REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2238 OF 2016
|BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY |.....APPELLANT(S) |
|VERSUS | |
|N. JAYAMMA |.....RESPONDENT(S) |
J U D G M E N T
A.K. SIKRI, J.
The instant appeal, which has travelled to this Court, had
its origin in a suit filed by the respondent in the Court of City Civil
Judge, Bangalore. The said suit was filed by the respondent herein for
declaration of title to the suit property situated in Sy. No. 76/1. It was
claimed by the respondent that she had purchased the property on June 22,
1994 ad-measuring East to West – 60 ft. and North to South – 50 ft.
(hereinafter referred to as the 'suit property') from its previous owner
and had constructed a building thereupon. The aforesaid suit property,
which was part of Sy. No. 76/1 comprising 4 acres 31 guntas (hereinafter
referred to as the 'scheduled property'), was acquired by the State
Government for Bangalore Development Authority – appellant herein (for
short, 'the BDA'), for which Notification under Section 4 of the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 (for short, 'the Act') was issued on December 15,
1984 followed by a declaration under Section 6 of the Act on October 29,
1986. Purportedly, possession thereof was handed over to the BDA on August
30, 1988 vide Mahazar (Exhibit D-4). However, it appears that the actual
possession of the suit property remained with the original owner who then
sold it to the respondent in the year 1994, as stated above. It is on this
basis that the respondent filed the suit on the ground that she was in
possession of the said property for more than 12 years even after the
acquisition thereof by the State Government and, in this manner, she had
perfected her title by adverse possession. Thus, the relief claimed in the
suit was for declaration that the respondent had become the owner thereof.
The appellant contested the said suit by raising the plea that since the
scheduled property had been acquired by the Government for formation of the
layout and with effect from the date of final notification entire land
vested with the Government, the respondent was precluded from claiming the
possession thereof on the ground that it was already with her. It was also
contended that the Government had handed over the possession of the land in
question to the BDA on August 30, 1988 and BDA was in legal possession
thereof. It was also submitted that once Notification under Section 4 of
the Act was issued on December 15, 1984 and even declaration under Section
6 was issued on October 29, 1986, it was not permissible for the original
owner to sell the acquired land to the respondent herein on June 22, 1994.
It was also contended that as the land vested with the Government, in any
case, the limitation under Article 112 of the Limitation Act, 1963 was 30
years and not 12 years and, therefore, the respondent could not claim
adverse possession before the expiry of 30 years.
The trial court, on the basis of the pleadings, framed the following
issues:
“(1) Whether the plaintiff proves that she and her predecessors in title
have been in continuous possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule
property since more than 12 years, adverse to the interest of the defendant
as pleaded in the plaint?
(2) Whether the plaintiff proves that she had perfected her title to the
suit schedule property by way of adverse possession as pleaded in the
plaint?
(3) Whether the plaintiff proves that the defendant and his officials are
unlawfully interfering with her possession of the suit schedule property as
alleged in the plaint?
(4) Whether the plaintiff proves that she is entitled for the declaration
of title to the suit schedule property as sought for in the suit?
(5) Whether the plaintiff proves that she is also entitled for the grant
of permanent injunction against the defendant as ought for in the suit?”
Evidence was led and arguments heard, which resulted in passing of judgment
and decree dated April 07, 2006 by the Additional City Civil Judge,
Bangalore. All the issues were decided in favour of the respondent herein,
on the basis of which suit was decreed in her favour declaring that she is
the owner in possession of the suit property having perfected her title by
way of adverse possession. As a consequence, decree of permanent
injunction was also passed restraining the appellant – BDA, its officials
and agents, etc. from alienating the suit property either by way of lease,
public auction or by allotting the same in favour of any third party or
from interfering with the peaceful possession and enjoyment of the said
property by the respondent. This judgment and decree was appealed against
by the appellant before the High Court by filing Regular First Appeal No.
1279 of 2006. The High Court has, vide impugned judgment, affirmed the
decree passed by the trial court thereby dismissing the appeal of the
appellant.
Attacking the judgment and decree passed by the trial court and affirmed by
the High Court, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that even if it
is presumed that limitation period for claiming adverse possession is 12
years, in the instant case, that ingredient has not been satisfied by the
respondent even on the basis of admitted facts. In this behalf, it was
argued that as per the respondent's own showing, she had purchased the area
of 60 ft. x 50 ft. out of the acquired land on June 22, 1994. She, thus,
came into possession in the year 1994. He further pointed out that in the
plaint itself, the respondent had averred that there was some existing
construction and she had applied for regularisation of the said existing
construction on July 25, 1994. Further, in para 10 of the plaint, the
respondent admitted that the officials of the appellant had come to the
suit, properly accompanied by Police force, and demolished the existing
construction. He drew our attention to the following averments in the
plaint to the aforesaid effect:
“In spite of the above stated facts, the BDA and its officials without any
kind of notice and with the help of a large contingent of police force
accompanied by the officials and workmen including the Commissioner, BDA
and all of a sudden they have illegally trespassed over the suit schedule
property on 24.04.2001 and interfered over the same and demolished the
existing construction buildings as well as her business therein on
24.04.2001 with the aid of bulldozers and such other machinery,
equipments....”
It was, thus, argued that after purchase of the land on June 22, 1994, the
respondent remained in possession for barely 7 years when she was
dispossessed, even as per the respondent's own showing and the suit filed
on August 06, 2001 claiming adverse possession on the ground that she was
in possession for 12 years, was incompetent. It was further submitted that
as per the aforesaid pleadings in the plaint, it was clear that on the date
of filing the suit, the respondent was not in possession nor was there any
structure on the suit land and the question of claiming adverse possession,
thus, did not arise.
Learned counsel also argued that in order to lay claim of ownership on the
basis of adverse possession, it has to be proved that such adverse
possession is open and uninterrupted to the enjoyment of the defendant-
Authority for more than 12 years, which essential requirement had not been
satisfied. For this proposition, the learned counsel placed heavy reliance
upon a recent judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh & Ors. v.
Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority.[1]
We may note at this stage that in arriving at a finding that the respondent
was in possession of suit property for more than 12 years, the courts below
have calculated the period from August 30, 1988, namely, the date on which
possession was taken under a Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) by the State Government
and handed over to the BDA. Learned counsel for the BDA pleaded that the
aforesaid approach of the courts below was wholly erroneous as the
respondent, as per her own showing, came to possess the suit property only
after the purchase thereof on June 22, 1994. He also submitted that, in
any case, sale in favour of the respondent in the year 1994 was void ab
initio as the title had already been vested in the BDA and the original
owner who had purportedly sold the property to the respondent was no longer
owner thereof and had no right to sell the same. Learned counsel argued
that even this aspect is squarely covered by the aforesaid judgment in the
case of M. Venkatesh (supra). Learned counsel also pointed out that after
the structure was demolished in the year 2001 by the BDA, as admitted by
the respondent herself, the site in question was auctioned by the appellant
on August 06, 2001 and sale deed was duly executed, which was proved before
the trial court as Exhibit P-26.
Per contra, learned counsel for the respondent submitted that the
respondent had led sufficient evidence to establish that she had been in
continuous possession, which remained uninterrupted, and on the basis of
this evidence a categorical finding was arrived at by the trial court to
the effect that the respondent has perfected her title in respect of the
suit property by way of adverse possession. This submission was elaborated
by arguing that even when the schedule property was acquired by issuing
requisite notifications and passing of the award, possession of the suit
property was never taken by the BDA, which continued to be in possession of
the vendor, from whom the respondent purchased the property vide sale deed
dated June 22, 1994, and thereafter she had been in possession of this
property. It was submitted that these were findings of facts arrived at on
the basis of evidence produced on record which do not warrant any
interference. It was also submitted that Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) dated
October 13, 1988 was only a paper possession and no actual possession had
been taken, which also stood proved not only by the evidence led by the
respondent, but even from the statements of DW-1 and DW-2, who were
examined on behalf of the BDA. Learned counsel further pointed out that
there was not even an iota of evidence adduced on behalf of the BDA that
the possession of the suit property was taken on the date of Mahazar
(Exhibit D-4) or subsequently thereafter.
Insofar as claim of continuous, uninterrupted and peaceful possession for a
period of more than 12 years is concerned, it was the submission of the
learned counsel for the respondent that possession of the respondent shall
not be counted from the date of the sale deed, i.e. June 22, 1994, in her
favour, but the earlier period during which the vendor was in possession
also needs to be counted and the courts below were right in computing the
period of 12 years from the date of Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) dated October 13,
1988. A fervent plea was made that if the impugned judgment is reversed,
the respondent and the members of her family will be deprived of their only
shelter, which would amount to taking away their right to property
guaranteed to them under Article 300A of the Constitution of India. It is
stated that there was a fully developed structure (house) (Exhibits P-22 to
P-25) on the suit property and the building was constructed after obtaining
permission and licence from Agara Gram Panchayat and regularly taxes were
paid with respect to the suit property and Khatha also stands in favour of
the respondent. It was submitted that at no point of time the BDA took
possession of the property in question from the vendor or the respondent.
It was also argued that the BDA being a statutory authority created for the
purpose of formation of layouts and allotment of sites to the members of
the pubic, even in equity it was not proper, just or fair to deprive the
respondent of her only source of shelter. The very objective of the BDA is
to provide shelter to the members of public. The counsel, thus, pleaded
that this Court should not exercise its extraordinary power under Article
136 of the Constitution even if the judgment impugned suffers from any
error if the said judgment will not bring about any unjust result.
Another submission of the learned counsel for the respondent was that the
very purpose for which the land was acquired was to prepare a scheme for
allotment of the houses to the members of the public. As per Section 27 of
the Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976, such a scheme had to be
prepared within five years from the passage of the award, but the BDA had
failed to do so resulting in the lapsing of the scheme. This was yet
another reason, according to the respondent, for not interfering with the
decree passed in favour of the respondent.
Tracing the history of the present litigation, learned counsel for the
respondent referred to the judgment of the Karnataka High Court in John B.
James & Ors. v. Bangalore Development Authority & Anr.[2] Delivering the
judgment in that case, in a batch of writ petitions which were filed by the
respondent and several others, the High Court, after elaborately
considering the rival contentions of the parties, had directed the writ
petitioners, including the respondent herein to approach the civil court to
establish their claim that they had perfected their title to the suit
property by adverse possession, as is clear from the following passage
therefrom:
“85. Where the petitioners claim that they are in settled possession for
more than 12 years after the land had vested in BDA, it is open to them to
approach the Civil Court for a declaration of title by establishing adverse
possession for more than 12 years.”
Learned counsel for the respondent joined issue qua the arguments of the
appellant predicated on the judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh case
with the submission that the said judgment had absolutely no application to
the facts of the present case as the said case relates to the vacant house
site and construction of building after dispossession, which was not the
position in the instant case. On the other hand, he referred to the
following judgments of this Court wherein symbolic/paper possession is held
to be no possession in the eyes of law and it is the actual possession
under relevant rules which matters:
(i) Balwant Narayan Bhagde v. M.D. Bhagwat[3]
(ii) NTPC Ltd. v. Mahesh Dutta[4]
(iii) Raghbir Singh Sehrawat v. State of Haryana[5]
Learned counsel for the respondent even referred to the provisions of the
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, and in particular sub-section
(2) of Section 24 which lays down specific period within which the
possession is to be taken of the property after acquisition and when no
such possession was taken, the acquisition lapses.
In the first blush, argument of the learned counsel for the respondent,
viz., there is a finding of fact that respondent and her predecessors-in-
title have been in continuous possession and enjoyment of the suit property
for more than 12 years and, therefore, the respondent has perfected her
title by adverse possession, appears to be attractive. It may appear to be
a finding of fact simplicitor. However, an indepth analysis of the issue
would manifest that the matter cannot be brushed aside with such a
simplisitic overtone. In fact, the detailed discussion that follows would
amply demonstrates that the manner in which the issue has been approached
by the courts below is itself erroneous and legally unsustainable. For
this, we are not even required to discuss various nuances of the issue as
the judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh has done this exercise whereby
same issue has been directly and squarely dealt with which arose in almost
similar circumstances. Therefore, it would be apt to discuss the facts of
that case as well as law laid down therein which would provide answers to
many arguments raised by the parties before us.
In M. Venkatesh (supra) as well, land was acquired by the State Government
of Karnataka and given at the disposal of the BDA. Preliminary
Notification was issued on July 17, 1984 and final Notification dated
November 28, 1986 was published on December 25, 1986. Determination of
amount of compensation payable to the landowners having been approved by
the competent authority on August 21, 1986, the BDA claimed that possession
of the land was taken over from the landowners and handed over to the
engineering section of the BDA by drawing a possession Mahazar on November
06, 1987. A Notification under Section 16(2) of the Act was also published
in the Karnataka Gazette dated July 04, 1991 which, according to the BDA,
signified that the land in question stood vested with the BDA free from all
encumbrances whatsoever. Here also, after taking of the aforesaid steps by
the BDA, the original land owners of the acquired land sold the said land
to different persons after carving out the sites/plots. When the actual
possession was sought to be taken, the said subsequent purchasers (like the
respondent in the instant appeal) filed writ petitions in the High Court.
Their writ petitions, along with the writ petition of the respondent herein
and some others, were the subject matter of the judgment of the Division
Bench of the High Court in John B. James's case (supra). Like the
respondent herein, the individuals/subsequent purchasers in the case of M.
Venkatesh (supra) were also relegated to the civil court giving them
permission to file the suit if they were claiming adverse possession. Five
such suits were the subject matter of the judgment in M. Venkatesh (supra).
The trial court had, in fact, clubbed these suits which were decided
together and decreed. The issues framed in those suits were almost the
same to the ones framed in the civil suit filed by the respondent herein,
as is clear from the issues which were settled by the trial court in those
cases:
“(1) Whether the Plaintiffs prove that, they have acquired and perfected
their alleged title to the suit schedule properties by virtue of the
alleged law on adverse possession, as claimed?
(2) Whether the Plaintiffs prove their alleged lawful possession and
enjoyment of the suit schedule properties, as on the date of the suit?
(3) Whether the Plaintiffs further prove the alleged illegal interferences
and obstructions by the defendant?
(4) Whether the defendant proves that, the suit schedule properties is
duly acquired by the defendant, in accordance with law and as such, the
same have stood vested with the defendant, free from all the encumbrances?
(5) Whether the Plaintiffs are entitled to the suit relief of declaration
and injunction, against the defendant?
(6) What Order or Decree?”
In that case also the trial court had recorded the findings that those
plaintiffs were in lawful possession on the date of the suit, such
possession was for more than 12 years and, thus, the plaintiffs had
perfected their title to the schedule properties by way of adverse
possession. The BDA filed appeals against the decree passed by the trial
court. Four appeals were allowed wherein the High Court held that the
trial court was wrong in recording the finding that those four plaintiffs
had established their possession. It was noticed that the plaintiffs in
those appeals were claiming settled possession of vacant piece of land,
which was clearly impermissible. The High Court found that there was no
dispute that all the structures on the suit properties, relevant to those
suits, had been demolished and that the land was a vacant piece of land all
along and at all material times, including on the date of filing the suit
as well as on the date of judgment. These four plaintiffs had filed
appeals which were dismissed by this Court in M. Venkatesh (supra)
approving the view taken by the High Court in the said four appeals.
Insofar as decision in those four cases is concerned, it may not be very
relevant as in the instant case it is not the vacant land with which we are
concerned. However, what is relevant for us is the discussion in the fifth
appeal which was filed by the BDA in the High Court wherein the High Court
had affirmed the decree passed in favour of the plaintiff. The High Court
noticed that in the said case the plaintiffs were running a saw mill which
was in operation long prior to the filing of the suit and which continued
to be in existence even on the date of the suit as well as on the date of
the judgment of the High Court. Keeping in view the aforesaid position,
the High Court relied upon its Division Bench judgment in John B. James's
case (supra) and held that the plaintiff therein was entitled to protection
against attempted eviction by the BDA. On this basis, decree passed by the
trial court was affirmed. This judgment of the High Court was also
appealed against, which also became the subject matter of discussion in M.
Venkatesh (supra). Pertinently, this Court allowed the appeal of the BDA
and set aside the aforesaid judgment of the High Court and reversed the
decree passed by the trial court, thereby holding that even in this case
the plaintiff was not entitled to any protection.
Following reasons can be culled out in taking the aforesaid view by this
Court:
(a) The plaintiff therein had purchased the property from the original
owners in terms of sale deed dated August 22, 1980, which was long after
the issuance of the preliminary notification published in July 1984. Such
a sale was clearly void and non est in the eyes of law, opined the Court.
In arriving at this conclusion, it referred to earlier decisions of this
Court in U.P. Jal Nigam v. Kalra Properties Pvt. Ltd.[6]; Ajay Kishan
Singhal v. Union of India[7]; Mahavir & Anr. v. Rural Institute, Amravati &
Anr.[8]; Gian Chand v. Gopala & Ors.[9]; Meera Sahni v. Lieutenant Governor
of Delhi & Ors.[10]; and Tika Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh[11].
(b) As on the date of suit, the plaintiffs had not completed 12 years in
possession of the suit property so as to entitle them to claim adverse
possession against the BDA, the true owner. This finding was given on the
basis that the plaintiffs could count the period of the so-called adverse
possession only from the date they purchased the property and the period
for which the original vendor held the property, or for that matter the
date of Mahazar, could not be counted.
(c) The Court also rejected the argument of the plaintiffs that possession
of the land was never taken. In this behalf, the Court took the view that
one of the settled mode of taking possession is by drawing a panchnama,
which part had been done to perfection according to the evidence led by the
BDA. For this, the Court referred to the judgments in Tamil Nadu Housing
Board v. A. Viswam (D) by Lrs.[12] and Larsen & Toubro Ltd. v. State of
Gujarat & Ors.[13]
(d) Most pertinently, the Court also held that the plaintiffs could not
claim adverse possession as, on the facts of that case, it could not be
said that possession of the plaintiffs was peaceful, open, continuous and
non-hostile. On this aspect, the Court took note of essentials of adverse
possession, which are required to be proved, from the judgment in the case
of Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Government of India[14] and some other
judgments. Discussion in this behalf is contained in paras 15 to 18, which
read as under:
“15. Coming then to the question whether the plaintiffs-
respondents could claim adverse possession, we need to hardly mention the
well known and oft quoted maxim nec vi, nec clam, nec precario meaning
thereby that adverse possession is proved only when possession is peaceful,
open, continuous and hostile. The essentials of adverse possession were
succinctly summed-up by this Court in Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Govt. of
India (2004) 10 SCC 779 in the following words:
“11.In the eye of the law, an owner would be deemed to be in possession of
a property so long as there is no intrusion. Non-use of the property by the
owner even for a long time won't affect his title. But the position will be
altered when another person takes possession of the property and asserts a
right over it. Adverse possession is a hostile possession by clearly
asserting hostile title in denial of the title of the true owner. It is a
well-settled principle that a party claiming adverse possession must prove
that his possession is "nec vi, nec clam, nec precario", that is, peaceful,
open and continuous. The possession must be adequate in continuity, in
publicity and in extent to show that their possession is adverse to the
true owner. It must start with a wrongful disposition of the rightful owner
and be actual, visible, exclusive, hostile and continued over the statutory
period. (See S.M. Karim v. Bibi Sakina (AIR 1964 SC 1254), Parsinni v.
Sukhi (1993) 4 SCC 375 and D.N. Venkatarayappa v. State of Karnataka (1997)
7 SCC 567). Physical fact of exclusive possession and the animus possidendi
to hold as owner in exclusion to the actual owner are the most important
factors that are to be accounted in cases of this nature. Plea of adverse
possession is not a pure question of law but a blended one of fact and law.
Therefore, a person who claims adverse possession should show: (a) on what
date he came into possession, (b) what was the nature of his possession,
(c) whether the factum of possession was known to the other party, (d) how
long his possession has continued, and (e) his possession was open and
undisturbed. A person pleading adverse possession has no equities in his
favour. Since he is trying to defeat the rights of the true owner, it is
for him to clearly plead and establish all facts necessary to establish his
adverse possession. [Mahesh Chand Sharma (Dr.) v. Raj Kumari Sharma (1996)
8 SCC 128)."
16. Reference may also be made to the decision of this Court in Saroop
Singh v. Banto (2005) 8 SCC 330, where this Court emphasised the importance
of animus possidendi and observed:
“29. In terms of Article 65 the starting point of limitation does not
commence from the date when the right of ownership arises to the plaintiff
but commences from the date the defendant's possession becomes adverse.
(See Vasantiben Prahladji Nayak v. Somnath Muljibhai Nayak (2004) 3 SCC
376).
30. "Animus possidendi" is one of the ingredients of adverse possession.
Unless the person possessing the land has the requisite animus the period
for prescription does not commence. As in the instant case, the appellant
categorically states that his possession is not adverse as that of true
owner, the logical corollary is that he did not have the requisite animus.
(See Mohd. Mohd. Ali v. Jagadish Kalita (2004) 1 SCC 371, SCC para 21.)"
17. Also noteworthy is the decision of this Court in Mohan Lal v. Mirza
Abdul Gaffar (1996) 1 SCC 639, where this Court held that claim of title to
the property and adverse possession are in terms contradictory. This Court
observed:
“4. As regards the first plea, it is inconsistent with the second plea.
Having come into possession under the agreement, he must disclaim his right
thereunder and plead and prove assertion of his independent hostile adverse
possession to the knowledge of the transferor or his successor in title or
interest and that the latter had acquiesced to his illegal possession
during the entire period of 12 years, i.e., up to completing the period of
his title by prescription nec vi, nec clam, nec precario. Since the
appellant's claim is founded on Section 53-A, it goes without saying that
he admits by implication that he came into possession of the land lawfully
under the agreement and continued to remain in possession till date of the
suit. Thereby the plea of adverse possession is not available to the
appellant."
18. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Annasaheb Bapusaheb
Patil v. Balwant (1995) 2 SCC 543, where this Court elaborated the
significance of a claim to title viz.-a-viz. the claim to adverse
possession over the same property. The Court said:
“15. Where possession can be referred to a lawful title, it will not be
considered to be adverse. The reason being that a person whose possession
can be referred to a lawful title will not be permitted to show that his
possession was hostile to another's title. One who holds possession on
behalf of another, does not by mere denial of that other's title make his
possession adverse so as to give himself the benefit of the statute of
limitation. Therefore, a person who enters into possession having a lawful
title, cannot divest another of that title by pretending that he had no
title at all."
After taking note of the principle of law relating to adverse possession in
the aforesaid manner, this Court commented about the erroneous approach of
the High Court in the following manner:
“19. The Courts below have not seen the plaintiff- respondent's claim from
the above perspectives. The High Court has, in particular, remained
oblivious of the principle enunciated in the decisions to which we have
referred herein above. All that the High Court has found in favour of the
plaintiffs is that their possession is established. That, however, does not
conclude the controversy. The question is not just whether the plaintiffs
were in possession, but whether they had by being in adverse possession for
the statutory period of 12 years perfected their title. That question has
neither been adverted to nor answered in the judgment impugned in this
appeal. Such being the case the High Court, in our opinion, erred in
dismissing the appeal filed by the appellant-BDA. The fact that the
plaintiffs had not and could not possibly establish their adverse
possession over the suit property should have resulted in dismissal of the
suit for an unauthorised occupant had no right to claim relief that would
perpetuate his illegal and unauthorised occupation of property that stood
vested in the BDA.”
In addition to the discussion contained in M. Venkatesh case noted above,
we may also add what was held in P.T. Munichikkanna Reddy & Ors. v. Revamma
& Ors.[15]:
“5. Adverse possession in one sense is based on the theory or presumption
that the owner has abandoned the property to the adverse possessor on the
acquiescence of the owner to the hostile acts and claims of the person in
possession. It follows that sound qualities of a typical adverse
possession lie in it being open, continuous and hostile. (See Downing v.
Bird; Arkansas Commemorative Commission v. City of Little Rock; Monnot v.
Murphy; and City of Rock Springs v. Sturm).”
In Rama Shankar & Anr. v. Om Prakash Likhdhari & Ors.[16], the Allahabad
High Court has observed as under:
“21. The principle of adverse possession and its consequences wherever
attracted has been recognized in the statute dealing with limitation. The
first codified statute dealing with limitation came to be enacted in 1840.
The Act 14 of 1840 in fact was an enactment applicable in England but it
was extended to the territory of Indian continent which was under the reign
of East India Company, by an authority of Privy Council in the East India
Company v. Oditchurn Paul, 1849 (Cases in the Privy Council on Appeal from
the East Indies) 43.
xx xx xx
23. The law of Prescription prescribes the period at the expiry of which
not only the judicial remedy is barred but a substantive right is acquired
or extinguished. A prescription, by which a right is acquired, is called
an 'acquisitive prescription'. A prescription by which a right is
extinguished is called 'extinctive prescription'. The distinction between
the two is not of much practical importance or substance. The extinction
of right of one party is often the mode of acquiring it by another. The
right extinguished is virtually transferred to the person who claims it by
prescription. Prescription implies with the thing prescribed for is the
property of another and that it is enjoyed adversely to that other. In
this respect it must be distinguished from acquisition by mere occupation
as in the case of res nullius. The acquisition in such cases does not
depend upon occupation for any particular length of time.”
The aforesaid analysis of the judgment in M. Venkatesh (supra) amply shows
that it is squarely and directly applicable to the facts and circumstances
of the present case. In the first instance, it shows that reliance of the
respondent herein on the judgment of John B. James (supra) is of no avail.
It would further demonstrate that the findings of the court below that only
paper possession was taken and actual possession was not taken also becomes
meaningless as the manner of taking possession in the instant case was also
identical. In addition, it is pertinent that the respondent herein, in
para 10 of the plaint, had herself admitted that the officials of the BDA
had come to the suit property on April 24, 2001 and demolished the existing
structure. This act of the BDA would amply demonstrate that there was no
unhindered, peaceful and continuous possession of the suit land.
Learned counsel for the respondent had raised the plea of equity. He has
also submitted that when the BDA itself is created for the purpose of
formation of layouts and allotment of sites to the members of the public,
the respondent should not be dispossessed when she is in continuous
possession of the suit property. However, these would not be the relevant
considerations in the present case as we cannot forget that the present
appeal arises out of civil proceedings filed in the form of a suit by the
respondent and once it is found that the respondent has not been able to
prove title by adverse possession, no such aspects, not coming within the
scope of the suit proceedings, can be looked into. Insofar as the argument
predicated on Section 27 of the Bangalore Development Authority Act or
Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 are concerned, again
these issues were neither raised nor arise in the instant case. If the
respondent, if at all, has any right to make claim on the aforesaid
grounds, in any appropriate proceedings, she can do so, if permissible in
law. We may clarify that this Court has not gone into these issues and,
therefore, has not made any comments on the merits of such pleas raised by
the respondent.
As a result, the appeal stands allowed resulting in dismissal of the suit
filed by the respondent in the trial court. In the facts and circumstances
of this case, there shall be no order as to costs.
.............................................J.
(A.K. SIKRI)
.............................................J.
(R.K. AGRAWAL)
NEW DELHI;
MARCH 10, 2016.
-----------------------
[1] (2015) 10 Scale 27
[2] ILR 2000 KAR 4134
[3] (1976) 1 SCC 700
[4] (2009) 8 SCC 339
[5] (2012) 1 SCC 792
[6] (1996) 3 SCC 124
[7] (1996) 10 SCC 721
[8] (1995) 5 SCC 335
[9] (1995) 5 SCC 528
[10] (2008) 9 SCC 177
[11] (2009) 10 SCC 689
[12] (1996) 2 SCC 634
[13] (1998) 4 SCC 387
[14] (2004) 10 SCC 779
[15] (2007) 6 SCC 59
[16] (2013) 6 ADJ 119
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2238 OF 2016
|BANGALORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY |.....APPELLANT(S) |
|VERSUS | |
|N. JAYAMMA |.....RESPONDENT(S) |
J U D G M E N T
A.K. SIKRI, J.
The instant appeal, which has travelled to this Court, had
its origin in a suit filed by the respondent in the Court of City Civil
Judge, Bangalore. The said suit was filed by the respondent herein for
declaration of title to the suit property situated in Sy. No. 76/1. It was
claimed by the respondent that she had purchased the property on June 22,
1994 ad-measuring East to West – 60 ft. and North to South – 50 ft.
(hereinafter referred to as the 'suit property') from its previous owner
and had constructed a building thereupon. The aforesaid suit property,
which was part of Sy. No. 76/1 comprising 4 acres 31 guntas (hereinafter
referred to as the 'scheduled property'), was acquired by the State
Government for Bangalore Development Authority – appellant herein (for
short, 'the BDA'), for which Notification under Section 4 of the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 (for short, 'the Act') was issued on December 15,
1984 followed by a declaration under Section 6 of the Act on October 29,
1986. Purportedly, possession thereof was handed over to the BDA on August
30, 1988 vide Mahazar (Exhibit D-4). However, it appears that the actual
possession of the suit property remained with the original owner who then
sold it to the respondent in the year 1994, as stated above. It is on this
basis that the respondent filed the suit on the ground that she was in
possession of the said property for more than 12 years even after the
acquisition thereof by the State Government and, in this manner, she had
perfected her title by adverse possession. Thus, the relief claimed in the
suit was for declaration that the respondent had become the owner thereof.
The appellant contested the said suit by raising the plea that since the
scheduled property had been acquired by the Government for formation of the
layout and with effect from the date of final notification entire land
vested with the Government, the respondent was precluded from claiming the
possession thereof on the ground that it was already with her. It was also
contended that the Government had handed over the possession of the land in
question to the BDA on August 30, 1988 and BDA was in legal possession
thereof. It was also submitted that once Notification under Section 4 of
the Act was issued on December 15, 1984 and even declaration under Section
6 was issued on October 29, 1986, it was not permissible for the original
owner to sell the acquired land to the respondent herein on June 22, 1994.
It was also contended that as the land vested with the Government, in any
case, the limitation under Article 112 of the Limitation Act, 1963 was 30
years and not 12 years and, therefore, the respondent could not claim
adverse possession before the expiry of 30 years.
The trial court, on the basis of the pleadings, framed the following
issues:
“(1) Whether the plaintiff proves that she and her predecessors in title
have been in continuous possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule
property since more than 12 years, adverse to the interest of the defendant
as pleaded in the plaint?
(2) Whether the plaintiff proves that she had perfected her title to the
suit schedule property by way of adverse possession as pleaded in the
plaint?
(3) Whether the plaintiff proves that the defendant and his officials are
unlawfully interfering with her possession of the suit schedule property as
alleged in the plaint?
(4) Whether the plaintiff proves that she is entitled for the declaration
of title to the suit schedule property as sought for in the suit?
(5) Whether the plaintiff proves that she is also entitled for the grant
of permanent injunction against the defendant as ought for in the suit?”
Evidence was led and arguments heard, which resulted in passing of judgment
and decree dated April 07, 2006 by the Additional City Civil Judge,
Bangalore. All the issues were decided in favour of the respondent herein,
on the basis of which suit was decreed in her favour declaring that she is
the owner in possession of the suit property having perfected her title by
way of adverse possession. As a consequence, decree of permanent
injunction was also passed restraining the appellant – BDA, its officials
and agents, etc. from alienating the suit property either by way of lease,
public auction or by allotting the same in favour of any third party or
from interfering with the peaceful possession and enjoyment of the said
property by the respondent. This judgment and decree was appealed against
by the appellant before the High Court by filing Regular First Appeal No.
1279 of 2006. The High Court has, vide impugned judgment, affirmed the
decree passed by the trial court thereby dismissing the appeal of the
appellant.
Attacking the judgment and decree passed by the trial court and affirmed by
the High Court, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that even if it
is presumed that limitation period for claiming adverse possession is 12
years, in the instant case, that ingredient has not been satisfied by the
respondent even on the basis of admitted facts. In this behalf, it was
argued that as per the respondent's own showing, she had purchased the area
of 60 ft. x 50 ft. out of the acquired land on June 22, 1994. She, thus,
came into possession in the year 1994. He further pointed out that in the
plaint itself, the respondent had averred that there was some existing
construction and she had applied for regularisation of the said existing
construction on July 25, 1994. Further, in para 10 of the plaint, the
respondent admitted that the officials of the appellant had come to the
suit, properly accompanied by Police force, and demolished the existing
construction. He drew our attention to the following averments in the
plaint to the aforesaid effect:
“In spite of the above stated facts, the BDA and its officials without any
kind of notice and with the help of a large contingent of police force
accompanied by the officials and workmen including the Commissioner, BDA
and all of a sudden they have illegally trespassed over the suit schedule
property on 24.04.2001 and interfered over the same and demolished the
existing construction buildings as well as her business therein on
24.04.2001 with the aid of bulldozers and such other machinery,
equipments....”
It was, thus, argued that after purchase of the land on June 22, 1994, the
respondent remained in possession for barely 7 years when she was
dispossessed, even as per the respondent's own showing and the suit filed
on August 06, 2001 claiming adverse possession on the ground that she was
in possession for 12 years, was incompetent. It was further submitted that
as per the aforesaid pleadings in the plaint, it was clear that on the date
of filing the suit, the respondent was not in possession nor was there any
structure on the suit land and the question of claiming adverse possession,
thus, did not arise.
Learned counsel also argued that in order to lay claim of ownership on the
basis of adverse possession, it has to be proved that such adverse
possession is open and uninterrupted to the enjoyment of the defendant-
Authority for more than 12 years, which essential requirement had not been
satisfied. For this proposition, the learned counsel placed heavy reliance
upon a recent judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh & Ors. v.
Commissioner, Bangalore Development Authority.[1]
We may note at this stage that in arriving at a finding that the respondent
was in possession of suit property for more than 12 years, the courts below
have calculated the period from August 30, 1988, namely, the date on which
possession was taken under a Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) by the State Government
and handed over to the BDA. Learned counsel for the BDA pleaded that the
aforesaid approach of the courts below was wholly erroneous as the
respondent, as per her own showing, came to possess the suit property only
after the purchase thereof on June 22, 1994. He also submitted that, in
any case, sale in favour of the respondent in the year 1994 was void ab
initio as the title had already been vested in the BDA and the original
owner who had purportedly sold the property to the respondent was no longer
owner thereof and had no right to sell the same. Learned counsel argued
that even this aspect is squarely covered by the aforesaid judgment in the
case of M. Venkatesh (supra). Learned counsel also pointed out that after
the structure was demolished in the year 2001 by the BDA, as admitted by
the respondent herself, the site in question was auctioned by the appellant
on August 06, 2001 and sale deed was duly executed, which was proved before
the trial court as Exhibit P-26.
Per contra, learned counsel for the respondent submitted that the
respondent had led sufficient evidence to establish that she had been in
continuous possession, which remained uninterrupted, and on the basis of
this evidence a categorical finding was arrived at by the trial court to
the effect that the respondent has perfected her title in respect of the
suit property by way of adverse possession. This submission was elaborated
by arguing that even when the schedule property was acquired by issuing
requisite notifications and passing of the award, possession of the suit
property was never taken by the BDA, which continued to be in possession of
the vendor, from whom the respondent purchased the property vide sale deed
dated June 22, 1994, and thereafter she had been in possession of this
property. It was submitted that these were findings of facts arrived at on
the basis of evidence produced on record which do not warrant any
interference. It was also submitted that Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) dated
October 13, 1988 was only a paper possession and no actual possession had
been taken, which also stood proved not only by the evidence led by the
respondent, but even from the statements of DW-1 and DW-2, who were
examined on behalf of the BDA. Learned counsel further pointed out that
there was not even an iota of evidence adduced on behalf of the BDA that
the possession of the suit property was taken on the date of Mahazar
(Exhibit D-4) or subsequently thereafter.
Insofar as claim of continuous, uninterrupted and peaceful possession for a
period of more than 12 years is concerned, it was the submission of the
learned counsel for the respondent that possession of the respondent shall
not be counted from the date of the sale deed, i.e. June 22, 1994, in her
favour, but the earlier period during which the vendor was in possession
also needs to be counted and the courts below were right in computing the
period of 12 years from the date of Mahazar (Exhibit D-4) dated October 13,
1988. A fervent plea was made that if the impugned judgment is reversed,
the respondent and the members of her family will be deprived of their only
shelter, which would amount to taking away their right to property
guaranteed to them under Article 300A of the Constitution of India. It is
stated that there was a fully developed structure (house) (Exhibits P-22 to
P-25) on the suit property and the building was constructed after obtaining
permission and licence from Agara Gram Panchayat and regularly taxes were
paid with respect to the suit property and Khatha also stands in favour of
the respondent. It was submitted that at no point of time the BDA took
possession of the property in question from the vendor or the respondent.
It was also argued that the BDA being a statutory authority created for the
purpose of formation of layouts and allotment of sites to the members of
the pubic, even in equity it was not proper, just or fair to deprive the
respondent of her only source of shelter. The very objective of the BDA is
to provide shelter to the members of public. The counsel, thus, pleaded
that this Court should not exercise its extraordinary power under Article
136 of the Constitution even if the judgment impugned suffers from any
error if the said judgment will not bring about any unjust result.
Another submission of the learned counsel for the respondent was that the
very purpose for which the land was acquired was to prepare a scheme for
allotment of the houses to the members of the public. As per Section 27 of
the Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976, such a scheme had to be
prepared within five years from the passage of the award, but the BDA had
failed to do so resulting in the lapsing of the scheme. This was yet
another reason, according to the respondent, for not interfering with the
decree passed in favour of the respondent.
Tracing the history of the present litigation, learned counsel for the
respondent referred to the judgment of the Karnataka High Court in John B.
James & Ors. v. Bangalore Development Authority & Anr.[2] Delivering the
judgment in that case, in a batch of writ petitions which were filed by the
respondent and several others, the High Court, after elaborately
considering the rival contentions of the parties, had directed the writ
petitioners, including the respondent herein to approach the civil court to
establish their claim that they had perfected their title to the suit
property by adverse possession, as is clear from the following passage
therefrom:
“85. Where the petitioners claim that they are in settled possession for
more than 12 years after the land had vested in BDA, it is open to them to
approach the Civil Court for a declaration of title by establishing adverse
possession for more than 12 years.”
Learned counsel for the respondent joined issue qua the arguments of the
appellant predicated on the judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh case
with the submission that the said judgment had absolutely no application to
the facts of the present case as the said case relates to the vacant house
site and construction of building after dispossession, which was not the
position in the instant case. On the other hand, he referred to the
following judgments of this Court wherein symbolic/paper possession is held
to be no possession in the eyes of law and it is the actual possession
under relevant rules which matters:
(i) Balwant Narayan Bhagde v. M.D. Bhagwat[3]
(ii) NTPC Ltd. v. Mahesh Dutta[4]
(iii) Raghbir Singh Sehrawat v. State of Haryana[5]
Learned counsel for the respondent even referred to the provisions of the
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, and in particular sub-section
(2) of Section 24 which lays down specific period within which the
possession is to be taken of the property after acquisition and when no
such possession was taken, the acquisition lapses.
In the first blush, argument of the learned counsel for the respondent,
viz., there is a finding of fact that respondent and her predecessors-in-
title have been in continuous possession and enjoyment of the suit property
for more than 12 years and, therefore, the respondent has perfected her
title by adverse possession, appears to be attractive. It may appear to be
a finding of fact simplicitor. However, an indepth analysis of the issue
would manifest that the matter cannot be brushed aside with such a
simplisitic overtone. In fact, the detailed discussion that follows would
amply demonstrates that the manner in which the issue has been approached
by the courts below is itself erroneous and legally unsustainable. For
this, we are not even required to discuss various nuances of the issue as
the judgment of this Court in M. Venkatesh has done this exercise whereby
same issue has been directly and squarely dealt with which arose in almost
similar circumstances. Therefore, it would be apt to discuss the facts of
that case as well as law laid down therein which would provide answers to
many arguments raised by the parties before us.
In M. Venkatesh (supra) as well, land was acquired by the State Government
of Karnataka and given at the disposal of the BDA. Preliminary
Notification was issued on July 17, 1984 and final Notification dated
November 28, 1986 was published on December 25, 1986. Determination of
amount of compensation payable to the landowners having been approved by
the competent authority on August 21, 1986, the BDA claimed that possession
of the land was taken over from the landowners and handed over to the
engineering section of the BDA by drawing a possession Mahazar on November
06, 1987. A Notification under Section 16(2) of the Act was also published
in the Karnataka Gazette dated July 04, 1991 which, according to the BDA,
signified that the land in question stood vested with the BDA free from all
encumbrances whatsoever. Here also, after taking of the aforesaid steps by
the BDA, the original land owners of the acquired land sold the said land
to different persons after carving out the sites/plots. When the actual
possession was sought to be taken, the said subsequent purchasers (like the
respondent in the instant appeal) filed writ petitions in the High Court.
Their writ petitions, along with the writ petition of the respondent herein
and some others, were the subject matter of the judgment of the Division
Bench of the High Court in John B. James's case (supra). Like the
respondent herein, the individuals/subsequent purchasers in the case of M.
Venkatesh (supra) were also relegated to the civil court giving them
permission to file the suit if they were claiming adverse possession. Five
such suits were the subject matter of the judgment in M. Venkatesh (supra).
The trial court had, in fact, clubbed these suits which were decided
together and decreed. The issues framed in those suits were almost the
same to the ones framed in the civil suit filed by the respondent herein,
as is clear from the issues which were settled by the trial court in those
cases:
“(1) Whether the Plaintiffs prove that, they have acquired and perfected
their alleged title to the suit schedule properties by virtue of the
alleged law on adverse possession, as claimed?
(2) Whether the Plaintiffs prove their alleged lawful possession and
enjoyment of the suit schedule properties, as on the date of the suit?
(3) Whether the Plaintiffs further prove the alleged illegal interferences
and obstructions by the defendant?
(4) Whether the defendant proves that, the suit schedule properties is
duly acquired by the defendant, in accordance with law and as such, the
same have stood vested with the defendant, free from all the encumbrances?
(5) Whether the Plaintiffs are entitled to the suit relief of declaration
and injunction, against the defendant?
(6) What Order or Decree?”
In that case also the trial court had recorded the findings that those
plaintiffs were in lawful possession on the date of the suit, such
possession was for more than 12 years and, thus, the plaintiffs had
perfected their title to the schedule properties by way of adverse
possession. The BDA filed appeals against the decree passed by the trial
court. Four appeals were allowed wherein the High Court held that the
trial court was wrong in recording the finding that those four plaintiffs
had established their possession. It was noticed that the plaintiffs in
those appeals were claiming settled possession of vacant piece of land,
which was clearly impermissible. The High Court found that there was no
dispute that all the structures on the suit properties, relevant to those
suits, had been demolished and that the land was a vacant piece of land all
along and at all material times, including on the date of filing the suit
as well as on the date of judgment. These four plaintiffs had filed
appeals which were dismissed by this Court in M. Venkatesh (supra)
approving the view taken by the High Court in the said four appeals.
Insofar as decision in those four cases is concerned, it may not be very
relevant as in the instant case it is not the vacant land with which we are
concerned. However, what is relevant for us is the discussion in the fifth
appeal which was filed by the BDA in the High Court wherein the High Court
had affirmed the decree passed in favour of the plaintiff. The High Court
noticed that in the said case the plaintiffs were running a saw mill which
was in operation long prior to the filing of the suit and which continued
to be in existence even on the date of the suit as well as on the date of
the judgment of the High Court. Keeping in view the aforesaid position,
the High Court relied upon its Division Bench judgment in John B. James's
case (supra) and held that the plaintiff therein was entitled to protection
against attempted eviction by the BDA. On this basis, decree passed by the
trial court was affirmed. This judgment of the High Court was also
appealed against, which also became the subject matter of discussion in M.
Venkatesh (supra). Pertinently, this Court allowed the appeal of the BDA
and set aside the aforesaid judgment of the High Court and reversed the
decree passed by the trial court, thereby holding that even in this case
the plaintiff was not entitled to any protection.
Following reasons can be culled out in taking the aforesaid view by this
Court:
(a) The plaintiff therein had purchased the property from the original
owners in terms of sale deed dated August 22, 1980, which was long after
the issuance of the preliminary notification published in July 1984. Such
a sale was clearly void and non est in the eyes of law, opined the Court.
In arriving at this conclusion, it referred to earlier decisions of this
Court in U.P. Jal Nigam v. Kalra Properties Pvt. Ltd.[6]; Ajay Kishan
Singhal v. Union of India[7]; Mahavir & Anr. v. Rural Institute, Amravati &
Anr.[8]; Gian Chand v. Gopala & Ors.[9]; Meera Sahni v. Lieutenant Governor
of Delhi & Ors.[10]; and Tika Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh[11].
(b) As on the date of suit, the plaintiffs had not completed 12 years in
possession of the suit property so as to entitle them to claim adverse
possession against the BDA, the true owner. This finding was given on the
basis that the plaintiffs could count the period of the so-called adverse
possession only from the date they purchased the property and the period
for which the original vendor held the property, or for that matter the
date of Mahazar, could not be counted.
(c) The Court also rejected the argument of the plaintiffs that possession
of the land was never taken. In this behalf, the Court took the view that
one of the settled mode of taking possession is by drawing a panchnama,
which part had been done to perfection according to the evidence led by the
BDA. For this, the Court referred to the judgments in Tamil Nadu Housing
Board v. A. Viswam (D) by Lrs.[12] and Larsen & Toubro Ltd. v. State of
Gujarat & Ors.[13]
(d) Most pertinently, the Court also held that the plaintiffs could not
claim adverse possession as, on the facts of that case, it could not be
said that possession of the plaintiffs was peaceful, open, continuous and
non-hostile. On this aspect, the Court took note of essentials of adverse
possession, which are required to be proved, from the judgment in the case
of Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Government of India[14] and some other
judgments. Discussion in this behalf is contained in paras 15 to 18, which
read as under:
“15. Coming then to the question whether the plaintiffs-
respondents could claim adverse possession, we need to hardly mention the
well known and oft quoted maxim nec vi, nec clam, nec precario meaning
thereby that adverse possession is proved only when possession is peaceful,
open, continuous and hostile. The essentials of adverse possession were
succinctly summed-up by this Court in Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Govt. of
India (2004) 10 SCC 779 in the following words:
“11.In the eye of the law, an owner would be deemed to be in possession of
a property so long as there is no intrusion. Non-use of the property by the
owner even for a long time won't affect his title. But the position will be
altered when another person takes possession of the property and asserts a
right over it. Adverse possession is a hostile possession by clearly
asserting hostile title in denial of the title of the true owner. It is a
well-settled principle that a party claiming adverse possession must prove
that his possession is "nec vi, nec clam, nec precario", that is, peaceful,
open and continuous. The possession must be adequate in continuity, in
publicity and in extent to show that their possession is adverse to the
true owner. It must start with a wrongful disposition of the rightful owner
and be actual, visible, exclusive, hostile and continued over the statutory
period. (See S.M. Karim v. Bibi Sakina (AIR 1964 SC 1254), Parsinni v.
Sukhi (1993) 4 SCC 375 and D.N. Venkatarayappa v. State of Karnataka (1997)
7 SCC 567). Physical fact of exclusive possession and the animus possidendi
to hold as owner in exclusion to the actual owner are the most important
factors that are to be accounted in cases of this nature. Plea of adverse
possession is not a pure question of law but a blended one of fact and law.
Therefore, a person who claims adverse possession should show: (a) on what
date he came into possession, (b) what was the nature of his possession,
(c) whether the factum of possession was known to the other party, (d) how
long his possession has continued, and (e) his possession was open and
undisturbed. A person pleading adverse possession has no equities in his
favour. Since he is trying to defeat the rights of the true owner, it is
for him to clearly plead and establish all facts necessary to establish his
adverse possession. [Mahesh Chand Sharma (Dr.) v. Raj Kumari Sharma (1996)
8 SCC 128)."
16. Reference may also be made to the decision of this Court in Saroop
Singh v. Banto (2005) 8 SCC 330, where this Court emphasised the importance
of animus possidendi and observed:
“29. In terms of Article 65 the starting point of limitation does not
commence from the date when the right of ownership arises to the plaintiff
but commences from the date the defendant's possession becomes adverse.
(See Vasantiben Prahladji Nayak v. Somnath Muljibhai Nayak (2004) 3 SCC
376).
30. "Animus possidendi" is one of the ingredients of adverse possession.
Unless the person possessing the land has the requisite animus the period
for prescription does not commence. As in the instant case, the appellant
categorically states that his possession is not adverse as that of true
owner, the logical corollary is that he did not have the requisite animus.
(See Mohd. Mohd. Ali v. Jagadish Kalita (2004) 1 SCC 371, SCC para 21.)"
17. Also noteworthy is the decision of this Court in Mohan Lal v. Mirza
Abdul Gaffar (1996) 1 SCC 639, where this Court held that claim of title to
the property and adverse possession are in terms contradictory. This Court
observed:
“4. As regards the first plea, it is inconsistent with the second plea.
Having come into possession under the agreement, he must disclaim his right
thereunder and plead and prove assertion of his independent hostile adverse
possession to the knowledge of the transferor or his successor in title or
interest and that the latter had acquiesced to his illegal possession
during the entire period of 12 years, i.e., up to completing the period of
his title by prescription nec vi, nec clam, nec precario. Since the
appellant's claim is founded on Section 53-A, it goes without saying that
he admits by implication that he came into possession of the land lawfully
under the agreement and continued to remain in possession till date of the
suit. Thereby the plea of adverse possession is not available to the
appellant."
18. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Annasaheb Bapusaheb
Patil v. Balwant (1995) 2 SCC 543, where this Court elaborated the
significance of a claim to title viz.-a-viz. the claim to adverse
possession over the same property. The Court said:
“15. Where possession can be referred to a lawful title, it will not be
considered to be adverse. The reason being that a person whose possession
can be referred to a lawful title will not be permitted to show that his
possession was hostile to another's title. One who holds possession on
behalf of another, does not by mere denial of that other's title make his
possession adverse so as to give himself the benefit of the statute of
limitation. Therefore, a person who enters into possession having a lawful
title, cannot divest another of that title by pretending that he had no
title at all."
After taking note of the principle of law relating to adverse possession in
the aforesaid manner, this Court commented about the erroneous approach of
the High Court in the following manner:
“19. The Courts below have not seen the plaintiff- respondent's claim from
the above perspectives. The High Court has, in particular, remained
oblivious of the principle enunciated in the decisions to which we have
referred herein above. All that the High Court has found in favour of the
plaintiffs is that their possession is established. That, however, does not
conclude the controversy. The question is not just whether the plaintiffs
were in possession, but whether they had by being in adverse possession for
the statutory period of 12 years perfected their title. That question has
neither been adverted to nor answered in the judgment impugned in this
appeal. Such being the case the High Court, in our opinion, erred in
dismissing the appeal filed by the appellant-BDA. The fact that the
plaintiffs had not and could not possibly establish their adverse
possession over the suit property should have resulted in dismissal of the
suit for an unauthorised occupant had no right to claim relief that would
perpetuate his illegal and unauthorised occupation of property that stood
vested in the BDA.”
In addition to the discussion contained in M. Venkatesh case noted above,
we may also add what was held in P.T. Munichikkanna Reddy & Ors. v. Revamma
& Ors.[15]:
“5. Adverse possession in one sense is based on the theory or presumption
that the owner has abandoned the property to the adverse possessor on the
acquiescence of the owner to the hostile acts and claims of the person in
possession. It follows that sound qualities of a typical adverse
possession lie in it being open, continuous and hostile. (See Downing v.
Bird; Arkansas Commemorative Commission v. City of Little Rock; Monnot v.
Murphy; and City of Rock Springs v. Sturm).”
In Rama Shankar & Anr. v. Om Prakash Likhdhari & Ors.[16], the Allahabad
High Court has observed as under:
“21. The principle of adverse possession and its consequences wherever
attracted has been recognized in the statute dealing with limitation. The
first codified statute dealing with limitation came to be enacted in 1840.
The Act 14 of 1840 in fact was an enactment applicable in England but it
was extended to the territory of Indian continent which was under the reign
of East India Company, by an authority of Privy Council in the East India
Company v. Oditchurn Paul, 1849 (Cases in the Privy Council on Appeal from
the East Indies) 43.
xx xx xx
23. The law of Prescription prescribes the period at the expiry of which
not only the judicial remedy is barred but a substantive right is acquired
or extinguished. A prescription, by which a right is acquired, is called
an 'acquisitive prescription'. A prescription by which a right is
extinguished is called 'extinctive prescription'. The distinction between
the two is not of much practical importance or substance. The extinction
of right of one party is often the mode of acquiring it by another. The
right extinguished is virtually transferred to the person who claims it by
prescription. Prescription implies with the thing prescribed for is the
property of another and that it is enjoyed adversely to that other. In
this respect it must be distinguished from acquisition by mere occupation
as in the case of res nullius. The acquisition in such cases does not
depend upon occupation for any particular length of time.”
The aforesaid analysis of the judgment in M. Venkatesh (supra) amply shows
that it is squarely and directly applicable to the facts and circumstances
of the present case. In the first instance, it shows that reliance of the
respondent herein on the judgment of John B. James (supra) is of no avail.
It would further demonstrate that the findings of the court below that only
paper possession was taken and actual possession was not taken also becomes
meaningless as the manner of taking possession in the instant case was also
identical. In addition, it is pertinent that the respondent herein, in
para 10 of the plaint, had herself admitted that the officials of the BDA
had come to the suit property on April 24, 2001 and demolished the existing
structure. This act of the BDA would amply demonstrate that there was no
unhindered, peaceful and continuous possession of the suit land.
Learned counsel for the respondent had raised the plea of equity. He has
also submitted that when the BDA itself is created for the purpose of
formation of layouts and allotment of sites to the members of the public,
the respondent should not be dispossessed when she is in continuous
possession of the suit property. However, these would not be the relevant
considerations in the present case as we cannot forget that the present
appeal arises out of civil proceedings filed in the form of a suit by the
respondent and once it is found that the respondent has not been able to
prove title by adverse possession, no such aspects, not coming within the
scope of the suit proceedings, can be looked into. Insofar as the argument
predicated on Section 27 of the Bangalore Development Authority Act or
Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 are concerned, again
these issues were neither raised nor arise in the instant case. If the
respondent, if at all, has any right to make claim on the aforesaid
grounds, in any appropriate proceedings, she can do so, if permissible in
law. We may clarify that this Court has not gone into these issues and,
therefore, has not made any comments on the merits of such pleas raised by
the respondent.
As a result, the appeal stands allowed resulting in dismissal of the suit
filed by the respondent in the trial court. In the facts and circumstances
of this case, there shall be no order as to costs.
.............................................J.
(A.K. SIKRI)
.............................................J.
(R.K. AGRAWAL)
NEW DELHI;
MARCH 10, 2016.
-----------------------
[1] (2015) 10 Scale 27
[2] ILR 2000 KAR 4134
[3] (1976) 1 SCC 700
[4] (2009) 8 SCC 339
[5] (2012) 1 SCC 792
[6] (1996) 3 SCC 124
[7] (1996) 10 SCC 721
[8] (1995) 5 SCC 335
[9] (1995) 5 SCC 528
[10] (2008) 9 SCC 177
[11] (2009) 10 SCC 689
[12] (1996) 2 SCC 634
[13] (1998) 4 SCC 387
[14] (2004) 10 SCC 779
[15] (2007) 6 SCC 59
[16] (2013) 6 ADJ 119
