1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 022967 OF 2017
(Arising out of SLP (C ) No 27279 of 2015)
HARPAL SINGH ..... APPELLANT
Versus
ASHOK KUMAR & ANR ..... RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 Leave granted.
2 A learned Single Judge of the High Court of Delhi, by a judgment dated 19
September 2014 rejected a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution. The
petition sought to challenge an order dated 21 August 2010 of the Additional
2
District Judge (North) rejecting the objections of the appellant in the course of the
execution of a decree.
3 Sometime in 2002 a suit was instituted by the respondents for a permanent
injunction, alleging that the defendants to the suit were threatening to interfere with
the possession of their lands situated at Nilothi, Delhi. The suit was dismissed by
the Civil Judge on 14 February 2005, holding it to be barred by the provisions of
Section 185 (1) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954. The Trial court held that
the plaintiff had failed to place any registered document on record to establish his
ownership in respect of the land. Moreover, in the view of the trial Court, it was
necessary for the plaintiffs to first seek a declaration from the revenue court as
bhoomidars upon which alone an injunction could be sought. Subsequently, on 31
December 2005 the respondents instituted a suit under Section 6 of the Specific
Relief Act against the appellant, alleging that the appellant had forcibly taken
possession of the land. In response it was the case of the appellant that he was
neither in possession of the land nor had he dispossessed the respondents. The
suit was decreed by the trial court ex-parte on 30 May 2009, upon which execution
was initiated by the respondents as decree-holders. In the course of the execution,
the appellant filed objections on the ground that he was not concerned with the suit
property and was not in possession and on the ground that the ex-parte decree
was obtained by misrepresentation and fraud. The objections were dismissed in
default on 16 April 2010 and a warrant of possession was directed to be issued by
3
the ADJ (North)-04, Delhi. The appellant appears to have filed objections to the
execution of the decree on 12 July 2010 on the ground that Section 185 of the
Delhi Land Reforms Act bars a civil suit for the recovery of possession. The
objections were dismissed by the executing Court on 21 August 2010 with the
following observations:
“The Delhi Land Reforms Act is applicable with regard to the agricultural
land only but the land in question is not agriculture land which has been
vehemently argued by the counsel for the DH and in support of her
contention placed on record the copies of the electricity bills pertaining to
the same khasra number which is subject matter of the instant execution
proceedings. Even otherwise, it is a matter of common knowledge that
most of the rural land in Delhi has become urbanized and private colonies,
may be unauthorized, have mushroomed on such agricultural land. This
fact has since been substantiated with the help of electricity bills which
takes out the sting from the contentions raised by the counsel for the
objector and in the process strengthens the case of the DH, the arguments
is thus, brushed aside that the court lack of inherent jurisdiction on account
of the fact that land in question is governed by the Delhi Land Reforms Act
being agriculture land.”
The order of the executing court was challenged by the appellant under Article 227
of the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the petition by its judgment dated
19 September 2014. The High Court rejected the submission that the decree
obtained under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act was a nullity on the ground that
the suit was barred by Section 185 of the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954.
4 On behalf of the appellant it has been submitted that since an earlier suit
seeking a permanent injunction was dismissed by a competent civil court in view
of the provisions of Section 185(1) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act 1954, and since
the land is ‘agricultural’ in nature, the civil court did not have jurisdiction in the
4
matter. The decree was a nullity and this defence, it was submitted, could be raised
in execution.
5 The High Court has relied upon the earlier decisions of the court following
Ram Lubbaya Kapoor v J R Chawla and others1
, in which it has been held that
to be ‘land’ for the purpose of the Delhi Land Reforms Act,1954, the land must be
held or occupied for purposes connected with agriculture, horticulture or animal
husbandry and if it is not used for such purposes, it ceases to be land for the
purposes of the Act. The same view has been taken by the Delhi High Court in
Narain Singh and Anr v Financial Commissioner2
, Neelima Gupta and Ors v
Yogesh Saroha and Ors3
, and Anand J Datwani v Ms Geeti Bhagat Datwani
and Ors4
.
6 Section 3(13) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act defines the expression ‘land’
as follows:
“(13) “land” except in sections 23 and 24, means land held or occupied for
purpose connected with agriculture, horticulture or animal husbandry
including pisciculture and poultry farming and includes –
(a) Buildings appurtenant thereto,
(b) Village abadis,
(c) Grovelands,
(d) Lands for village pasture or land covered by water and used for
growing singharas and other produce or land in the bed of a river and
used for casual or occasional cultivation,
But does not include
1 1986 RLR 432
2
(2008) 105 DRJ 122
3 156 (2009) DLT 129
4
(2013 (137) DRJ 146
5
land occupied by building in belts or areas adjacent to Delhi town, which
the Chief Commissioner may be a notification in the Official Gazette
declare as an acquisition thereto;”
The position of law which has been consistently followed is that where the land
has not been used for any purpose contemplated under the Land Reforms Act and
has been built upon, it would cease to be agricultural land. Once agricultural land
loses its basic character and has been converted into authorized/unauthorized
colonies by dividing it into plots, disputes of plot holders cannot be decided by the
revenue authorities and would have to be resolved by the civil court. The bar under
Section 185 would not be attracted 5
. This position of law has not been
controverted in the present proceedings.
7 The validity of a decree can be challenged before an executing court only
on the ground of an inherent lack of jurisdiction which renders the decree a nullity.
In Hira Lal Patni v Sri Kali Nath6
, this Court held thus:
“…The validity of a decree can be challenged in execution proceedings
only on the ground that the court which passed the decree was lacking in
inherent jurisdiction in the sense that it could not have seisin of the case
because the subject-matter was wholly foreign to its jurisdiction or that the
5 Section 185 provides thus:
“185. Cognizance of suits, etc., under this Act- (1) Except as provided by or under this Act no court other
than a court mentioned in column 7 of Schedule I shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code
of Civil Proced8re, 1908 (5 of 1908), take cognizance of any suit, application, or proceedings mentioned
in column 3 thereof.
(2) Except as hereinafter provided no appeal shall lie from an order passed under any of the proceedings
mentioned in column 3 of the Schedule 3 aforesaid.
(3) An appeal shall lie from the final order passed by a court mentioned in column 3 to the court or
authority mentioned in column 8 thereof.
(4) A second appeal shall lie from the final order passed in an appeal under sub-section (3) to the
authority, if any, mentioned against it in column 9 of the Schedule aforesaid.
6
(1962) 2 SCR 747
6
defendant was dead at the time the suit had been instituted or decree
passed, or some such other ground which could have the effect of
rendering the court entirely lacking in jurisdiction in respect of the subjectmatter
of the suit or over the parties to it…”
In Sunder Dass v Ram Prakash7
, this court held that:
“Now, the law is well settled that an executing court cannot go behind the
decree nor can it question its legality or correctness. But there is one
exception to this general rule and that is that where the decree sought to
be executed is a nullity for lack of inherent jurisdiction in the court passing
it, its invalidity can be set up in an execution proceeding. Where there is
lack of inherent jurisdiction, it goes to the root of the competence of the
court to try the case and a decree which is a nullity is void and can be
declared to be void by any court in which it is presented. Its nullity can be
set up whenever and wherever it is sought to be enforced or relied upon
and even at the stage of execution or even in collateral proceedings. The
executing court can, therefore, entertain an objection that the decree is a
nullity and can refuse to execute the decree. By doing so, the executing
court would not incur the reproach that it is going behind the decree,
because the decree being null and void, there would really be no decree
at all. Vide Kiran Singh v. Chaman Paswan [AIR 1954 SC 340 : (1955) 1
SCR 117] and Seth Hiralal Patni v. Sri Kali Nath [AIR 1962 SC 199 : (1962)
2 SCR 747]. It is, therefore, obvious that in the present case, it was
competent to the executing court to examine whether the decree for
eviction was a nullity on the ground that the civil court had no inherent
jurisdiction to entertain the suit in which the decree for eviction was
passed. If the decree for eviction was a nullity, the executing court could
declare it to be such and decline to execute it against the respondent.”
[See also Gaon Sabha v Nathi8
]
8 In the present case, the finding of fact which was arrived at by the executing
Court in the course of its decision on the objection to execution is that the land had
ceased to be agricultural land and was not being used for purposes contemplated
7
(1977) 2 SCC 662
8
(2004) 12 SCC 555
7
under the Delhi Land Reforms Act 1954. The High Court while affirming the view
of the executing court made the following observations:
“…But in the present case, the Decree Holder had shown electricity bills
pertaining to the same Khasra number and the Court also considered that
most rural lands in Delhi have become urbanized and private unauthorized
colonies have mushroomed on agricultural lands. Therefore, in fact, the
said land had lost its character of agricultural land. Besides, the suit was
filed under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act for declaration and
possession along with injunction and other consequential reliefs. The
executing Court found that the objector had not shown as to how the said
suit was not maintainable. It relied upon the dicta of the Supreme Court
in Hira Lal Patni v. Sri Kali Nath, AIR 1962 SC 199 which held that “the
validity of a decree can be challenged in execution proceedings only on
the ground that the court which passed the decree was lacking inherent
jurisdiction in the sense that it could not have seisin of the case because
the subject matter was wholly foreign to its jurisdiction or that the
defendant was dead at the time the suit had been instituted or decree
passed, or some such other ground which could have the effect of
rendering the court entirely lacking in jurisdiction in respect of the subject
matter of the suit or over the parties to it. But in the instant case there was
no such inherent lack of jurisdiction.”
9 The above findings have not been squarely challenged in these
proceedings. The suit which was decreed on 30 May 2009 was a suit under
Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act which in any event, did not require a
determination of the question of title. The earlier suit was a suit for injunction. The
finding of fact which has been arrived at is to the effect that the land in question
had ceased to be agricultural in nature on the date of the institution of the suit.
Hence, it cannot be held that the decree of the trial court was a nullity. The land
was not governed, as a result, by the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 since it was
not agricultural and the bar under Section 185 was not attracted. There was no
8
inherent lack of jurisdiction and the objection to the execution of the decree was
without foundation.
10 For the above reasons, we find no merit in the civil appeal, which is
accordingly dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.
….....................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
…......................................J
[A.M. KHANWILKAR]
…......................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi
December 15, 2017
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 022967 OF 2017
(Arising out of SLP (C ) No 27279 of 2015)
HARPAL SINGH ..... APPELLANT
Versus
ASHOK KUMAR & ANR ..... RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 Leave granted.
2 A learned Single Judge of the High Court of Delhi, by a judgment dated 19
September 2014 rejected a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution. The
petition sought to challenge an order dated 21 August 2010 of the Additional
2
District Judge (North) rejecting the objections of the appellant in the course of the
execution of a decree.
3 Sometime in 2002 a suit was instituted by the respondents for a permanent
injunction, alleging that the defendants to the suit were threatening to interfere with
the possession of their lands situated at Nilothi, Delhi. The suit was dismissed by
the Civil Judge on 14 February 2005, holding it to be barred by the provisions of
Section 185 (1) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954. The Trial court held that
the plaintiff had failed to place any registered document on record to establish his
ownership in respect of the land. Moreover, in the view of the trial Court, it was
necessary for the plaintiffs to first seek a declaration from the revenue court as
bhoomidars upon which alone an injunction could be sought. Subsequently, on 31
December 2005 the respondents instituted a suit under Section 6 of the Specific
Relief Act against the appellant, alleging that the appellant had forcibly taken
possession of the land. In response it was the case of the appellant that he was
neither in possession of the land nor had he dispossessed the respondents. The
suit was decreed by the trial court ex-parte on 30 May 2009, upon which execution
was initiated by the respondents as decree-holders. In the course of the execution,
the appellant filed objections on the ground that he was not concerned with the suit
property and was not in possession and on the ground that the ex-parte decree
was obtained by misrepresentation and fraud. The objections were dismissed in
default on 16 April 2010 and a warrant of possession was directed to be issued by
3
the ADJ (North)-04, Delhi. The appellant appears to have filed objections to the
execution of the decree on 12 July 2010 on the ground that Section 185 of the
Delhi Land Reforms Act bars a civil suit for the recovery of possession. The
objections were dismissed by the executing Court on 21 August 2010 with the
following observations:
“The Delhi Land Reforms Act is applicable with regard to the agricultural
land only but the land in question is not agriculture land which has been
vehemently argued by the counsel for the DH and in support of her
contention placed on record the copies of the electricity bills pertaining to
the same khasra number which is subject matter of the instant execution
proceedings. Even otherwise, it is a matter of common knowledge that
most of the rural land in Delhi has become urbanized and private colonies,
may be unauthorized, have mushroomed on such agricultural land. This
fact has since been substantiated with the help of electricity bills which
takes out the sting from the contentions raised by the counsel for the
objector and in the process strengthens the case of the DH, the arguments
is thus, brushed aside that the court lack of inherent jurisdiction on account
of the fact that land in question is governed by the Delhi Land Reforms Act
being agriculture land.”
The order of the executing court was challenged by the appellant under Article 227
of the Constitution. The High Court dismissed the petition by its judgment dated
19 September 2014. The High Court rejected the submission that the decree
obtained under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act was a nullity on the ground that
the suit was barred by Section 185 of the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954.
4 On behalf of the appellant it has been submitted that since an earlier suit
seeking a permanent injunction was dismissed by a competent civil court in view
of the provisions of Section 185(1) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act 1954, and since
the land is ‘agricultural’ in nature, the civil court did not have jurisdiction in the
4
matter. The decree was a nullity and this defence, it was submitted, could be raised
in execution.
5 The High Court has relied upon the earlier decisions of the court following
Ram Lubbaya Kapoor v J R Chawla and others1
, in which it has been held that
to be ‘land’ for the purpose of the Delhi Land Reforms Act,1954, the land must be
held or occupied for purposes connected with agriculture, horticulture or animal
husbandry and if it is not used for such purposes, it ceases to be land for the
purposes of the Act. The same view has been taken by the Delhi High Court in
Narain Singh and Anr v Financial Commissioner2
, Neelima Gupta and Ors v
Yogesh Saroha and Ors3
, and Anand J Datwani v Ms Geeti Bhagat Datwani
and Ors4
.
6 Section 3(13) of the Delhi Land Reforms Act defines the expression ‘land’
as follows:
“(13) “land” except in sections 23 and 24, means land held or occupied for
purpose connected with agriculture, horticulture or animal husbandry
including pisciculture and poultry farming and includes –
(a) Buildings appurtenant thereto,
(b) Village abadis,
(c) Grovelands,
(d) Lands for village pasture or land covered by water and used for
growing singharas and other produce or land in the bed of a river and
used for casual or occasional cultivation,
But does not include
1 1986 RLR 432
2
(2008) 105 DRJ 122
3 156 (2009) DLT 129
4
(2013 (137) DRJ 146
5
land occupied by building in belts or areas adjacent to Delhi town, which
the Chief Commissioner may be a notification in the Official Gazette
declare as an acquisition thereto;”
The position of law which has been consistently followed is that where the land
has not been used for any purpose contemplated under the Land Reforms Act and
has been built upon, it would cease to be agricultural land. Once agricultural land
loses its basic character and has been converted into authorized/unauthorized
colonies by dividing it into plots, disputes of plot holders cannot be decided by the
revenue authorities and would have to be resolved by the civil court. The bar under
Section 185 would not be attracted 5
. This position of law has not been
controverted in the present proceedings.
7 The validity of a decree can be challenged before an executing court only
on the ground of an inherent lack of jurisdiction which renders the decree a nullity.
In Hira Lal Patni v Sri Kali Nath6
, this Court held thus:
“…The validity of a decree can be challenged in execution proceedings
only on the ground that the court which passed the decree was lacking in
inherent jurisdiction in the sense that it could not have seisin of the case
because the subject-matter was wholly foreign to its jurisdiction or that the
5 Section 185 provides thus:
“185. Cognizance of suits, etc., under this Act- (1) Except as provided by or under this Act no court other
than a court mentioned in column 7 of Schedule I shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code
of Civil Proced8re, 1908 (5 of 1908), take cognizance of any suit, application, or proceedings mentioned
in column 3 thereof.
(2) Except as hereinafter provided no appeal shall lie from an order passed under any of the proceedings
mentioned in column 3 of the Schedule 3 aforesaid.
(3) An appeal shall lie from the final order passed by a court mentioned in column 3 to the court or
authority mentioned in column 8 thereof.
(4) A second appeal shall lie from the final order passed in an appeal under sub-section (3) to the
authority, if any, mentioned against it in column 9 of the Schedule aforesaid.
6
(1962) 2 SCR 747
6
defendant was dead at the time the suit had been instituted or decree
passed, or some such other ground which could have the effect of
rendering the court entirely lacking in jurisdiction in respect of the subjectmatter
of the suit or over the parties to it…”
In Sunder Dass v Ram Prakash7
, this court held that:
“Now, the law is well settled that an executing court cannot go behind the
decree nor can it question its legality or correctness. But there is one
exception to this general rule and that is that where the decree sought to
be executed is a nullity for lack of inherent jurisdiction in the court passing
it, its invalidity can be set up in an execution proceeding. Where there is
lack of inherent jurisdiction, it goes to the root of the competence of the
court to try the case and a decree which is a nullity is void and can be
declared to be void by any court in which it is presented. Its nullity can be
set up whenever and wherever it is sought to be enforced or relied upon
and even at the stage of execution or even in collateral proceedings. The
executing court can, therefore, entertain an objection that the decree is a
nullity and can refuse to execute the decree. By doing so, the executing
court would not incur the reproach that it is going behind the decree,
because the decree being null and void, there would really be no decree
at all. Vide Kiran Singh v. Chaman Paswan [AIR 1954 SC 340 : (1955) 1
SCR 117] and Seth Hiralal Patni v. Sri Kali Nath [AIR 1962 SC 199 : (1962)
2 SCR 747]. It is, therefore, obvious that in the present case, it was
competent to the executing court to examine whether the decree for
eviction was a nullity on the ground that the civil court had no inherent
jurisdiction to entertain the suit in which the decree for eviction was
passed. If the decree for eviction was a nullity, the executing court could
declare it to be such and decline to execute it against the respondent.”
[See also Gaon Sabha v Nathi8
]
8 In the present case, the finding of fact which was arrived at by the executing
Court in the course of its decision on the objection to execution is that the land had
ceased to be agricultural land and was not being used for purposes contemplated
7
(1977) 2 SCC 662
8
(2004) 12 SCC 555
7
under the Delhi Land Reforms Act 1954. The High Court while affirming the view
of the executing court made the following observations:
“…But in the present case, the Decree Holder had shown electricity bills
pertaining to the same Khasra number and the Court also considered that
most rural lands in Delhi have become urbanized and private unauthorized
colonies have mushroomed on agricultural lands. Therefore, in fact, the
said land had lost its character of agricultural land. Besides, the suit was
filed under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act for declaration and
possession along with injunction and other consequential reliefs. The
executing Court found that the objector had not shown as to how the said
suit was not maintainable. It relied upon the dicta of the Supreme Court
in Hira Lal Patni v. Sri Kali Nath, AIR 1962 SC 199 which held that “the
validity of a decree can be challenged in execution proceedings only on
the ground that the court which passed the decree was lacking inherent
jurisdiction in the sense that it could not have seisin of the case because
the subject matter was wholly foreign to its jurisdiction or that the
defendant was dead at the time the suit had been instituted or decree
passed, or some such other ground which could have the effect of
rendering the court entirely lacking in jurisdiction in respect of the subject
matter of the suit or over the parties to it. But in the instant case there was
no such inherent lack of jurisdiction.”
9 The above findings have not been squarely challenged in these
proceedings. The suit which was decreed on 30 May 2009 was a suit under
Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act which in any event, did not require a
determination of the question of title. The earlier suit was a suit for injunction. The
finding of fact which has been arrived at is to the effect that the land in question
had ceased to be agricultural in nature on the date of the institution of the suit.
Hence, it cannot be held that the decree of the trial court was a nullity. The land
was not governed, as a result, by the Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 since it was
not agricultural and the bar under Section 185 was not attracted. There was no
8
inherent lack of jurisdiction and the objection to the execution of the decree was
without foundation.
10 For the above reasons, we find no merit in the civil appeal, which is
accordingly dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.
….....................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
…......................................J
[A.M. KHANWILKAR]
…......................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi
December 15, 2017
