published in http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=40795
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1467 OF 2013
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 3093 of 2012]
Kaini Rajan .. Appellant
Versus
State of Kerala .. Respondent
J U D G M E N T
K. S. Radhakrishnan, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal has been filed by the accused who was convicted for an
offence punishable under Section 376 IPC and sentenced to undergo Rigorous
Imprisonment for seven years. Facts leading to this appeal are as follows:
3. PW2, the prosecutrix, was employed in a Khadi Centre, Kayoor and
residing at Arakachal along with her parents, brothers and sisters.
According to the prosecution, on 17.9.1997 at about 8.30 AM, when she was
proceeding to the Khadi Centre from her house, the accused, a friend of her
brother, caught hold of her by hand and forcibly took her to the nearby
property of one Karunakaran and committed rape on her, without her consent.
She tried to make a hue and cry, but was silenced by the accused by
stating that he would marry her. Even after this incident, he had sexual
relationship with her on more than one occasions.
4. PW2, later, became pregnant and gave birth to a boy on 24.6.1998 in
the Government Hospital, Payyannur. Accused not only not kept his promise
to marry her, but even disputed the paternity of the child. PW2 then
lodged a complaint on 26.7.1998 before the Assistant Sub-Inspector of
Police, Cheemeni Police Station and on the basis of that complaint, police
registered Crime No. 64 of 1998. After investigation, the police filed a
report charging offences under Sections 376 and 417 IPC against the
accused. The case was tried by the Additional Sessions Judge, Kasaragod.
From the side of the prosecution, PWs1 to 8 were examined and Exh. P1-P4
were marked. When questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C., the accused denied
all incriminating evidence.
5. PW2 deposed that she had previous acquaintance with the accused being
his brother’s friend.
But, on the date of the incident, even though she
made a hue and cry, she was threatened and told not to disclose the
incident to anybody and also made to believe that he would marry her.
PW3,
mother of PW2, as well as PW4, the father, deposed that they came to know
of the incident only when PW2 became pregnant and only after the delivery
of the child they approached the police station to lodge a complaint.
6. The trial Court after appreciating the evidence took the view that
subsequent contact of the parties cannot be taken as a ground to infer
consent for the incident, which occurred in August 1997.
The trial Court
also noticed that the accused had spoiled the future of PW2 and disputed
the paternity of the child and he cannot escape on the loophole of consent.
The trial Court, however, found nothing to attract Section 417 IPC, but
convicted the accused under Section 376 IPC and sentenced to him undergo
rigorous imprisonment for seven years, together with a fine of Rs.25,000/-
with default clause.
7. The accused took up the matter in appeal before the High Court in
Criminal Appeal No. 1139 of 2003. The High Court noticed that both in the
chief-examination as well as in the cross-examination PW2 has stated that
the initial sexual act was without her consent, and though she tried to
resist, she was threatened that she would be killed and that the accused
promised that he would marry her.
PW2, according to the High Court, had no
reason or motive to falsify the accused and there is no reason to
disbelieve version of PW2 regarding the paternity of the child.
The High
Court upheld the order of conviction and sentence awarded by the trial
Court and dismissed the criminal appeal, against which this appeal has been
filed.
8. We may indicate that from the reading of the judgments of the Trial
Court as well as the High Court, it becomes clear that even as per the
version of the prosecutrix, on few occasions there were sexual encounters
between the parties, after the first allegd incident in 1997. She
accepted that they were consensual and she was a willing party, though she
did so on the promise of the appellant that he would marry her. In respect
of these subsequent acts between the parties, the appellant was charged
with the offence under Section 417 IPC but exonerated by the trial Court
itself. The conviction is related to the first incident which is treated
as rape, believing the prosecution version that it was forcible and without
the consent of the prosecutrix. Entire case is to be examined on this
limited aspect.
9. Shri E.M.S. Anam, learned counsel appearing for the appellant,
submitted that it is evident from the FIR as well as the evidence of PW2
that grievance of PW2 was mainly against the breaking of the promise of
marriage alleged to have been made by the accused and there is absolutely
no independent evidence to show that the alleged sexual act, stated to have
been committed on 17.9.1997 was without her consent. Learned counsel also
submitted that absence of injuries on PW2 and the accused, would rule out
forcible intercourse without consent. If she had made any hue and cry,
that would have been heard by the neighbours of the locality and none was
examined by the prosecution. Learned counsel submitted that the very fact
that no one had seen the incident or heard any hue or cry for help, it has
to be presumed that no such incident had occurred, as alleged by the
prosecution. Learned counsel also submitted that there is a considerable
delay in lodging the FIR and also no DNA test was conducted even after the
accused had disputed the paternity of the child. Learned counsel also
submitted that the conviction is only based on the testimony of PW2 which
cannot be relied on in the absence of any corroboration, especially in the
facts and circumstances of the present case.
10. Shri K. K. Sudheesh, learned counsel appearing for the State, on the
other hand, contended that there is no reason to disturb the findings
recorded by the trial Court, affirmed by the High Court. Learned counsel
submitted that, in a case of this nature, it is difficult to get any direct
evidence or eye-witnesses, especially when PW2 has stated that on the date
of the incident, even though she tried to resist, she was threatened that
she would be killed and that the accused had promised to marry her.
Learned counsel pointed out that the evidence of PW2 that the first sexual
act was committed by the accused without her consent, can be accepted
safely even without any corroboration.
11. We have three crucial witnesses in this case. The first and foremost
is the prosecutrix herself. We have gone through her evidence with great
care. She has stated in her cross-examination that the accused used to
come to her house to meet her elder brother, quite often. In the cross-
examination also, she has deposed that the accused used to come to her
house frequently since two to three years prior to the date of the incident
and that she used to talk to the accused. PW3, mother of PW2, has also
deposed in the cross-examination that the accused is her son’s friend.
PW4, father of PW2, has also deposed that the accused is the friend of his
son. Evidence of PW2 to PW4 would, therefore, clearly indicate that the
accused was having close acquaintance with the family of PW2 and he was not
a stranger to her on the date of the incident.
12. Section 375 IPC defines the expression “rape”, which indicates that
the first clause operates,
where the woman is in possession of her senses,
and therefore, capable of consenting but the act is done against her will;
and
second,
where it is done without her consent;
the third, fourth and fifth,
when there is consent, but it is not such a consent as excuses the offender, because it is obtained by putting her on any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.
The expression “against her will” means that the act must have been done in spite of the opposition of the woman.
An inference as to consent can be drawn if only based on
evidence or probabilities of the case.
“Consent” is also stated to be an act of reason coupled with deliberation.
It denotes an active will in the mind of a person to permit the doing of an act complained of.
Section 90
IPC refers to the expression “consent”.
Section 90, though, does not
define “consent”, but describes what is not consent. “Consent”, for the purpose of Section 375, requires voluntary participation not only after the exercise of intelligence based on the knowledge of the significance and moral quality of the act but after having fully exercised the choice between resistance and assent.
Whether there was consent or not, is to be
ascertained only on a careful study of all relevant circumstances.
[See State v. Mango Ram (2000) 7 SCC 224]
13. We are, in this case, concerned with a situation
where the incident
alleged to have occurred at 8.30 AM in day light and at a place near the
compound of one Karunakaran, not within the four walls of a house or a
building. Accused was not a stranger.
The prosecutrix had previous
acquaintance with the accused or else in all probability she would have
resisted forcefully, attracting passersby or people from the neighbourhood.
She has stated that she was threatened and made to believe that the
accused would marry her.
She later became pregnant and delivered a child,
and the paternity of the child is disputed by the accused. FIR was lodged
after a period of 10 months from the date of incident.
14. This Court examined the scope of Section 375 IPC in a case where the
facts have some resemblance with the one in hand. Reference may be made to
the judgment of this Court in Deelip Singh alias Dilip Kumar v. State of
Bihar (2005) 1 SCC 88.
In that case, this Court examined the meaning and
content of the expression
“without her consent” in Section 375 IPC as well as
whether the consent given by woman believing the man’s promise to marry her, is a consent which excludes the offence of rape.
This Court endorsed
the principle that a misrepresentation as regards the intention of the
person seeking consent, i.e. the accused, could give rise to the
misconception of fact.
While applying this principle to a case arising
under Section 375 IPC, this Court held that the consent given pursuant to a
false representation that the accused intends to marry, could be regarded
as consent given under misconception of fact.
But a promise to marry
without anything more will not give rise to “misconception of fact” within
the meaning of Section 90 IPC.
This Court further held that if, on facts,
it is established that at the very inception of the making of promise the accused did not really entertain the intention of marrying her and the promise to marry held out by him was a mere hoax, the consent ostensibly given by the victim will be of no avail to the accused to exculpate him from the ambit of the second clause of Section 375 IPC.
In the facts of
that case, this Court held, that the predominant reason which weighed with
her in agreeing for sexual intimacy with the accused was the hope generated
in her of the prospect of marriage with the accused.
The Court held that
she came to the decision to have a sexual affair only after being convinced
that the accused would marry her and it is quite clear from her evidence,
which is in tune with her earlier version given in the first information
report.
The Court noticed that she was fully aware of the moral quality
of the act and the inherent risk involved and that she considered the pros
and cons of the act.
15. In Ramdas and Others v. State of Maharashtra (2007) 2 SCC 170,
this
Court held that the conviction in case of rape can be based solely on the
testimony of the prosecutrix, but that can be done in a case where the
Court is convinced about the truthfulness of the prosecutrix and there
exist no circumstances which cast a shadow of doubt over her veracity.
16. Vijayan v. State of Kerala (2008) 14 SCC 763 was a case
where the
complaint was made by the prosecutirx after the alleged commission of rape
on her by the accused. At the time of making the case, the prosecutrix was
pregnant for about seven months. This Court did not place reliance on the
sole testimony of the prosecutrix. The Court noticed that flaw that no DNA
test was conducted to find out whether the child was born out of the said
incident and the accused was responsible for the said child.
17. K. P. Thimmappa Gowda v. State of Karnataka (2011) 14 SCC 475, was a
case
where the accused had assured the prosecutrix that he would marry her
and had sexual affair, which was repeated on several occasions as well.
But he did not marry and she became pregnant.
That was a case where there
was delay of eight months in filing the complaint.
The accused was given
the benefit of doubt holding that it would not be possible to conclude that
the alleged sexual act was committed without the consent of the
prosecutrix.
18. We have already referred to the evidence of PW2 to PW4 and that their
consistent version is that
PW2 had previous acquaintance with the accused
being her elder brother’s friend for a period of more than two years before
the date of incident.
The place of the alleged incident and the time is
very crucial, so for as this case is concerned. It was early morning at
8.30 AM and the place of the alleged incident was on the side of a public
road.
If she had made any semblance of resistance or made any hue and cry
it would have attracted large number of people from the locality.
Further
the first information report, as already indicated, was lodged after a
period of 10 months of the alleged incident.
All these factors cast some shadow of doubt on the version of PW2.
19. Behaviour of the parents of the prosecutirix viz. PW3 and PW4 also
appears to be strange.
On their evidence they stated that they came to
know about the relations between the appellant and the prosecutrix when
they found her pregnant.
Prosecutrix had told them that the appellant had
agreed to marry her.
They knew the appellant and his family already.
However, there is not even a whisper that they approached the appellant or
his family members for marrying the prosecutrix.
They straightaway went to
the police station to lodge the report, that too after the birth of the
child.
All these factors cast a doubt on the prosecution version.
The
version of victim, in rape commands great respect and acceptability, but,
if there are some circumstances which cast some doubt in the mind of the
court of the veracity of the victim’s evidence, then, it is not safe to
rely on the uncorroborated version of the victim of rape.
20. The trial Court as well as the High Court has committed an error in
holding that the accused is guilty of the offence punishable under Section
376 IPC. In such circumstances, we are inclined to allow this appeal and
set aside the conviction and sentence imposed on the appellant and order
accordingly.
………………..……..…J.
(K.S.
Radhakrishnan)
………………………….J.
(A.K. Sikri)
New Delhi,
September 19, 2013
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1467 OF 2013
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 3093 of 2012]
Kaini Rajan .. Appellant
Versus
State of Kerala .. Respondent
J U D G M E N T
K. S. Radhakrishnan, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal has been filed by the accused who was convicted for an
offence punishable under Section 376 IPC and sentenced to undergo Rigorous
Imprisonment for seven years. Facts leading to this appeal are as follows:
3. PW2, the prosecutrix, was employed in a Khadi Centre, Kayoor and
residing at Arakachal along with her parents, brothers and sisters.
According to the prosecution, on 17.9.1997 at about 8.30 AM, when she was
proceeding to the Khadi Centre from her house, the accused, a friend of her
brother, caught hold of her by hand and forcibly took her to the nearby
property of one Karunakaran and committed rape on her, without her consent.
She tried to make a hue and cry, but was silenced by the accused by
stating that he would marry her. Even after this incident, he had sexual
relationship with her on more than one occasions.
4. PW2, later, became pregnant and gave birth to a boy on 24.6.1998 in
the Government Hospital, Payyannur. Accused not only not kept his promise
to marry her, but even disputed the paternity of the child. PW2 then
lodged a complaint on 26.7.1998 before the Assistant Sub-Inspector of
Police, Cheemeni Police Station and on the basis of that complaint, police
registered Crime No. 64 of 1998. After investigation, the police filed a
report charging offences under Sections 376 and 417 IPC against the
accused. The case was tried by the Additional Sessions Judge, Kasaragod.
From the side of the prosecution, PWs1 to 8 were examined and Exh. P1-P4
were marked. When questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C., the accused denied
all incriminating evidence.
5. PW2 deposed that she had previous acquaintance with the accused being
his brother’s friend.
But, on the date of the incident, even though she
made a hue and cry, she was threatened and told not to disclose the
incident to anybody and also made to believe that he would marry her.
PW3,
mother of PW2, as well as PW4, the father, deposed that they came to know
of the incident only when PW2 became pregnant and only after the delivery
of the child they approached the police station to lodge a complaint.
6. The trial Court after appreciating the evidence took the view that
subsequent contact of the parties cannot be taken as a ground to infer
consent for the incident, which occurred in August 1997.
The trial Court
also noticed that the accused had spoiled the future of PW2 and disputed
the paternity of the child and he cannot escape on the loophole of consent.
The trial Court, however, found nothing to attract Section 417 IPC, but
convicted the accused under Section 376 IPC and sentenced to him undergo
rigorous imprisonment for seven years, together with a fine of Rs.25,000/-
with default clause.
7. The accused took up the matter in appeal before the High Court in
Criminal Appeal No. 1139 of 2003. The High Court noticed that both in the
chief-examination as well as in the cross-examination PW2 has stated that
the initial sexual act was without her consent, and though she tried to
resist, she was threatened that she would be killed and that the accused
promised that he would marry her.
PW2, according to the High Court, had no
reason or motive to falsify the accused and there is no reason to
disbelieve version of PW2 regarding the paternity of the child.
The High
Court upheld the order of conviction and sentence awarded by the trial
Court and dismissed the criminal appeal, against which this appeal has been
filed.
8. We may indicate that from the reading of the judgments of the Trial
Court as well as the High Court, it becomes clear that even as per the
version of the prosecutrix, on few occasions there were sexual encounters
between the parties, after the first allegd incident in 1997. She
accepted that they were consensual and she was a willing party, though she
did so on the promise of the appellant that he would marry her. In respect
of these subsequent acts between the parties, the appellant was charged
with the offence under Section 417 IPC but exonerated by the trial Court
itself. The conviction is related to the first incident which is treated
as rape, believing the prosecution version that it was forcible and without
the consent of the prosecutrix. Entire case is to be examined on this
limited aspect.
9. Shri E.M.S. Anam, learned counsel appearing for the appellant,
submitted that it is evident from the FIR as well as the evidence of PW2
that grievance of PW2 was mainly against the breaking of the promise of
marriage alleged to have been made by the accused and there is absolutely
no independent evidence to show that the alleged sexual act, stated to have
been committed on 17.9.1997 was without her consent. Learned counsel also
submitted that absence of injuries on PW2 and the accused, would rule out
forcible intercourse without consent. If she had made any hue and cry,
that would have been heard by the neighbours of the locality and none was
examined by the prosecution. Learned counsel submitted that the very fact
that no one had seen the incident or heard any hue or cry for help, it has
to be presumed that no such incident had occurred, as alleged by the
prosecution. Learned counsel also submitted that there is a considerable
delay in lodging the FIR and also no DNA test was conducted even after the
accused had disputed the paternity of the child. Learned counsel also
submitted that the conviction is only based on the testimony of PW2 which
cannot be relied on in the absence of any corroboration, especially in the
facts and circumstances of the present case.
10. Shri K. K. Sudheesh, learned counsel appearing for the State, on the
other hand, contended that there is no reason to disturb the findings
recorded by the trial Court, affirmed by the High Court. Learned counsel
submitted that, in a case of this nature, it is difficult to get any direct
evidence or eye-witnesses, especially when PW2 has stated that on the date
of the incident, even though she tried to resist, she was threatened that
she would be killed and that the accused had promised to marry her.
Learned counsel pointed out that the evidence of PW2 that the first sexual
act was committed by the accused without her consent, can be accepted
safely even without any corroboration.
11. We have three crucial witnesses in this case. The first and foremost
is the prosecutrix herself. We have gone through her evidence with great
care. She has stated in her cross-examination that the accused used to
come to her house to meet her elder brother, quite often. In the cross-
examination also, she has deposed that the accused used to come to her
house frequently since two to three years prior to the date of the incident
and that she used to talk to the accused. PW3, mother of PW2, has also
deposed in the cross-examination that the accused is her son’s friend.
PW4, father of PW2, has also deposed that the accused is the friend of his
son. Evidence of PW2 to PW4 would, therefore, clearly indicate that the
accused was having close acquaintance with the family of PW2 and he was not
a stranger to her on the date of the incident.
12. Section 375 IPC defines the expression “rape”, which indicates that
the first clause operates,
where the woman is in possession of her senses,
and therefore, capable of consenting but the act is done against her will;
and
second,
where it is done without her consent;
the third, fourth and fifth,
when there is consent, but it is not such a consent as excuses the offender, because it is obtained by putting her on any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.
The expression “against her will” means that the act must have been done in spite of the opposition of the woman.
An inference as to consent can be drawn if only based on
evidence or probabilities of the case.
“Consent” is also stated to be an act of reason coupled with deliberation.
It denotes an active will in the mind of a person to permit the doing of an act complained of.
Section 90
IPC refers to the expression “consent”.
Section 90, though, does not
define “consent”, but describes what is not consent. “Consent”, for the purpose of Section 375, requires voluntary participation not only after the exercise of intelligence based on the knowledge of the significance and moral quality of the act but after having fully exercised the choice between resistance and assent.
Whether there was consent or not, is to be
ascertained only on a careful study of all relevant circumstances.
[See State v. Mango Ram (2000) 7 SCC 224]
13. We are, in this case, concerned with a situation
where the incident
alleged to have occurred at 8.30 AM in day light and at a place near the
compound of one Karunakaran, not within the four walls of a house or a
building. Accused was not a stranger.
The prosecutrix had previous
acquaintance with the accused or else in all probability she would have
resisted forcefully, attracting passersby or people from the neighbourhood.
She has stated that she was threatened and made to believe that the
accused would marry her.
She later became pregnant and delivered a child,
and the paternity of the child is disputed by the accused. FIR was lodged
after a period of 10 months from the date of incident.
14. This Court examined the scope of Section 375 IPC in a case where the
facts have some resemblance with the one in hand. Reference may be made to
the judgment of this Court in Deelip Singh alias Dilip Kumar v. State of
Bihar (2005) 1 SCC 88.
In that case, this Court examined the meaning and
content of the expression
“without her consent” in Section 375 IPC as well as
whether the consent given by woman believing the man’s promise to marry her, is a consent which excludes the offence of rape.
This Court endorsed
the principle that a misrepresentation as regards the intention of the
person seeking consent, i.e. the accused, could give rise to the
misconception of fact.
While applying this principle to a case arising
under Section 375 IPC, this Court held that the consent given pursuant to a
false representation that the accused intends to marry, could be regarded
as consent given under misconception of fact.
But a promise to marry
without anything more will not give rise to “misconception of fact” within
the meaning of Section 90 IPC.
This Court further held that if, on facts,
it is established that at the very inception of the making of promise the accused did not really entertain the intention of marrying her and the promise to marry held out by him was a mere hoax, the consent ostensibly given by the victim will be of no avail to the accused to exculpate him from the ambit of the second clause of Section 375 IPC.
In the facts of
that case, this Court held, that the predominant reason which weighed with
her in agreeing for sexual intimacy with the accused was the hope generated
in her of the prospect of marriage with the accused.
The Court held that
she came to the decision to have a sexual affair only after being convinced
that the accused would marry her and it is quite clear from her evidence,
which is in tune with her earlier version given in the first information
report.
The Court noticed that she was fully aware of the moral quality
of the act and the inherent risk involved and that she considered the pros
and cons of the act.
15. In Ramdas and Others v. State of Maharashtra (2007) 2 SCC 170,
this
Court held that the conviction in case of rape can be based solely on the
testimony of the prosecutrix, but that can be done in a case where the
Court is convinced about the truthfulness of the prosecutrix and there
exist no circumstances which cast a shadow of doubt over her veracity.
16. Vijayan v. State of Kerala (2008) 14 SCC 763 was a case
where the
complaint was made by the prosecutirx after the alleged commission of rape
on her by the accused. At the time of making the case, the prosecutrix was
pregnant for about seven months. This Court did not place reliance on the
sole testimony of the prosecutrix. The Court noticed that flaw that no DNA
test was conducted to find out whether the child was born out of the said
incident and the accused was responsible for the said child.
17. K. P. Thimmappa Gowda v. State of Karnataka (2011) 14 SCC 475, was a
case
where the accused had assured the prosecutrix that he would marry her
and had sexual affair, which was repeated on several occasions as well.
But he did not marry and she became pregnant.
That was a case where there
was delay of eight months in filing the complaint.
The accused was given
the benefit of doubt holding that it would not be possible to conclude that
the alleged sexual act was committed without the consent of the
prosecutrix.
18. We have already referred to the evidence of PW2 to PW4 and that their
consistent version is that
PW2 had previous acquaintance with the accused
being her elder brother’s friend for a period of more than two years before
the date of incident.
The place of the alleged incident and the time is
very crucial, so for as this case is concerned. It was early morning at
8.30 AM and the place of the alleged incident was on the side of a public
road.
If she had made any semblance of resistance or made any hue and cry
it would have attracted large number of people from the locality.
Further
the first information report, as already indicated, was lodged after a
period of 10 months of the alleged incident.
All these factors cast some shadow of doubt on the version of PW2.
19. Behaviour of the parents of the prosecutirix viz. PW3 and PW4 also
appears to be strange.
On their evidence they stated that they came to
know about the relations between the appellant and the prosecutrix when
they found her pregnant.
Prosecutrix had told them that the appellant had
agreed to marry her.
They knew the appellant and his family already.
However, there is not even a whisper that they approached the appellant or
his family members for marrying the prosecutrix.
They straightaway went to
the police station to lodge the report, that too after the birth of the
child.
All these factors cast a doubt on the prosecution version.
The
version of victim, in rape commands great respect and acceptability, but,
if there are some circumstances which cast some doubt in the mind of the
court of the veracity of the victim’s evidence, then, it is not safe to
rely on the uncorroborated version of the victim of rape.
20. The trial Court as well as the High Court has committed an error in
holding that the accused is guilty of the offence punishable under Section
376 IPC. In such circumstances, we are inclined to allow this appeal and
set aside the conviction and sentence imposed on the appellant and order
accordingly.
………………..……..…J.
(K.S.
Radhakrishnan)
………………………….J.
(A.K. Sikri)
New Delhi,
September 19, 2013
