Bank; (c) Returning of Cheques by the banker
dishonouring them on the ground of ‘Stop Payment’ by the respondent; (d) a
demand for immediate repayment of the amount; and (d) a caution to the
respondent that in case of failure on the part of respondent, the appellant
would initiate legal proceedings. Thus, in our opinion, the handwritten
note dated 27th April, 2012 fulfilled the mandatory requirements under
clause (b) of proviso to Section 138 and could be said to be a valid
‘notice’ in the light of this Court’s Judgment in Central Bank of India &
Anr. (supra). Moreover, this document (Annexure P4) stands admitted by the
appellant in his cross examination also. Therefore, in our opinion, the
High Court has committed no error in considering the handwritten note dated
27th April, 2012 as ‘notice’ under Section 138 of the Act.
20. However, when the issue of limitation has come up for the first time
before the High Court, it ought to have dealt with the same on merits as
per proviso to Section 142(b) of the Act. The said proviso appended to
clause (b) of Section 142 of the Act was inserted by the Negotiable
Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 and the
legislative intent was, no doubt, in order to overcome the technicality of
limitation period. The Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the
Amendment Bill, 2002 suggests that the introduction of this proviso was to
provide discretion to the Court to take cognizance of offence even after
expiry of the period of limitation [See MSR Leathers Vs. S. Palaniappan
(2013) 1 SCC 177]. Only with a view to obviate the difficulties on the
part of the Complainant, Parliament inserted the proviso to clause (b) of
Section 142 of the Act in the year 2002. It confers a jurisdiction upon the
Court to condone the delay [See Subodh S. Salaskar Vs. Jayprakash M. Shah
(2008) 13 SCC 689].
21. It is no doubt true that at the time of filing the complaint, the
Magistrate has to take cognizance of the complaint when it is within
limitation and in case of delay in filing the complaint, the complaint has
to come up with the application seeking condonation of delay. But, the
peculiar fact of the present case is that in the complaint, the complainant
had only averred that he has sent the legal notice dated 24th May, 2012 but
not mentioned about the handwritten note dated 27th April, 2012. Basing on
the said averment, the learned Trial Judge was satisfied that the complaint
is within the prescribed period of limitation. Hence, in this case, raising
the plea of limitation and Court exercising the discretion to condone the
delay did not arise at all.
22. In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, while keeping
in mind the legislative intent and the specific plea of the appellant
raised in the grounds for the Special Leave Petition that he should have
been allowed to move an application for condonation of delay before the
Trial Court as the respondent has not suffered any prejudice by reason of
25 days delay, we strongly feel that the appellant should not have been
deprived of the remedy provided by the Legislature. In fact, the remedy so
provided was to enable a genuine litigant to pursue his case against a
defaulter by overcoming the technical difficulty of limitation. Hence, the
High Court has committed an error by not considering the issue of
limitation on merits.
23. In view of the settled principles of law in Rakesh Kumar Jain, MSR
Leathers. Subodh S. Salaskar (supra) and in the peculiar facts and
circumstances of the case, we are of the considered opinion that the High
Court was not right in quashing the complaint merely on the ground that
complaint is barred by limitation, that too a plea which was taken for the
first time before the High Court. On the other hand, the High Court ought
to have remanded the matter to the Trial Court for deciding the issue of
limitation.
24. At the same time, we want to make it very clear that by this
observation we are not laying down a legal proposition that without even
filing an application seeking condonation of delay at an initial stage,
complainant can be given opportunity at any stage of the proceeding. As
already discussed by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we have come to the
irresistible conclusion, to afford an opportunity for the complainant to
move an application seeking condonation of delay, under the peculiar facts
and circumstances of the case.
25. For all the aforesaid reasons, in order to meet the ends of justice,
we exercise our discretion under Article 142 of the Constitution and set
aside the impugned judgment of the High Court quashing the criminal
proceedings and restore the criminal proceedings before the Trial Court.
The appellant is permitted to file an application for condonation of delay
before the Trial Court and if such an application is filed, the Trial Court
shall be at liberty to consider the same on its own merits, without being
impressed upon by any of the observations by this Court, and pass
appropriate orders.
26. We are thankful to Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi, learned amicus curiae, for his
able assistance.
27. The appeal stands allowed with the aforesaid observations.
….……………………………….J.
(RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI)
.....………………………………J.
(N.V. RAMANA)
NEW DELHI
AUGUST 11, 2014
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