2025 INSC 1158
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 1 of 19
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1755 OF 2010
SANJABIJ TARI .…. APPELLANT
VERSUS
KISHORE S. BORCAR & ANR. ..…RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
MANMOHAN, J.
1. The present Appeal has been filed challenging the ex-parte judgment and
order dated 16th April 2009 passed by the High Court of Bombay at Goa
acquitting the Respondent No.1-Accused under Section 138 of the Negotiable
Instruments Act, 1881 (for short ‘NI Act’) and reversing the concurrent judgments
of the Trial Court and the Sessions Court.
ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF APPELLANT-COMPLAINANT
2. Mr. Amarjit Singh Bedi, learned counsel for the Appellant-Complainant
submitted that the High Court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction erred in
upsetting the conviction of the Respondent No.1-Accused under Section 138 of
the NI Act based on categorical findings of facts rendered by both the Courts
below that the dishonoured cheque had been issued in favour of the AppellantComplainant in discharge of a legally enforceable debt.
3. He contended that there was no evidence on record to establish that the
Appellant-Complainant did not have the financial means to advance a friendly
loan of Rs.6,00,000/- (Rupees Six Lakhs) to the Respondent No.1-Accused . He
emphasised that the Appellant-Complainant in his statement under oath had stated
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 2 of 19
that in order to oblige his friend/Respondent No.1-Accused , the AppellantComplainant had arranged money from his father, who was a cloth merchant
having two shops and even went to the extent of parting with a portion of the loan
amount which he himself had borrowed from a financial institution.
4. He pointed out that the Respondent No.1-Accused during the course of
arguments on sentencing before the Trial Court had prayed for leniency on the
ground that he was ready to pay the cheque amount to the Appellant-Complainant
within a reasonable time.
5. He further stated that though the Appellant-Complainant filed an
application under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (‘Cr.P.C.’) for
recall of the impugned judgment by substantiating sufficient cause for the absence
of his advocate on 16th April 2009, yet the learned Single Judge had been pleased
to dismiss the said application holding that the Court had become functus officio
and it had no jurisdiction under criminal law to recall the impugned order. He
submitted that the High Court erred in not exercising its inherent powers to set
aside the impugned judgment which, for all legal purposes, was an ex-parte order.
6. He lastly stated that if this Court were to set aside the impugned judgment
of the High Court and restore the concurrent judgments of the Trial Court and
Sessions Court, the Appellant-Complainant would accept the payment of
outstanding amount in instalments as directed by the Trial Court.
ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT NO.1-ACCUSED
7. Per contra, Mr. Ankit Yadav, learned counsel for the Respondent No.1-
Accused stated that the Appellant-Complainant was being paid a salary of only
Rs.2,300/- (Rupees Two Thousand and Three Hundred) per month at the relevant
point of time, which was not even adequate to take care of his family, leave alone
sufficient to advance a loan of Rs.6,00,000/- (Rupees Six Lakhs). He contended
that the Appellant-Complainant was a highly indebted person who did not have
any source of income other than his meagre salary and therefore, he did not have
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 3 of 19
the wherewithal to advance such a huge loan and that too without issuance of any
kind of receipt.
8. He submitted that the accused can always rely on material and/or evidence
filed by the complainant in order to raise a probable defence which creates doubts
about the existence of a legally enforceable debt or liability. In support of his
submission, he relied upon the judgment of this Court in Rangappa vs. Sri
Mohan, (2010) 11 SCC 441.
9. He further submitted that whenever the accused questions the financial
capacity of the complainant in support of his probable defence, despite the
presumption of a legally enforceable debt under Section 139 of the NI Act, the
onus shifts back to the complainant to prove his financial capacity, more
particularly, when it is a case of giving loan by cash and thereafter issuance of a
cheque. In support of his submission, he relied upon the judgment of this Court
in APS Forex Services Private Limited vs. Shakti International Fashion
Linkers and Ors., (2020) 12 SCC 724.
10. He emphasised that the defence of the Respondent No.1-Accused that a
blank cheque had been given to the Appellant-Complainant to enable him to
obtain a loan from the bank was more than a probable defence to rebut the
presumption under the NI Act, particularly, in view of the fact that the parties
were known to each other.
REASONING
SCOPE AND INTENT OF CHAPTER XVII OF NI ACT
11. Having heard learned counsel for the parties, this Court is of the view that
it is essential to first outline the scope and intent of Chapter XVII (Sections 138
to 148) of NI Act which has been inserted by Act 66 of 1988 w.e.f. 1st April 1989.
12. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of Act 66 of 1988 states, “….to
enhance the acceptability of cheques in settlement of liabilities by making the
drawer liable for penalties in case of bouncing of cheques due to insufficiency of
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 4 of 19
funds in the accounts or for the reason that it exceeds the arrangements made by
the drawer, with adequate safeguards to prevent harassment of honest drawers.”
13. The provisions contained in Chapter XVII provide that where any cheque
drawn by a person for the discharge of any liability is returned by the bank unpaid
for the reason of the insufficiency of the amount of money standing to the credit
of the account on which the cheque was drawn or for the reason that it exceeds
the arrangements made by the drawer of the cheque with the banker for that
account, the drawer of such cheque shall be deemed to have committed an
offence. In that case, the drawer, without prejudice to the other provisions of the
said Act, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to
two years, or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or
with both.
14. Consequently, this Court is of the view that the intent behind introducing
Chapter XVII is to restore the credibility of cheques as a trustworthy substitute
for cash payment and to promote a culture of using cheques. Further, by
criminalizing the act of issuing cheques without sufficient funds or for other
specified reasons, the law promotes financial discipline, discourages
irresponsible practices and allows for a more efficient and timely resolution of
disputes compared to the previous pure civil remedy which was found to involve
the payee in a long-drawn out process of litigation.
ONCE EXECUTION OF CHEQUE IS ADMITTED, PRESUMPTIONS UNDER
SECTIONS 118 AND 139 OF THE NI ACT ARISE
15. In the present case, the cheque in question has admittedly been signed by
the Respondent No.1-Accused . This Court is of the view that once the execution
of the cheque is admitted, the presumption under Section 118 of the NI Act that
the cheque in question was drawn for consideration and the presumption under
Section 139 of the NI Act that the holder of the cheque received the said cheque
in discharge of a legally enforceable debt or liability arises against the accused. It
is pertinent to mention that observations to the contrary by a two Judges Bench
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 5 of 19
in Krishna Janardhan Bhat vs. Dattatraya G. Hegde, (2008) 4 SCC 54 have
been set aside by a three Judges Bench in Rangappa (supra).
16. This Court is further of the view that by creating this presumption, the law
reinforces the reliability of cheques as a mode of payment in commercial
transactions.
17. Needless to mention that the presumption contemplated under Section 139
of the NI Act, is a rebuttable presumption. However, the initial onus of proving
that the cheque is not in discharge of any debt or other liability is on the
accused/drawer of the cheque [See: Bir Singh vs. Mukesh Kumar, (2019) 4 SCC
197].
18. The judgment of this Court in APS Forex Services Private Limited (supra)
relied upon by learned counsel for the Respondent No.1-Accused only says that
presumption under Section 139 of the NI Act is rebuttable and when the same is
rebutted, the onus would shift back to the complainant to prove his financial
capacity, more particularly, when it is a case of giving loan by cash. This judgment
nowhere states, as was sought to be contended by learned counsel for the
Respondent No.1-Accused, that in cases of dishonour of cheques, in lieu of cash
loans, the presumption under Section 139 of the NI Act does not arise.
APPROACH OF SOME COURTS BELOW TO NOT GIVE EFFECT TO THE
PRESUMTIONS UNDER SECTIONS 118 AND 139 OF NI ACT IS CONTRARY
TO MANDATE OF PARLIAMENT
19. Recently, the Kerala High Court in P.C. Hari vs. Shine Varghese & Anr.,
2025 SCC OnLine Ker 5535 has taken the view that a debt created by a cash
transaction above Rs. 20,000/- (Rupees Twenty Thousand) in violation of the
provisions of Section 269SS of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short ‘IT Act,
1961’) is not a ‘legally enforceable debt’ unless there is a valid explanation for
the same, meaning thereby that the presumption under Section 139 of the Act will
not be attracted in cash transactions above Rs. 20,000/- (Rupees Twenty
Thousand).
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 6 of 19
20. However, this Court is of the view that any breach of Section 269SS of the
IT Act, 1961 is subject to a penalty only under Section 271D of the IT Act, 1961.
Further neither Section 269SS nor 271D of the IT Act, 1961 state that any
transaction in breach thereof will be illegal, invalid or statutorily void. Therefore,
any violation of Section 269SS would not render the transaction unenforceable
under Section 138 of the NI Act or rebut the presumptions under Sections 118
and 139 of the NI Act because such a person, assuming him/her to be the
payee/holder in due course, is liable to be visited by a penalty only as prescribed.
Consequently, the view that any transaction above Rs.20,000/- (Rupees Twenty
Thousand) is illegal and void and therefore does not fall within the definition of
‘legally enforceable debt’ cannot be countenanced. Accordingly, the conclusion
of law in P.C. Hari (supra) is set aside.
21. This Court also takes judicial notice of the fact that some District Courts
and some High Courts are not giving effect to the presumptions incorporated in
Sections 118 and 139 of NI Act and are treating the proceedings under the NI Act
as another civil recovery proceedings and are directing the complainant to prove
the antecedent debt or liability. This Court is of the view that such an approach
is not only prolonging the trial but is also contrary to the mandate of Parliament,
namely, that the drawer and the bank must honour the cheque, otherwise, trust in
cheques would be irreparably damaged.
NO DOCUMENTS AND/OR EVIDENCE LED WITH REGARD TO THE
FINANCIAL INCAPACITY OF THE APPELLANT
22. It is pertinent to mention that in the present case, the Respondent No.1-
Accused has filed no documents and/or examined any independent witness or
led any evidence with regard to the financial incapacity of the AppellantComplainant to advance the loans in question. For instance, this Court in
Rajaram S/o Sriramulu Naidu (Since Deceased) Through LRs. vs.
Maruthachalam (Since Deceased) Through LRs., (2023) 16 SCC 125 has held
that presumptions under Sections 118 and 139 of the NI Act can be rebutted by
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 7 of 19
the accused examining the Income Tax Officer and bank officials of the
complainant/drawee.
WHEN THE EVIDENCE OF PW-1 IS READ IN ITS ENTIRETY, IT CANNOT BE
SAID THAT THE APPELLANT-COMPLAINANT HAD NO WHEREWITHAL TO
ADVANCE LOAN
23. Most certainly, the accused can rely upon the evidence adduced by the
complainant to rebut the presumption with regard to the existence of a legally
enforceable debt or liability, yet in the present case, when the evidence of
Appellant-Complainant (PW-1) is read in its entirety, like it should be, it cannot
be said that the Appellant-Complainant had no wherewithal to advance any loan
to the Respondent No.1-Accused .
24. In fact, the Appellant-Complainant, in his statement, has stated that as the
Respondent No.1-Accused was his friend, he had advanced part of the loan
received by him and had also taken loan from his father to advance money to the
Respondent No.1-Accused .
25. The Trial Court in its order and judgment dated 30th April 2007 has held
that the Respondent No.1-Accused has failed to rebut the presumption under
Sections 118 and 139 of the NI Act and that the Appellant-Complainant has
proved the legally enforceable debt. The relevant portion of the Trial Court’s
order and judgment dated 30th April 2007 is reproduced hereinbelow:-
“11…Accused had not disputed his signature on the cheque.
Complainant stated that he had advanced to accused amount of
cheque in two different installments on two different occasions cannot
be believed has no merit. Accused himself admitted his signature on
the cheque and accused had failed to rebut the presumption in favour
of the complainant as available under Negotiable Instruments Act,
1881.
12.As regard the contention of the Ld. Advocate for the accused that
the complainant failed to show legally enforceable liability due to him
by the accused has also no merit as there is cogent evidence of the
complainant supported with documentary evidence as regard the
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 8 of 19
cheque and its dishonour and its non payment by the accused inspite
of the receipt of the notice to pay the same….”
26. The Sessions Court too specifically rejected the contention of the
Respondent No.1-Accused that the Appellant-Complainant had no means to
advance the loan of Rs.6,00,000/- (Rupees Six Lakhs) to the Respondent No.1-
Accused. The relevant portion of the Sessions Court’s judgment dated 17th
September 2008 is reproduced hereinbelow:-
“15…The contention of the accused, now in appeal, that the
complainant had no means to sustain himself and was in debt to
various institutions is not borne out from the records. No doubt, no
documentary evidence is produced by the complainant nor any
witness is there to prove that he gave Rs.6,00,000/- to the accused.
But the circumstances, discussed above are such that the testimony of
PW1 is sufficient to prove the said friendly loan transaction…”
IN REVISIONAL JURISDICTION, HIGH COURT DOES NOT, IN THE
ABSENCE OF PERVERSITY, UPSET CONCURRENT FACTUAL FINDINGS
27. It is well settled that in exercise of revisional jurisdiction, the High Court
does not, in the absence of perversity, upset concurrent factual findings [See: Bir
Singh (supra)]. This Court is of the view that it is not for the Revisional Court to
re-analyse and re-interpret the evidence on record. As held by this Court in
Southern Sales & Services and Others vs. Sauermilch Design and Handels
GMBH, (2008) 14 SCC 457, it is a well-established principle of law that the
Revisional Court will not interfere, even if a wrong order is passed by a Court
having jurisdiction, in the absence of a jurisdictional error.
28. Consequently, this Court is of the view that in the absence of perversity, it
was not open to the High Court in the present case, in revisional jurisdiction, to
upset the concurrent findings of the Trial Court and the Sessions Court.
FAILURE OF ACCUSED TO REPLY TO NOTICE LEADS TO AN INFERENCE
29. Furthermore, the fact that the accused has failed to reply to the statutory
notice under Section 138 of the NI Act leads to an inference that there is merit in
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 9 of 19
the Appellant-Complainant’s version. This Court in Tedhi Singh vs. Narayan
Dass Mahant, (2022) 6 SCC 735 has held that the accused has the initial burden
to set up the defence in his reply to the demand notice that the complainant did
not have the financial capacity to advance the loan. The relevant portion of the
said judgment is reproduced hereinbelow:-
“10. … The proceedings under Section 138 of the NI Act is not a civil
suit. At the time, when the complainant gives his evidence, unless a
case is set up in the reply notice to the statutory notice sent, that the
complainant did not have the wherewithal, it cannot be expected of
the complainant to initially lead evidence to show that he had the
financial capacity. To that extent, the courts in our view were right in
holding on those lines. However, the accused has the right to
demonstrate that the complainant in a particular case did not have
the capacity and therefore, the case of the accused is acceptable
which he can do by producing independent materials, namely, by
examining his witnesses and producing documents. It is also open to
him to establish the very same aspect by pointing to the materials
produced by the complainant himself. He can further, more
importantly, achieve this result through the cross-examination of the
witnesses of the complainant. Ultimately, it becomes the duty of the
courts to consider carefully and appreciate the totality of the evidence
and then come to a conclusion whether in the given case, the accused
has shown that the case of the complainant is in peril for the reason
that the accused has established a probable defence.”
(emphasis supplied)
30. This Court in MMTC Ltd. and Another vs. Medchl Chemicals & Pharma
(P) Ltd. and Another, (2002) 1 SCC 234 has specifically held that when a
statutory notice is not replied, it has to be presumed that the cheque was issued
towards the discharge of liability.
31. Also, after receipt of the legal notice, wherein the Appellant-Complainant
alleged that the Respondent No.1-Accused’s cheque had bounced, no complaint
or legal proceeding was initiated by the Respondent No.1-Accused alleging that
the cheque was not to be encashed. Consequently, the defence of financial
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 10 of 19
incapacity of Appellant-Complainant advanced by the Respondent No.1-Accused
is an afterthought.
RESPONDENT NO.1-ACCUSED’S DEFENCE THAT A SIGNED BLANK
CHEQUE WAS ISSUED TO ENABLE COMPLAINANT TO OBTAIN A LOAN IS
UNBELIEVABLE
32. The High Court’s finding that the Respondent No.1-Accused ’s defence
that a signed blank cheque was issued by him so as to enable his friend/AppellantComplainant to obtain a loan from a bank was sufficient to rebut the presumptions
under Sections 118 and 139 of the NI Act is unbelievable and absurd. This Court
agrees with the Sessions Court’s finding in the present case that, “It is funny to
say that for obtaining loan from the bank, one can show a cheque which is issued
on an account in which there are not sufficient funds. The case of the accused is
unbelievable”.
KEEPING IN VIEW THE MASSIVE BACKLOG OF CHEQUE BOUNCING
CASES, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES ARE ISSUED
33. Before parting with this matter, this Court takes judicial notice of the fact
that despite repeated directions by this Court in various judgments including
Indian Bank Association and Others vs. Union of India and Others, (2014) 5
SCC 590, Damodar S. Prabhu vs. Sayed Babalal H., (2010) 5 SCC 663 and In
Re: Expeditious Trial of cases under Section 138 of NI Act 1881, (2021) 16 SCC
116, pendency of cheque bouncing cases under the NI Act in District Courts in
major metropolitan cities of India continues to be staggeringly high. For instance,
the pendency of Section 138 cases as on 01st September 2025 in Delhi District
Courts is 6,50,283 (Six Lakhs Fifty Thousand Two Hundred Eighty Three),
Mumbai District Courts is 1,17,190 (One Lakh Seventeen Thousand One
Hundred Ninety) and Calcutta District Courts is 2,65,985 (Two Lakhs Sixty Five
Thousand Nine Hundred Eighty Five) [Source: National Judicial Data Grid].
This pendency is putting an unprecedented strain on the judicial system as in
some States, cases under Section 138 of the NI Act constitute nearly fifty per cent
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 11 of 19
(50%) of the pendency in Trial Court (in Delhi Section 138 NI Act cases
constitute 49.45% of total Trial Court pendency).
34. In P. Mohanraj and Others v. Shah Brothers Ispat Private Limited, (2021)
6 SCC 258, this Court while re-iterating the position of law with regard to the
nature of offence under Section 138 of the NI Act, has held as under:
“53. A perusal of the judgment in Ishwarlal Bhagwandas [S.A.L.
Narayan Row v. Ishwarlal Bhagwandas, (1966) 1 SCR 190 : AIR 1965
SC 1818] would show that a civil proceeding is not necessarily a
proceeding which begins with the filing of a suit and culminates in
execution of a decree. It would include a revenue proceeding as well
as a writ petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution, if the
reliefs therein are to enforce rights of a civil nature. Interestingly,
criminal proceedings are stated to be proceedings in which the larger
interest of the State is concerned. Given these tests, it is clear that a
Section 138 proceeding can be said to be a “civil sheep” in a
“criminal wolf's” clothing, as it is the interest of the victim that is
sought to be protected, the larger interest of the State being
subsumed in the victim alone moving a court in cheque bouncing
cases, as has been seen by us in the analysis made hereinabove of
Chapter XVII of the Negotiable Instruments Act.”
(emphasis supplied)
35. Admittedly, the offence under Section 138 of the NI Act is quasi-criminal
in character and is compoundable [See: Damodar S. Prabhu (supra)]. Recently,
in Gian Chand Garg v. Harpal Singh & Anr. (Criminal Appeal No. 3789 of
2025 dated 11th August 2025), a co-ordinate Bench of this Court has set aside
concurrent convictions rendered by the Courts below on the ground that the
proceeding under Section 138 of the NI Act is essentially a civil proceeding and
it is open to the parties to enter into a voluntary compromise. Consequently, this
Court is of the view that not only a voluntary compromise can bring the
proceedings under Section 138 NI Act to an end, but the accused under the said
offence are entitled to benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 [See:
Chellammal & Another vs. State Represented by the Inspector of Police, 2025
SCC OnLine SC 870]. Observations to the contrary by Kerala HC in M.V.
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 12 of 19
Nalinakshan vs. M. Rameshan & Anr. 2009 All MR (Cri) Journal 273 are set
aside.
36. Keeping in view the massive backlog of cheque bouncing cases and the
fact that service of summons on the accused in a complaint filed under Section
138 of the NI Act continues to be one of the main reasons for the delay in disposal
of the complaints as well as the fact that punishment under the NI Act is not a
means of seeking retribution but is more a means to ensure payment of money
and to promote credibility of cheques as a trustworthy substitute for cash
payment, this Court issues the following directions:-
A. In all cases filed under Section 138 of the NI Act, service of
summons shall not be confined through prescribed usual modes but shall
also be issued dasti i.e. summons shall be served upon the accused by the
complainant in addition. This direction is necessary as a large number of
Section 138 cases under the NI Act are filed in the metropolitan cities by
financial institutions, by virtue of Section 142(2) of the NI Act, against
accused who may not be necessarily residing within the territorial
jurisdiction of the Court where the complaint has been filed. The Trial
Courts shall further resort to service of summons by electronic means in
terms of the applicable Notifications/Rules, if any, framed under subSections 1 and 2 of Section 64 and under Clause (i) of Section 530 and
other provisions of the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (for short
‘BNSS, 2023’) like Delhi BNSS (Service of Summons and Warrants)
Rules, 2025. For this purpose, the complainant shall, at the time of filing
the complaint, provide the requisite particulars including e-mail address,
mobile number and/or WhatsApp number/messaging application details of
the accused, duly supported by an affidavit verifying that the said
particulars pertain to the accused/respondent.
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 13 of 19
B. The complainant shall file an affidavit of service before the Court.
In the event such affidavit is found to be false, the Court shall be at liberty
to take appropriate action against the complainant in accordance with law.
C. In order to facilitate expeditious settlement of cases under Section
138 of the NI Act, the Principal District and Sessions Judge of each District
Court shall create and operationalise dedicated online payment facilities
through secure QR codes or UPI links. The summons shall expressly
mention that the Respondent/Accused has the option to make payment of
the cheque amount at the initial stage itself, directly through the said online
link. The complainant shall also be informed of such payment and upon
confirmation of receipt, appropriate orders regarding release of such money
and compounding/closure of proceedings under Section 147 of the NI Act
and/or Section 255 of Cr.P.C./278 BNSS, 2023 may be passed by the Court
in accordance with law. This measure shall promote settlement at the
threshold stage and/or ensure speedy disposal of cases.
D. Each and every complaint under Section 138 of the NI Act shall
contain a synopsis in the following format which shall be filed immediately
after the index (at the top of the file) i.e. prior to the formal complaint:-
Complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
I. Particulars of the Parties
(i) Complainant: ____________
(ii) Accused: ____________
(In case where the accused is a company or a firm then Registered
Address, Name of the Managing Director/Partner, Name of the
signatory, Name of the persons vicariously liable)
II. Cheque Details
(i) Cheque No. ____________
(ii) Date: ____________
(iii) Amount: ____________
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 14 of 19
(iv) Drawn on Bank/Branch: ____________
(v) Account No.: ____________
III. Dishonour
(i) Date of Presentation: ____________
(ii) Date of Return/Dishonour Memo: ____________
(iii) Branch where cheque was dishonoured:_________
(iv) Reason for Dishonour: ____________
IV. Statutory Notice
(i) Date of Notice: ____________
(ii) Mode of Service: ____________
(iii) Date of Dispatch & Tracking No.: ____________
(iv) Proof of Delivery & date of delivery: ____________
(v) Whether served:____________________
(vi) If Not, reasons thereof:________________
(vii) Reply to the Legal Demand Notice, if any_______________
V. Cause of Action
(i) Date of accrual: ____________
(ii) Jurisdiction invoked under Section 142(2): ____________
(iii) Whether any other complaint under section 138 NI Act is pending
between the same parties, If Yes, in which court and the date and year
of the institution.
VI. Relief Sought
(i) Summoning of accused and trial under Section 138 NI
Act__________
(ii) Whether Award of Interim compensation under Section 143A of NI
Act sought _____
VII. Filed through:
Complainant/Authorized Representative”
E. Recently, the High Court of Karnataka in Ashok Vs. Fayaz Aahmad,
2025 SCC OnLine Kar 490 has taken the view that since NI Act is a special
enactment, there is no need for the Magistrate to issue summons to the
accused before taking cognizance (under Section 223 of BNSS) of
complaints filed under Section 138 of NI Act. This Court is in agreement
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 15 of 19
with the view taken by the High Court of Karnataka. Consequently, this
Court directs that there shall be no requirement to issue summons to the
accused in terms of Section 223 of BNSS i.e., at the pre-cognizance stage.
F. Since the object of Section 143 of the NI Act is quick disposal of the
complaints under Section 138 by following the procedure prescribed for
summary trial under the Code, this Court reiterates the direction of this
Court in In Re: Expeditious Trial of cases under Section 138 of NI Act
(supra) that the Trial Courts shall record cogent and sufficient reasons
before converting a summary trial to summons trial. To facilitate this
process, this Court clarifies that in view of the judgment of the Delhi High
Court in Rajesh Agarwal vs. State and Anr., 2010 SCC OnLine Del 2511,
the Trial Court shall be at liberty (at the initial post cognizance stage) to
ask questions, it deems appropriate, under Section 251 Cr.P.C. / Section
274 BNSS, 2023 including the following questions:-
(i) Do you admit that the cheque belongs to your account? Yes/No
(ii) Do you admit that the signature on the cheque is yours? Yes/No
(iii) Did you issue/deliver this cheque to the complainant? Yes/No
(iv) Do you admit that you owed liability to the complainant at the
time of issuance? Yes/No
(v) If you deny liability, state clearly the defence:
(a) Security cheque only;
(b)Loan repaid already;
(c) Cheque altered/misused;
(d)Other (specify).
(vi) Do you wish to compound the case at this stage? Yes/No
G. The Court shall record the responses to the questions in the ordersheet in the presence of the accused and his/her counsel and thereafter
determine whether the case is fit to be tried summarily under Chapter XXI
of the Cr.P.C. / Chapter XXII of the BNSS, 2023.
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 16 of 19
H. Wherever, the Trial Court deems it appropriate, it shall use its power
to order payment of interim deposit as early as possible under Section 143A
of the NI Act.
I. Since physical courtrooms create a conducive environment for direct
and informal interactions encouraging early resolution, the High Courts
shall ensure that after service of summons, the matters are placed before
the physical Courts. Exemptions from personal appearances should be
granted only when facts so warrant. It is clarified that prior to the service
of summons the matters may be listed before the digital Courts.
J. Wherever cases under Section 138 of the NI Act are permitted to be
heard and disposed of by evening courts, the High Courts should ensure
that pecuniary limit of the cheque amount is realistic. For instance, in
Delhi, the jurisdiction of the evening courts to hear and decide cases of
cheque amount is not exceeding Rs.25,000/-. In the opinion of this Court,
the said limit is too low. The High Courts should forthwith issue practice
directions and set up realistic pecuniary benchmarks for evening Courts.
K. Each District and Sessions Judge in Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta
shall maintain a dedicated dashboard reflecting the pendency and progress
of cases under Section 138 of the NI Act. The dashboard shall include, inter
alia, details regarding total pendency, monthly disposal rates, percentage of
cases settled/compounded, average number of adjournments per case and
the stage-wise breakup of pending matters. The District and Sessions
Judges in aforesaid jurisdictions shall conduct monthly reviews of the
functioning of Magistrates handling NI Act matters. A consolidated
quarterly report shall be forwarded to the High Court.
L. The Chief Justices of Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta are requested to
form Committee on the Administrative side to monitor pendency and to
ensure expeditious disposal of Section 138 of the NI Act cases. These
Committees should meet at least once a month and explore the option of
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 17 of 19
appointing experienced Magistrates to deal with Section 138 of the NI Act
cases as well as promoting mediation, holding of Lok Adalats and other
alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in Section 138 NI Act cases.
37. It is pertinent to mention that this Court framed guidelines for
compounding offences under the NI Act nearly fifteen years back in Damodar S.
Prabhu (supra). The relevant portion of the said Judgment is reproduced
hereinbelow:-
“THE GUIDELINES
(i) In the circumstances, it is proposed as follows:
(a) That directions can be given that the writ of summons
be suitably modified making it clear to the accused that he could
make an application for compounding of the offences at the first
or second hearing of the case and that if such an application is
made, compounding may be allowed by the court without
imposing any costs on the accused.
(b) If the accused does not make an application for
compounding as aforesaid, then if an application for
compounding is made before the Magistrate at a subsequent
stage, compounding can be allowed subject to the condition that
the accused will be required to pay 10% of the cheque amount to
be deposited as a condition for compounding with the Legal
Services Authority, or such authority as the court deems fit.
(c) Similarly, if the application for compounding is made
before the Sessions Court or a High Court in revision or appeal,
such compounding may be allowed on the condition that the
accused pays 15% of the cheque amount by way of costs.
(d) Finally, if the application for compounding is made
before the Supreme Court, the figure would increase to 20% of
the cheque amount.
xxx xxx xxx
24. We are also conscious of the view that the judicial
endorsement of the abovequoted Guidelines could be seen as an
act of judicial law-making and therefore an intrusion into the
legislative domain. It must be kept in mind that Section 147 of the
Act does not carry any guidance on how to proceed with the
compounding of offences under the Act. We have already
explained that the scheme contemplated under Section 320 CrPC
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 18 of 19
cannot be followed in the strict sense. In view of the legislative
vacuum, we see no hurdle to the endorsement of some suggestions
which have been designed to discourage litigants from unduly
delaying the composition of the offence in cases involving Section
138 of the Act.
25. The graded scheme for imposing costs is a means to
encourage compounding at an early stage of litigation. In the
status quo, valuable time of the court is spent on the trial of these
cases and the parties are not liable to pay any court fee since the
proceedings are governed by the Code of Criminal Procedure,
even though the impact of the offence is largely confined to the
private parties. Even though the imposition of costs by the
competent court is a matter of discretion, the scale of costs has
been suggested in the interest of uniformity. The competent court
can of course reduce the costs with regard to the specific facts
and circumstances of a case, while recording reasons in writing
for such variance. Bona fide litigants should of course contest the
proceedings to their logical end.
26. Even in the past, this Court has used its power to do complete
justice under Article 142 of the Constitution to frame guidelines
in relation to the subject-matter where there was a legislative
vacuum.”
38. Since a very large number of cheque bouncing cases are still pending and
interest rates have fallen in the last few years, this Court is of the view that it is
time to ‘revisit and tweak the guidelines’. Accordingly, the aforesaid guidelines
of compounding are modified as under:-
(a) If the accused pays the cheque amount before recording of his
evidence (namely defence evidence), then the Trial Court may
allow compounding of the offence without imposing any cost or
penalty on the accused.
(b) If the accused makes the payment of the cheque amount post the
recording of his evidence but prior to the pronouncement of
judgment by the Trial Court, the Magistrate may allow
compounding of the offence on payment of additional 5% of the
cheque amount with the Legal Services Authority or such other
Authority as the Court deems fit.
Criminal Appeal No.1755/2010 Page 19 of 19
(c) Similarly, if the payment of cheque amount is made before the
Sessions Court or a High Court in Revision or Appeal, such
Court may compound the offence on the condition that the
accused pays 7.5% of the cheque amount by way of costs.
(d) Finally, if the cheque amount is tendered before this Court, the
figure would increase to 10% of the cheque amount.
39. This Court is of the view that if the Accused is willing to pay in accordance
with the aforesaid guidelines, the Court may suggest to the parties to go for
compounding. If for any reason, the financial institutions/complainant asks for
payment other than the cheque amount or settlement of entire loan or other
outstanding dues, then the Magistrate may suggest to the Accused to plead guilty
and exercise the power under Section 255(2) and/or 255(3) of the Cr.P.C. or 278
of the BNSS, 2023 and/or give the benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act,
1958 to the Accused.
CONCLUSION
40. Keeping in view the aforesaid findings, the appeal is allowed. The
impugned order passed by the High Court dated 16th April, 2009 is set aside and
the judgment as well as the orders of Trial Court and Sessions Court are restored
with a direction to the Respondent No.1-Accused to pay Rs.7,50,000/- (Rupees
Seven Lakhs Fifty Thousand) in 15 (fifteen) equated monthly instalment of
Rs.50,000/- (Rupees Fifty Thousand) each. The High Courts and District Courts
shall implement the aforesaid guidelines not later than 01st November, 2025.
……………….J.
[MANMOHAN]
.……………….J.
[N.V. ANJARIA]
New Delhi;
September 25, 2025
