IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.866 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 5702 of 2012]
CHANDRA BABU @ MOSES ... Appellant
Versus
STATE THROUGH INSPECTOR OF POLICE
& ORS. ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
Leave granted.
In this appeal, by special leave, the informant-appellant calls in question
the defensibility of the order dated 13.12.2011 passed by the learned
Single Judge of the High Court of Judicature of Madras at Madurai in
Criminal Revision No. 790/2011 whereby he has annulled the order dated
2.9.2010 passed by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil
directing further investigation in exercise of power under Section 173(8)
of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and also directing the
investigation to be carried out by C.B.C.I.D.; on the foundation that in
the obtaining fact situation there are no exceptional circumstances for
ordering re-investigation.
As the facts would unfurl, the appellant filed an FIR with the Sub-
Inspector of Police, Kulasekaram Police Station, upon which Crime No.
119/2007 was registered u/s 147, 148, 341, 324, 323 and 307 of Indian Penal
Code (IPC). The informant had alleged that on 05.06.2007 about 2 p.m.,
Manikandan, Jegan, Murugan, Vijayan, Sunil and some others attacked him
with ‘Vettu Kathi’, knife and iron rod and in the said attack he sustained
multiple injuries. The motive behind the assault, as per the FIR, was due
to business rivalry that existed between the appellant and Manikandan, as
both are contractors. The Inspector of Police, Kulasekaram Police Station
conducted the initial investigation and subsequently the case was
transferred to the District Crime Branch Police, Kanyakumari and
thereafter, the Inspector of Police, District Crime Branch filed a final
report before the learned Judicial Magistrate, Padmanabhapuram stating that
the case was a mistake of fact. The learned Judicial Magistrate on
intimation to the informant accepted the final report.
In the meantime, the appellant had filed a protest petition dated 5.1.2009
forming the subject matter of Crl. M.P. no. 1974/2009 on the file of the
learned Judicial Magistrate praying therein to direct CBCID to re-open the
case and file a fresh report. However, as the final report had already been
accepted before disposing the protest petition, the appellant preferred
Crl. O.P. no. 1727/2009 before the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court.
The High Court called for the report from the Magistrate’s Court and,
thereafter, set aside the order accepting the final report and directed the
Magistrate to consider the final report along with the protest petition.
The learned Magistrate vide order dated 29.07.2009 dismissed the protest
petition. It took note of the decisions in Hasanbhai Valibhai Quareshi vs
State of Gujarat and Ors.[1] and Hemant Dhasmana vs CBI and Anr.[2], and
held that as the investigation officer had examined all the witnesses as
averred by the informant and received the evidence and as no new witnesses
were cited to be examined, there was no justification for directing
reinvestigation of the case. It further directed that the protest petition
to be treated as a separate private complaint.
Being aggrieved by the said order, the appellant preferred Criminal
Revision Petition, i.e., Crl. R.C. No. 458 of 2009 in the High Court.
Before the High Court, the appellant contended that the order of the
Magistrate was based on the acceptance of the final report submitted by the
police and the order did not reflect any application of mind on his part.
It was further urged that the order was bereft of discussion of the
evidence gathered by the Investigating Officer, and that apart there was
total non-application of mind either for acceptance or rejection of the
statements of the witnesses filed along with the final report. The High
Court while setting aside the order of learned Magistrate observed that the
lower court fell into error by neither discussing the material available,
nor clearly spelling out the reasons and shirked its duty by merely
permitting the petitioner, therein, to pursue his cause by way of private
complaint. The learned Single Judge, accordingly, allowed the revision and
concluded thus:-
“This Court has resisted from entering upon a discussion on the merits of
the case or on the materials before it so as to avoid prejudice to either
side. With the aim is to avoid prejudice and alleged bias, as rightly
submitted by the learned senior counsel, it would be better that the
reconsideration of the final report and also the materials towards arriving
at a finding of whether the case is one calling for further proceedings
against the accused or otherwise, be left to the judicial discretion of
another Court. Accordingly, the Judicial Magistrate, Padmanabhapuram, is
directed to forward all records pertaining to Crime no. 119 of 2007 on the
file of the respondent police to the Court of the Chief Judicial
Magistrate, Nagercoil within a period of two weeks from the date of receipt
of a copy of this order. The Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil is in
turn directed to consider the 173 report as also the materials, hear both
the public prosecutor and the de-facto complainant who has filed the
protest petition and pass orders in accordance of law.”
After the remit, the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil, took up the case
for further enquiry. The Court after hearing both the appellant and the
Assistant Public Prosecutor came to the conclusion that the investigation
by the Inspector of Police, District Crime Branch had been conducted in a
biased manner and the said authority had laboured hard to save the accused
persons and hence, the final report submitted by the investigating officer
was not acceptable. Thereafter, it took note of the judgments in Hemant
Dhasmana (supra), Sonalai Soni vs State of Chattisgarh and Ors.[3], and
Hasanbhai Valibhai Quareshi (supra), and came to hold that in terms of the
said judgments there is power under S. 173 (8) of CrPC to forward the
complaint for further investigation and resultantly by order dated
02.09.2010 directed the Additional Director General of Police, CBCID to
confer the power on the Inspector, CBCID, Nagercoil to investigate the case
in Crime no. 119/2007 and file a report.
Being aggrieved by the said order, one of the accused, Jegan, filed
Criminal Revision No. 790 of 2011. The High Court, vide the impugned
order, after discussing the evidence on record, came to hold that there
were material discrepancies in the evidence brought on record and,
therefore, in the present fact situation there were no exceptional
circumstances for ordering re-investigation, and that apart, the scheme of
Section 173(8) CrPC only enables the investigating officer to request for
further investigation. The High Court, accordingly, set aside the order of
the Chief Judicial Magistrate and further observed that as the learned
Judicial Magistrate in his order dated 13.07.2009 had directed that the
protest petition was to be treated as a private complaint, the de-facto
complainant still had an opportunity for presenting the case before the
Court and no prejudice was caused to him.
We have heard Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for the
appellant and Mr. M. Yogesh Kanna, learned counsel for the State and Mr. S.
Thananjayan, learned counsel for the respondent no.3.
It is submitted by Mr. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel that the High
Court has absolutely flawed by entering into the merits of the case when
the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate had only directed for reinvestigation
by different investigating agency. It is urged by him that if the order
passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate is read in entirety, it would
convey that he in actuality has directed for further investigation, but has
used the expression “reinvestigation” as it was directing investigation to
be carried out by another agency. It is his further submission that in
view of the earlier order passed by the High Court, the order impugned in
this appeal is wholly unsustainable.
Learned counsel for the private respondent no.3 in support of the decision
of the High Court has submitted that the learned Magistrate has no power
for directing reinvestigation, and hence, the order passed by the High
Court is absolutely impregnable. It is also his submission that when a
protest petition is filed and it has been directed to be treated as a
private complaint, the appellant, in no manner, is prejudiced and,
therefore, there is no warrant for interference in this appeal.
First, we shall dwell upon the issue whether the High Court, in exercise of
the revisional jurisdiction, should have adverted to the merits of the case
in extenso. As the factual matrix would reveal, the learned Single Judge
has dwelled upon in great detail on the statements of the witnesses to
arrive at the conclusion that there are remarkable discrepancies with
regard to the facts and there is nothing wrong with the investigation. In
fact, he has noted certain facts and deduced certain conclusions, which, as
we find, are beyond the exercise of revisional jurisdiction. It is well
settled in law that inherent as well as revisional jurisdiction should be
exercised cautiously. Normally, a revisional jurisdiction should be
exercised on a question of law. However, when factual appreciation is
involved, then it must find place in the class of cases resulting in a
perverse finding. Basically, the power is required to be exercised so that
justice is done and there is no abuse of power by the Court. (see Amit
Kapoor v. Ramesh Chander[4]).
Judging on the aforesaid premises, we have no shadow of doubt that the High
Court has adverted to the facts not to see the perversity of approach, or
to see that justice is done, but analysed it from an angle as if it is
exercising the appellate jurisdiction. Therefore, the High Court’s
conclusion with regard to the factual score is unsustainable.
Presently to the thrust of the matter, the controversy before the learned
Single Judge was basically two-fold, namely, whether the learned Chief
Judicial Magistrate could have directed for reinvestigation and secondly,
whether it could have directed for reinvestigation by another investigating
agency. To appreciate the said issues, it is necessary to analyse the
scheme of Section 190 of the CrPC. The said provision reads as follows:-
“190. Cognizance of offences by Magistrates. – (1) Subject to the
provisions of this Chapter, any Magistrate of the first class, and any
Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf under sub-
section (2), may take cognizance of any offence_
(a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence.
upon a police report of such facts;
upon information received from any person other than a police officer, or
upon his own knowledge, that such offence has been committed.
(2) The Chief Judicial Magistrate may empower any Magistrate of the
second class to take cognizance under sub-section (1) of such offences as
are within his competence to inquire into or try.”
In Uma Shankar Singh v. State of Bihar[5], a two-Judge Bench was
considering the issue pertaining to the power of the Magistrate under
Section 190(1)(b) of CrPC. The Court, scanning the anatomy of the
provision, opined that the Magistrate is not bound to accept the final
report filed by the investigating agency under Section 173(2) of the Code
and is entitled to issue process against an accused even though exonerated
by the said authorities. The principle stated by the two-Judge Bench reads
as follows:-
“19. … even if the investigating authority is of the view that no case has
been made out against an accused, the Magistrate can apply his mind
independently to the materials contained in the police report and take
cognizance thereupon in exercise of his powers under Section 190(1)(b)
CrPC.”
The said principle was followed by another two-Judge Bench in Moti
Lal Songara v. Prem Prakash[6].
15. In Dharam Pal v. State of Haryana[7], the Constitution Bench, while
accepting the view in Kishun Singh v. State of Bihar[8], has held thus:-
“35. In our view, the Magistrate has a role to play while committing the
case to the Court of Session upon taking cognizance on the police report
submitted before him under Section 173(2) CrPC. In the event the Magistrate
disagrees with the police report, he has two choices. He may act on the
basis of a protest petition that may be filed, or he may, while disagreeing
with the police report, issue process and summon the accused. Thereafter,
if on being satisfied that a case had been made out to proceed against the
persons named in column 2 of the report, proceed to try the said persons or
if he was satisfied that a case had been made out which was triable by the
Court of Session, he may commit the case to the Court of Session to proceed
further in the matter.
36. This brings us to the third question as to the procedure to be
followed by the Magistrate if he was satisfied that a prima facie case had
been made out to go to trial despite the final report submitted by the
police. In such an event, if the Magistrate decided to proceed against the
persons accused, he would have to proceed on the basis of the police report
itself and either inquire into the matter or commit it to the Court of
Session if the same was found to be triable by the Sessions Court.”
16. We have referred to the aforesaid authorities to reiterate the legal
position that a Magistrate can disagree with the police report and take
cognizance and issue process and summons to the accused. Thus, the
Magistrate has the jurisdiction to ignore the opinion expressed by the
investigating officer and independently apply his mind to the facts that
have emerged from the investigation.
17. Having stated thus, we may presently proceed to deal with the facet
of law where the Magistrate disagrees with the report and on applying his
independent mind feels there has to be a further investigation and under
that circumstance what he is precisely required to do. In this regard, we
may usefully refer to a notable passage from a three-Judge Bench decision
in Bhagwant Singh v. Commr. of Police[9], which is to the following effect:-
“4. Now, when the report forwarded by the officer in charge of a police
station to the Magistrate under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 comes up
for consideration by the Magistrate, one of two different situations may
arise. The report may conclude that an offence appears to have been
committed by a particular person or persons and in such a case, the
Magistrate may do one of three things: (1) he may accept the report and
take cognizance of the offence and issue process, or (2) he may disagree
with the report and drop the proceeding, or (3) he may direct further
investigation under sub-section (3) of Section 156 and require the police
to make a further report. The report may on the other hand state that, in
the opinion of the police, no offence appears to have been committed and
where such a report has been made, the Magistrate again has an option to
adopt one of three courses: (1) he may accept the report and drop the
proceeding, or (2) he may disagree with the report and taking the view that
there is sufficient ground for proceeding further, take cognizance of the
offence and issue process, or (3) he may direct further investigation to be
made by the police under sub-section (3) of Section 156. Where, in either
of these two situations, the Magistrate decides to take cognizance of the
offence and to issue process, the informant is not prejudicially affected
nor is the injured or in case of death, any relative of the deceased
aggrieved, because cognizance of the offence is taken by the Magistrate and
it is decided by the Magistrate that the case shall proceed. But if the
Magistrate decides that there is no sufficient ground for proceeding
further and drops the proceeding or takes the view that though there is
sufficient ground for proceeding against some, there is no sufficient
ground for proceeding against others mentioned in the first information
report, the informant would certainly be prejudiced because the first
information report lodged by him would have failed of its purpose, wholly
or in part. Moreover, when the interest of the informant in prompt and
effective action being taken on the first information report lodged by him
is clearly recognised by the provisions contained in sub-section (2) of
Section 154, sub-section (2) of Section 157 and sub-section (2)(ii) of
Section 173, it must be presumed that the informant would equally be
interested in seeing that the Magistrate takes cognizance of the offence
and issues process, because that would be culmination of the first
information report lodged by him. There can, therefore, be no doubt that
when, on a consideration of the report made by the officer in charge of a
police station under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173, the Magistrate is
not inclined to take cognizance of the offence and issue process, the
informant must be given an opportunity of being heard so that he can make
his submissions to [pic]persuade the Magistrate to take cognizance of the
offence and issue process. We are accordingly of the view that in a case
where the Magistrate to whom a report is forwarded under sub-section (2)(i)
of Section 173 decides not to take cognizance of the offence and to drop
the proceeding or takes the view that there is no sufficient ground for
proceeding against some of the persons mentioned in the first information
report, the Magistrate must give notice to the informant and provide him an
opportunity to be heard at the time of consideration of the report. It was
urged before us on behalf of the respondents that if in such a case notice
is required to be given to the informant, it might result in unnecessary
delay on account of the difficulty of effecting service of the notice on
the informant. But we do not think this can be regarded as a valid
objection against the view we are taking, because in any case the action
taken by the police on the first information report has to be communicated
to the informant and a copy of the report has to be supplied to him under
sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 and if that be so, we do not see any
reason why it should be difficult to serve notice of the consideration of
the report on the informant. Moreover, in any event, the difficulty of
service of notice on the informant cannot possibly provide any
justification for depriving the informant of the opportunity of being heard
at the time when the report is considered by the Magistrate.”
18. Relying on the said paragraph, a two-Judge Bench in Vinay Tyagi v.
Irshad Ali[10], has opined thus:-
“37. In some judgments of this Court, a view has been advanced, [amongst
others in Reeta Nag v. State of W.B[11], Ram Naresh Prasad v. State of
Jharkhand[12] and Randhir Singh Rana v. State (Delhi Admn.)[13]] that a
Magistrate cannot suo motu direct further investigation under Section
173(8) of the Code or direct reinvestigation into a case on account of the
bar contained in Section 167(2) of the Code, and that a Magistrate could
direct filing of a charge-sheet where the police submits a report that no
case had been made out for sending up an accused for trial. The gist of the
view taken in these cases is that a Magistrate cannot direct
reinvestigation and cannot suo motu direct further investigation.
38. However, having given our considered thought to the principles stated
in these judgments, we are of the view that the Magistrate before whom a
report under Section 173(2) of the Code is filed, is empowered in law to
direct “further investigation” and require the police to submit a further
or a supplementary report. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in Bhagwant
Singh has, in no uncertain terms, stated that principle, as aforenoticed.
[pic]
39. The contrary view taken by the Court in Reeta Nag and Randhir Singh
do not consider the view of this Court expressed in Bhagwant Singh. The
decision of the Court in Bhagwant Singh in regard to the issue in hand
cannot be termed as an obiter. The ambit and scope of the power of a
Magistrate in terms of Section 173 of the Code was squarely debated before
that Court and the three-Judge Bench concluded as aforenoticed. Similar
views having been taken by different Benches of this Court while following
Bhagwant Singh, are thus squarely in line with the doctrine of precedent.
To some extent, the view expressed in Reeta Nag, Ram Naresh and Randhir
Singh, besides being different on facts, would have to be examined in light
of the principle of stare decisis.”
And eventually the Division Bench ruled:-
“40. Having analysed the provisions of the Code and the various judgments
as aforeindicated, we would state the following conclusions in regard to
the powers of a Magistrate in terms of Section 173(2) read with Section
173(8) and Section 156(3) of the Code:
40.1. The Magistrate has no power to direct “reinvestigation” or “fresh
investigation” (de novo) in the case initiated on the basis of a police
report.
40.2. A Magistrate has the power to direct “further investigation” after
filing of a police report in terms of Section 173(6) of the Code.
40.3. The view expressed in Sub-para 40.2 above is in conformity with the
principle of law stated in Bhagwant Singh case by a three-Judge Bench and
thus in conformity with the doctrine of precedent.
40.4. Neither the scheme of the Code nor any specific provision therein
bars exercise of such jurisdiction by the Magistrate. The language of
Section 173(2) cannot be construed so restrictively as to deprive the
Magistrate of such powers particularly in face of the provisions of Section
156(3) and the language of Section 173(8) itself. In fact, such power would
have to be read into the language of Section 173(8).
40.5. The Code is a procedural document, thus, it must receive a
construction which would advance the cause of justice and legislative
object sought to be achieved. It does not stand to reason that the
legislature provided power of further investigation to the police even
after filing a report, but intended to curtail the power of the court to
the extent that even where the facts of the case and the ends of justice
demand, the court can still not direct the investigating agency to conduct
further investigation which it could do on its own.”
19. We have reproduced the conclusion in extenso as we are disposed to
think that the High Court has fallen into error in its appreciation of the
order passed by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate. It has to be
construed in the light of the eventual direction. The order, in fact, as
we perceive, presents that the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate was really
inclined to direct further investigation but because he had chosen another
agency, he has used the word “reinvestigation”. Needless to say, the power
of the Magistrate to direct for further investigation has to be cautiously
used. In Vinay Tyagi (supra) it has been held:
“The power of the Magistrate to direct “further investigation” is a
significant power which has to be exercised sparingly, in exceptional cases
and to achieve the ends of justice. To provide fair, proper and
unquestionable investigation is the obligation of the investigating agency
and the court in its supervisory capacity is required to ensure the same.
Further investigation conducted under the orders of the court, including
that of the Magistrate or by the police of its own accord and, for valid
reasons, would lead to the filing of a supplementary report. Such
supplementary report shall be dealt with as part of the primary report.
This is clear from the fact that the provisions of Sections 173(3) to
173(6) would be applicable to such reports in terms of Section 173(8) of
the Code.”
20. In the said case, the question arose, whether the Magistrate can
direct for reinvestigation. The Court, while dealing with the said issue,
has ruled that:-
“At this stage, we may also state another well-settled canon of the
criminal jurisprudence that the superior courts have the jurisdiction under
Section 482 of the Code or even Article 226 of the Constitution of India to
direct “further investigation”, “fresh” or “de novo” and even
“reinvestigation”. “Fresh”, “de novo” and “reinvestigation” are synonymous
expressions and their result in law would be the same. The superior courts
are even vested with the power of transferring investigation from one
agency to another, provided the ends of justice so demand such action. Of
course, it is also a settled principle that this power has to be exercised
by the superior courts very sparingly and with great circumspection.”
And again:-
“Whether the Magistrate should direct “further investigation” or not is
again a matter which will depend upon the facts of a given case. The
learned Magistrate or the higher court of competent jurisdiction would
direct “further investigation” or “reinvestigation” as the case may be, on
the facts of a given case. Where the Magistrate can only direct further
investigation, the courts of higher jurisdiction can direct further,
reinvestigation or even investigation de novo depending on the facts of a
given case. It will be the specific order of the court that would determine
the nature of investigation.”
21. We respectfully concur with the said view. As we have already
indicated, the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate has basically directed for
further investigation. The said part of the order cannot be found fault
with, but an eloquent one, he could not have directed another investigating
agency to investigate as that would not be within the sphere of further
investigation and, in any case, he does not have the jurisdiction to direct
reinvestigation by another agency. Therefore, that part of the order
deserves to be lancinated and accordingly it is directed that the
investigating agency that had investigated shall carry on the further
investigation and such investigation shall be supervised by the concerned
Superintendent of Police. After the further investigation, the report
shall be submitted before the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate who shall
deal with the same in accordance with law. We may hasten to add that we
have not expressed any opinion relating to any of the factual aspects of
the case.
22. In view of the aforesaid analysis and conclusion, the order passed by
the High Court is set aside except where it has held that the learned
Magistrate could not have allowed another agency to investigate. We have
clarified the position in the preceding paragraph.
23. The appeal stands disposed of accordingly.
............................J.
[Dipak Misra]
............................J.
[V. Gopala Gowda]
New Delhi
July 7, 2015
-----------------------
[1] (2004) 5 SCC 347
[2] (2001) 7 SCC536
[3] 2005 Crl.L.J. 4461 (Chattishgarh)
[4] (2012) 9 SCC 460
[5] (2010) 9 SCC 479
[6] (2013) 9 SCC 199
[7] (2014) 3 SCC 306
[8] (1993) 2 SCC 16
[9] (1985) 2 SCC 537
[10] (2013) 5 SCC 762
[11] (2009) 9 SCC 129
[12] (2009) 11 SCC 299
[13] (1997) 1 SCC 361
-----------------------
21
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.866 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 5702 of 2012]
CHANDRA BABU @ MOSES ... Appellant
Versus
STATE THROUGH INSPECTOR OF POLICE
& ORS. ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
Leave granted.
In this appeal, by special leave, the informant-appellant calls in question
the defensibility of the order dated 13.12.2011 passed by the learned
Single Judge of the High Court of Judicature of Madras at Madurai in
Criminal Revision No. 790/2011 whereby he has annulled the order dated
2.9.2010 passed by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil
directing further investigation in exercise of power under Section 173(8)
of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and also directing the
investigation to be carried out by C.B.C.I.D.; on the foundation that in
the obtaining fact situation there are no exceptional circumstances for
ordering re-investigation.
As the facts would unfurl, the appellant filed an FIR with the Sub-
Inspector of Police, Kulasekaram Police Station, upon which Crime No.
119/2007 was registered u/s 147, 148, 341, 324, 323 and 307 of Indian Penal
Code (IPC). The informant had alleged that on 05.06.2007 about 2 p.m.,
Manikandan, Jegan, Murugan, Vijayan, Sunil and some others attacked him
with ‘Vettu Kathi’, knife and iron rod and in the said attack he sustained
multiple injuries. The motive behind the assault, as per the FIR, was due
to business rivalry that existed between the appellant and Manikandan, as
both are contractors. The Inspector of Police, Kulasekaram Police Station
conducted the initial investigation and subsequently the case was
transferred to the District Crime Branch Police, Kanyakumari and
thereafter, the Inspector of Police, District Crime Branch filed a final
report before the learned Judicial Magistrate, Padmanabhapuram stating that
the case was a mistake of fact. The learned Judicial Magistrate on
intimation to the informant accepted the final report.
In the meantime, the appellant had filed a protest petition dated 5.1.2009
forming the subject matter of Crl. M.P. no. 1974/2009 on the file of the
learned Judicial Magistrate praying therein to direct CBCID to re-open the
case and file a fresh report. However, as the final report had already been
accepted before disposing the protest petition, the appellant preferred
Crl. O.P. no. 1727/2009 before the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court.
The High Court called for the report from the Magistrate’s Court and,
thereafter, set aside the order accepting the final report and directed the
Magistrate to consider the final report along with the protest petition.
The learned Magistrate vide order dated 29.07.2009 dismissed the protest
petition. It took note of the decisions in Hasanbhai Valibhai Quareshi vs
State of Gujarat and Ors.[1] and Hemant Dhasmana vs CBI and Anr.[2], and
held that as the investigation officer had examined all the witnesses as
averred by the informant and received the evidence and as no new witnesses
were cited to be examined, there was no justification for directing
reinvestigation of the case. It further directed that the protest petition
to be treated as a separate private complaint.
Being aggrieved by the said order, the appellant preferred Criminal
Revision Petition, i.e., Crl. R.C. No. 458 of 2009 in the High Court.
Before the High Court, the appellant contended that the order of the
Magistrate was based on the acceptance of the final report submitted by the
police and the order did not reflect any application of mind on his part.
It was further urged that the order was bereft of discussion of the
evidence gathered by the Investigating Officer, and that apart there was
total non-application of mind either for acceptance or rejection of the
statements of the witnesses filed along with the final report. The High
Court while setting aside the order of learned Magistrate observed that the
lower court fell into error by neither discussing the material available,
nor clearly spelling out the reasons and shirked its duty by merely
permitting the petitioner, therein, to pursue his cause by way of private
complaint. The learned Single Judge, accordingly, allowed the revision and
concluded thus:-
“This Court has resisted from entering upon a discussion on the merits of
the case or on the materials before it so as to avoid prejudice to either
side. With the aim is to avoid prejudice and alleged bias, as rightly
submitted by the learned senior counsel, it would be better that the
reconsideration of the final report and also the materials towards arriving
at a finding of whether the case is one calling for further proceedings
against the accused or otherwise, be left to the judicial discretion of
another Court. Accordingly, the Judicial Magistrate, Padmanabhapuram, is
directed to forward all records pertaining to Crime no. 119 of 2007 on the
file of the respondent police to the Court of the Chief Judicial
Magistrate, Nagercoil within a period of two weeks from the date of receipt
of a copy of this order. The Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil is in
turn directed to consider the 173 report as also the materials, hear both
the public prosecutor and the de-facto complainant who has filed the
protest petition and pass orders in accordance of law.”
After the remit, the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nagercoil, took up the case
for further enquiry. The Court after hearing both the appellant and the
Assistant Public Prosecutor came to the conclusion that the investigation
by the Inspector of Police, District Crime Branch had been conducted in a
biased manner and the said authority had laboured hard to save the accused
persons and hence, the final report submitted by the investigating officer
was not acceptable. Thereafter, it took note of the judgments in Hemant
Dhasmana (supra), Sonalai Soni vs State of Chattisgarh and Ors.[3], and
Hasanbhai Valibhai Quareshi (supra), and came to hold that in terms of the
said judgments there is power under S. 173 (8) of CrPC to forward the
complaint for further investigation and resultantly by order dated
02.09.2010 directed the Additional Director General of Police, CBCID to
confer the power on the Inspector, CBCID, Nagercoil to investigate the case
in Crime no. 119/2007 and file a report.
Being aggrieved by the said order, one of the accused, Jegan, filed
Criminal Revision No. 790 of 2011. The High Court, vide the impugned
order, after discussing the evidence on record, came to hold that there
were material discrepancies in the evidence brought on record and,
therefore, in the present fact situation there were no exceptional
circumstances for ordering re-investigation, and that apart, the scheme of
Section 173(8) CrPC only enables the investigating officer to request for
further investigation. The High Court, accordingly, set aside the order of
the Chief Judicial Magistrate and further observed that as the learned
Judicial Magistrate in his order dated 13.07.2009 had directed that the
protest petition was to be treated as a private complaint, the de-facto
complainant still had an opportunity for presenting the case before the
Court and no prejudice was caused to him.
We have heard Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for the
appellant and Mr. M. Yogesh Kanna, learned counsel for the State and Mr. S.
Thananjayan, learned counsel for the respondent no.3.
It is submitted by Mr. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel that the High
Court has absolutely flawed by entering into the merits of the case when
the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate had only directed for reinvestigation
by different investigating agency. It is urged by him that if the order
passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate is read in entirety, it would
convey that he in actuality has directed for further investigation, but has
used the expression “reinvestigation” as it was directing investigation to
be carried out by another agency. It is his further submission that in
view of the earlier order passed by the High Court, the order impugned in
this appeal is wholly unsustainable.
Learned counsel for the private respondent no.3 in support of the decision
of the High Court has submitted that the learned Magistrate has no power
for directing reinvestigation, and hence, the order passed by the High
Court is absolutely impregnable. It is also his submission that when a
protest petition is filed and it has been directed to be treated as a
private complaint, the appellant, in no manner, is prejudiced and,
therefore, there is no warrant for interference in this appeal.
First, we shall dwell upon the issue whether the High Court, in exercise of
the revisional jurisdiction, should have adverted to the merits of the case
in extenso. As the factual matrix would reveal, the learned Single Judge
has dwelled upon in great detail on the statements of the witnesses to
arrive at the conclusion that there are remarkable discrepancies with
regard to the facts and there is nothing wrong with the investigation. In
fact, he has noted certain facts and deduced certain conclusions, which, as
we find, are beyond the exercise of revisional jurisdiction. It is well
settled in law that inherent as well as revisional jurisdiction should be
exercised cautiously. Normally, a revisional jurisdiction should be
exercised on a question of law. However, when factual appreciation is
involved, then it must find place in the class of cases resulting in a
perverse finding. Basically, the power is required to be exercised so that
justice is done and there is no abuse of power by the Court. (see Amit
Kapoor v. Ramesh Chander[4]).
Judging on the aforesaid premises, we have no shadow of doubt that the High
Court has adverted to the facts not to see the perversity of approach, or
to see that justice is done, but analysed it from an angle as if it is
exercising the appellate jurisdiction. Therefore, the High Court’s
conclusion with regard to the factual score is unsustainable.
Presently to the thrust of the matter, the controversy before the learned
Single Judge was basically two-fold, namely, whether the learned Chief
Judicial Magistrate could have directed for reinvestigation and secondly,
whether it could have directed for reinvestigation by another investigating
agency. To appreciate the said issues, it is necessary to analyse the
scheme of Section 190 of the CrPC. The said provision reads as follows:-
“190. Cognizance of offences by Magistrates. – (1) Subject to the
provisions of this Chapter, any Magistrate of the first class, and any
Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf under sub-
section (2), may take cognizance of any offence_
(a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence.
upon a police report of such facts;
upon information received from any person other than a police officer, or
upon his own knowledge, that such offence has been committed.
(2) The Chief Judicial Magistrate may empower any Magistrate of the
second class to take cognizance under sub-section (1) of such offences as
are within his competence to inquire into or try.”
In Uma Shankar Singh v. State of Bihar[5], a two-Judge Bench was
considering the issue pertaining to the power of the Magistrate under
Section 190(1)(b) of CrPC. The Court, scanning the anatomy of the
provision, opined that the Magistrate is not bound to accept the final
report filed by the investigating agency under Section 173(2) of the Code
and is entitled to issue process against an accused even though exonerated
by the said authorities. The principle stated by the two-Judge Bench reads
as follows:-
“19. … even if the investigating authority is of the view that no case has
been made out against an accused, the Magistrate can apply his mind
independently to the materials contained in the police report and take
cognizance thereupon in exercise of his powers under Section 190(1)(b)
CrPC.”
The said principle was followed by another two-Judge Bench in Moti
Lal Songara v. Prem Prakash[6].
15. In Dharam Pal v. State of Haryana[7], the Constitution Bench, while
accepting the view in Kishun Singh v. State of Bihar[8], has held thus:-
“35. In our view, the Magistrate has a role to play while committing the
case to the Court of Session upon taking cognizance on the police report
submitted before him under Section 173(2) CrPC. In the event the Magistrate
disagrees with the police report, he has two choices. He may act on the
basis of a protest petition that may be filed, or he may, while disagreeing
with the police report, issue process and summon the accused. Thereafter,
if on being satisfied that a case had been made out to proceed against the
persons named in column 2 of the report, proceed to try the said persons or
if he was satisfied that a case had been made out which was triable by the
Court of Session, he may commit the case to the Court of Session to proceed
further in the matter.
36. This brings us to the third question as to the procedure to be
followed by the Magistrate if he was satisfied that a prima facie case had
been made out to go to trial despite the final report submitted by the
police. In such an event, if the Magistrate decided to proceed against the
persons accused, he would have to proceed on the basis of the police report
itself and either inquire into the matter or commit it to the Court of
Session if the same was found to be triable by the Sessions Court.”
16. We have referred to the aforesaid authorities to reiterate the legal
position that a Magistrate can disagree with the police report and take
cognizance and issue process and summons to the accused. Thus, the
Magistrate has the jurisdiction to ignore the opinion expressed by the
investigating officer and independently apply his mind to the facts that
have emerged from the investigation.
17. Having stated thus, we may presently proceed to deal with the facet
of law where the Magistrate disagrees with the report and on applying his
independent mind feels there has to be a further investigation and under
that circumstance what he is precisely required to do. In this regard, we
may usefully refer to a notable passage from a three-Judge Bench decision
in Bhagwant Singh v. Commr. of Police[9], which is to the following effect:-
“4. Now, when the report forwarded by the officer in charge of a police
station to the Magistrate under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 comes up
for consideration by the Magistrate, one of two different situations may
arise. The report may conclude that an offence appears to have been
committed by a particular person or persons and in such a case, the
Magistrate may do one of three things: (1) he may accept the report and
take cognizance of the offence and issue process, or (2) he may disagree
with the report and drop the proceeding, or (3) he may direct further
investigation under sub-section (3) of Section 156 and require the police
to make a further report. The report may on the other hand state that, in
the opinion of the police, no offence appears to have been committed and
where such a report has been made, the Magistrate again has an option to
adopt one of three courses: (1) he may accept the report and drop the
proceeding, or (2) he may disagree with the report and taking the view that
there is sufficient ground for proceeding further, take cognizance of the
offence and issue process, or (3) he may direct further investigation to be
made by the police under sub-section (3) of Section 156. Where, in either
of these two situations, the Magistrate decides to take cognizance of the
offence and to issue process, the informant is not prejudicially affected
nor is the injured or in case of death, any relative of the deceased
aggrieved, because cognizance of the offence is taken by the Magistrate and
it is decided by the Magistrate that the case shall proceed. But if the
Magistrate decides that there is no sufficient ground for proceeding
further and drops the proceeding or takes the view that though there is
sufficient ground for proceeding against some, there is no sufficient
ground for proceeding against others mentioned in the first information
report, the informant would certainly be prejudiced because the first
information report lodged by him would have failed of its purpose, wholly
or in part. Moreover, when the interest of the informant in prompt and
effective action being taken on the first information report lodged by him
is clearly recognised by the provisions contained in sub-section (2) of
Section 154, sub-section (2) of Section 157 and sub-section (2)(ii) of
Section 173, it must be presumed that the informant would equally be
interested in seeing that the Magistrate takes cognizance of the offence
and issues process, because that would be culmination of the first
information report lodged by him. There can, therefore, be no doubt that
when, on a consideration of the report made by the officer in charge of a
police station under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173, the Magistrate is
not inclined to take cognizance of the offence and issue process, the
informant must be given an opportunity of being heard so that he can make
his submissions to [pic]persuade the Magistrate to take cognizance of the
offence and issue process. We are accordingly of the view that in a case
where the Magistrate to whom a report is forwarded under sub-section (2)(i)
of Section 173 decides not to take cognizance of the offence and to drop
the proceeding or takes the view that there is no sufficient ground for
proceeding against some of the persons mentioned in the first information
report, the Magistrate must give notice to the informant and provide him an
opportunity to be heard at the time of consideration of the report. It was
urged before us on behalf of the respondents that if in such a case notice
is required to be given to the informant, it might result in unnecessary
delay on account of the difficulty of effecting service of the notice on
the informant. But we do not think this can be regarded as a valid
objection against the view we are taking, because in any case the action
taken by the police on the first information report has to be communicated
to the informant and a copy of the report has to be supplied to him under
sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 and if that be so, we do not see any
reason why it should be difficult to serve notice of the consideration of
the report on the informant. Moreover, in any event, the difficulty of
service of notice on the informant cannot possibly provide any
justification for depriving the informant of the opportunity of being heard
at the time when the report is considered by the Magistrate.”
18. Relying on the said paragraph, a two-Judge Bench in Vinay Tyagi v.
Irshad Ali[10], has opined thus:-
“37. In some judgments of this Court, a view has been advanced, [amongst
others in Reeta Nag v. State of W.B[11], Ram Naresh Prasad v. State of
Jharkhand[12] and Randhir Singh Rana v. State (Delhi Admn.)[13]] that a
Magistrate cannot suo motu direct further investigation under Section
173(8) of the Code or direct reinvestigation into a case on account of the
bar contained in Section 167(2) of the Code, and that a Magistrate could
direct filing of a charge-sheet where the police submits a report that no
case had been made out for sending up an accused for trial. The gist of the
view taken in these cases is that a Magistrate cannot direct
reinvestigation and cannot suo motu direct further investigation.
38. However, having given our considered thought to the principles stated
in these judgments, we are of the view that the Magistrate before whom a
report under Section 173(2) of the Code is filed, is empowered in law to
direct “further investigation” and require the police to submit a further
or a supplementary report. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in Bhagwant
Singh has, in no uncertain terms, stated that principle, as aforenoticed.
[pic]
39. The contrary view taken by the Court in Reeta Nag and Randhir Singh
do not consider the view of this Court expressed in Bhagwant Singh. The
decision of the Court in Bhagwant Singh in regard to the issue in hand
cannot be termed as an obiter. The ambit and scope of the power of a
Magistrate in terms of Section 173 of the Code was squarely debated before
that Court and the three-Judge Bench concluded as aforenoticed. Similar
views having been taken by different Benches of this Court while following
Bhagwant Singh, are thus squarely in line with the doctrine of precedent.
To some extent, the view expressed in Reeta Nag, Ram Naresh and Randhir
Singh, besides being different on facts, would have to be examined in light
of the principle of stare decisis.”
And eventually the Division Bench ruled:-
“40. Having analysed the provisions of the Code and the various judgments
as aforeindicated, we would state the following conclusions in regard to
the powers of a Magistrate in terms of Section 173(2) read with Section
173(8) and Section 156(3) of the Code:
40.1. The Magistrate has no power to direct “reinvestigation” or “fresh
investigation” (de novo) in the case initiated on the basis of a police
report.
40.2. A Magistrate has the power to direct “further investigation” after
filing of a police report in terms of Section 173(6) of the Code.
40.3. The view expressed in Sub-para 40.2 above is in conformity with the
principle of law stated in Bhagwant Singh case by a three-Judge Bench and
thus in conformity with the doctrine of precedent.
40.4. Neither the scheme of the Code nor any specific provision therein
bars exercise of such jurisdiction by the Magistrate. The language of
Section 173(2) cannot be construed so restrictively as to deprive the
Magistrate of such powers particularly in face of the provisions of Section
156(3) and the language of Section 173(8) itself. In fact, such power would
have to be read into the language of Section 173(8).
40.5. The Code is a procedural document, thus, it must receive a
construction which would advance the cause of justice and legislative
object sought to be achieved. It does not stand to reason that the
legislature provided power of further investigation to the police even
after filing a report, but intended to curtail the power of the court to
the extent that even where the facts of the case and the ends of justice
demand, the court can still not direct the investigating agency to conduct
further investigation which it could do on its own.”
19. We have reproduced the conclusion in extenso as we are disposed to
think that the High Court has fallen into error in its appreciation of the
order passed by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate. It has to be
construed in the light of the eventual direction. The order, in fact, as
we perceive, presents that the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate was really
inclined to direct further investigation but because he had chosen another
agency, he has used the word “reinvestigation”. Needless to say, the power
of the Magistrate to direct for further investigation has to be cautiously
used. In Vinay Tyagi (supra) it has been held:
“The power of the Magistrate to direct “further investigation” is a
significant power which has to be exercised sparingly, in exceptional cases
and to achieve the ends of justice. To provide fair, proper and
unquestionable investigation is the obligation of the investigating agency
and the court in its supervisory capacity is required to ensure the same.
Further investigation conducted under the orders of the court, including
that of the Magistrate or by the police of its own accord and, for valid
reasons, would lead to the filing of a supplementary report. Such
supplementary report shall be dealt with as part of the primary report.
This is clear from the fact that the provisions of Sections 173(3) to
173(6) would be applicable to such reports in terms of Section 173(8) of
the Code.”
20. In the said case, the question arose, whether the Magistrate can
direct for reinvestigation. The Court, while dealing with the said issue,
has ruled that:-
“At this stage, we may also state another well-settled canon of the
criminal jurisprudence that the superior courts have the jurisdiction under
Section 482 of the Code or even Article 226 of the Constitution of India to
direct “further investigation”, “fresh” or “de novo” and even
“reinvestigation”. “Fresh”, “de novo” and “reinvestigation” are synonymous
expressions and their result in law would be the same. The superior courts
are even vested with the power of transferring investigation from one
agency to another, provided the ends of justice so demand such action. Of
course, it is also a settled principle that this power has to be exercised
by the superior courts very sparingly and with great circumspection.”
And again:-
“Whether the Magistrate should direct “further investigation” or not is
again a matter which will depend upon the facts of a given case. The
learned Magistrate or the higher court of competent jurisdiction would
direct “further investigation” or “reinvestigation” as the case may be, on
the facts of a given case. Where the Magistrate can only direct further
investigation, the courts of higher jurisdiction can direct further,
reinvestigation or even investigation de novo depending on the facts of a
given case. It will be the specific order of the court that would determine
the nature of investigation.”
21. We respectfully concur with the said view. As we have already
indicated, the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate has basically directed for
further investigation. The said part of the order cannot be found fault
with, but an eloquent one, he could not have directed another investigating
agency to investigate as that would not be within the sphere of further
investigation and, in any case, he does not have the jurisdiction to direct
reinvestigation by another agency. Therefore, that part of the order
deserves to be lancinated and accordingly it is directed that the
investigating agency that had investigated shall carry on the further
investigation and such investigation shall be supervised by the concerned
Superintendent of Police. After the further investigation, the report
shall be submitted before the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate who shall
deal with the same in accordance with law. We may hasten to add that we
have not expressed any opinion relating to any of the factual aspects of
the case.
22. In view of the aforesaid analysis and conclusion, the order passed by
the High Court is set aside except where it has held that the learned
Magistrate could not have allowed another agency to investigate. We have
clarified the position in the preceding paragraph.
23. The appeal stands disposed of accordingly.
............................J.
[Dipak Misra]
............................J.
[V. Gopala Gowda]
New Delhi
July 7, 2015
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[1] (2004) 5 SCC 347
[2] (2001) 7 SCC536
[3] 2005 Crl.L.J. 4461 (Chattishgarh)
[4] (2012) 9 SCC 460
[5] (2010) 9 SCC 479
[6] (2013) 9 SCC 199
[7] (2014) 3 SCC 306
[8] (1993) 2 SCC 16
[9] (1985) 2 SCC 537
[10] (2013) 5 SCC 762
[11] (2009) 9 SCC 129
[12] (2009) 11 SCC 299
[13] (1997) 1 SCC 361
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