1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 22966 OF 2017
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 27398 of 2016]
SRI DINESH KUMAR. J. @ DINESH J, .....APPELLANT
Versus
NATIONAL INSURANCE CO. LTD & ORS. .....RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 Leave granted.
2 The present appeal arises from a judgment of the High Court of
Karnataka dated 13 April 2016.
2
3 On 18 June 2012, the appellant who was riding a motorcycle bearing
registration No.KA-04/EL-4782 met with an accident with a mini lorry belonging
to the Second and Third respondents. The lorry was insured with the First
respondent. As a result of the accident, the appellant suffered grievous injuries.
The medical certificate issued by the Bangalore Baptist Hospital (Exhibits P-13
and P-14) indicate spinal injuries.
4 The appellant was twenty six years of age on the date of the accident and
was working as a patroller in a private company. His income was Rs.11,000/- per
month. The appellant filed a claim for compensation before the Motor Accident
Claims Tribunal, seeking compensation in the amount of Rupees 40 lakhs. The
appellant examined a doctor (PW 5) who deposed that the extent of permanent
physical disability of the spine was thirty four per cent. The tribunal did not accept
that the disability was thirty four per cent, noting that the doctor in his cross
examination admitted that he had not personally treated the appellant and that
the medical evidence did not provide a cogent determination of the extent of
disability. The Tribunal assessed the disability at ten per cent. The income of the
appellant was taken at Rs 11,000 per month and a multiplier of seventeen was
applied. The loss of income due to disability was computed at Rs 2,25,000.
Medical expenses were computed at Rs 3,85,000. The Tribunal computed the
total compensation (including conventional heads) at Rs 9 lakhs. However, the
tribunal held that the appellant was guilty of contributory negligence to the extent
3
of forty per cent and hence granted sixty per cent of Rs 9 lakhs amounting to Rs
5.40 lakhs. In appeal, the High Court has enhanced the award of medical
expenses by a further sum of Rs 1,77,775 on the basis of the bills produced by
the appellant. On the aspect of contributory negligence, the High Court affirmed
the finding of the tribunal. The award of compensation of Rs 9 lakhs has been
enhanced to Rs 10,77,775 and, after making a deduction of forty per cent
towards contributory negligence, the appellant has been held entitled to an
amount of Rs 6,46,665. All the respondents have been held to be jointly and
severally liable.
5 The respondents have been served in these proceedings. None has
appeared.
6 On behalf of the appellant, it has been submitted that both the tribunal and
the High Court were manifestly in error in holding the appellant to be guilty of
contributory negligence to the extent of forty per cent. It has been submitted that
the tribunal as well as the High Court proceeded on the erroneous premise that
since the appellant had failed to produce the driving licence, an adverse
inference on the aspect of contributory negligence would have to be drawn.
Moreover, it was submitted that the entire discussion on contributory negligence
4
is conjectural and is not worthy of acceptance. In this regard, reliance was placed
on the judgment of this Court in Sudhir Kumar Rana v Surinder Singh1
.
7 Both the tribunal, and in appeal in the High Court, have found fault with the
appellant for not having produced his driving licence. The tribunal noted that the
appellant had admitted in the course of his cross-examination that the road
where the accident took place was a two way road and that on each side, three
vehicles could pass at a time. A suggestion was put to the appellant that while
trying to overtake another vehicle, he had approached the offending lorry from
the right side as a result of which the accident took place. The appellant denied
the suggestion. The award of the tribunal indicates that absolutely no evidence
was produced by the insurer to support the plea that there was contributory
negligence on the part of the appellant.
8 Insofar as the judgment of the High Court is concerned, the Division Bench
has placed a considerable degree of importance on the fact that there was no
visible damage to the lorry but that it was the motor cycle which had suffered
damage and that there was no eye-witness. We are in agreement with the
submission which has been urged on behalf of the appellant that plea of
contributory negligence was accepted purely on the basis of conjecture and
without any evidence. Once the finding that there was contributory negligence on
1 (2008) 12 SCC 436
5
the part of the appellant is held to be without any basis, the second aspect which
weighed both with the tribunal and the High Court, that the appellant had not
produced the driving licence, would be of no relevance. This aspect has been
considered in a judgment of this Court in Sudhir Kumar (supra) where it was
held as follows :
“9.If a person drives a vehicle without a licence, he commits an
offence. The same, by itself, in our opinion, may not lead to a
finding of negligence as regards the accident. It has been held
by the courts below that it was the driver of the mini truck who
was driving rashly and negligently. It is one thing to say that the
appellant was not possessing any licence but no finding of fact
has been arrived at that he was driving the two-wheeler rashly
and negligently. If he was not driving rashly and negligently
which contributed to the accident, we fail to see as to how, only
because he was not having a licence, he would be held to be
guilty of contributory negligence…
10. The matter might have been different if by reason of his rash
and negligent driving, the accident had taken place.”
9 In view of the above position, we are of the view that the deduction of forty
per cent which was made on the ground of contributory negligence is without any
basis. Accordingly, we direct that the appellant shall be entitled to an additional
amount of Rs 4.60 lakhs which was wrongly disallowed.
6
10 We direct that the respondent shall accordingly pay an additional amount
of Rs 4,60,000, over and above the amount which has been awarded by the High
Court. This amount shall also carry interest at the rate of eight per cent per
annum as awarded by the High Court, from the date of the petition until
realization. The insurer shall deposit the amount before the tribunal within 3
months which shall be released to the appellant.
11 The appeal is allowed in the above terms. There shall be no order as to
costs.
……......................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
.................................................J
[A M KHANWILKAR]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi
December 15, 2017
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 22966 OF 2017
[Arising out of SLP (C) No. 27398 of 2016]
SRI DINESH KUMAR. J. @ DINESH J, .....APPELLANT
Versus
NATIONAL INSURANCE CO. LTD & ORS. .....RESPONDENTS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 Leave granted.
2 The present appeal arises from a judgment of the High Court of
Karnataka dated 13 April 2016.
2
3 On 18 June 2012, the appellant who was riding a motorcycle bearing
registration No.KA-04/EL-4782 met with an accident with a mini lorry belonging
to the Second and Third respondents. The lorry was insured with the First
respondent. As a result of the accident, the appellant suffered grievous injuries.
The medical certificate issued by the Bangalore Baptist Hospital (Exhibits P-13
and P-14) indicate spinal injuries.
4 The appellant was twenty six years of age on the date of the accident and
was working as a patroller in a private company. His income was Rs.11,000/- per
month. The appellant filed a claim for compensation before the Motor Accident
Claims Tribunal, seeking compensation in the amount of Rupees 40 lakhs. The
appellant examined a doctor (PW 5) who deposed that the extent of permanent
physical disability of the spine was thirty four per cent. The tribunal did not accept
that the disability was thirty four per cent, noting that the doctor in his cross
examination admitted that he had not personally treated the appellant and that
the medical evidence did not provide a cogent determination of the extent of
disability. The Tribunal assessed the disability at ten per cent. The income of the
appellant was taken at Rs 11,000 per month and a multiplier of seventeen was
applied. The loss of income due to disability was computed at Rs 2,25,000.
Medical expenses were computed at Rs 3,85,000. The Tribunal computed the
total compensation (including conventional heads) at Rs 9 lakhs. However, the
tribunal held that the appellant was guilty of contributory negligence to the extent
3
of forty per cent and hence granted sixty per cent of Rs 9 lakhs amounting to Rs
5.40 lakhs. In appeal, the High Court has enhanced the award of medical
expenses by a further sum of Rs 1,77,775 on the basis of the bills produced by
the appellant. On the aspect of contributory negligence, the High Court affirmed
the finding of the tribunal. The award of compensation of Rs 9 lakhs has been
enhanced to Rs 10,77,775 and, after making a deduction of forty per cent
towards contributory negligence, the appellant has been held entitled to an
amount of Rs 6,46,665. All the respondents have been held to be jointly and
severally liable.
5 The respondents have been served in these proceedings. None has
appeared.
6 On behalf of the appellant, it has been submitted that both the tribunal and
the High Court were manifestly in error in holding the appellant to be guilty of
contributory negligence to the extent of forty per cent. It has been submitted that
the tribunal as well as the High Court proceeded on the erroneous premise that
since the appellant had failed to produce the driving licence, an adverse
inference on the aspect of contributory negligence would have to be drawn.
Moreover, it was submitted that the entire discussion on contributory negligence
4
is conjectural and is not worthy of acceptance. In this regard, reliance was placed
on the judgment of this Court in Sudhir Kumar Rana v Surinder Singh1
.
7 Both the tribunal, and in appeal in the High Court, have found fault with the
appellant for not having produced his driving licence. The tribunal noted that the
appellant had admitted in the course of his cross-examination that the road
where the accident took place was a two way road and that on each side, three
vehicles could pass at a time. A suggestion was put to the appellant that while
trying to overtake another vehicle, he had approached the offending lorry from
the right side as a result of which the accident took place. The appellant denied
the suggestion. The award of the tribunal indicates that absolutely no evidence
was produced by the insurer to support the plea that there was contributory
negligence on the part of the appellant.
8 Insofar as the judgment of the High Court is concerned, the Division Bench
has placed a considerable degree of importance on the fact that there was no
visible damage to the lorry but that it was the motor cycle which had suffered
damage and that there was no eye-witness. We are in agreement with the
submission which has been urged on behalf of the appellant that plea of
contributory negligence was accepted purely on the basis of conjecture and
without any evidence. Once the finding that there was contributory negligence on
1 (2008) 12 SCC 436
5
the part of the appellant is held to be without any basis, the second aspect which
weighed both with the tribunal and the High Court, that the appellant had not
produced the driving licence, would be of no relevance. This aspect has been
considered in a judgment of this Court in Sudhir Kumar (supra) where it was
held as follows :
“9.If a person drives a vehicle without a licence, he commits an
offence. The same, by itself, in our opinion, may not lead to a
finding of negligence as regards the accident. It has been held
by the courts below that it was the driver of the mini truck who
was driving rashly and negligently. It is one thing to say that the
appellant was not possessing any licence but no finding of fact
has been arrived at that he was driving the two-wheeler rashly
and negligently. If he was not driving rashly and negligently
which contributed to the accident, we fail to see as to how, only
because he was not having a licence, he would be held to be
guilty of contributory negligence…
10. The matter might have been different if by reason of his rash
and negligent driving, the accident had taken place.”
9 In view of the above position, we are of the view that the deduction of forty
per cent which was made on the ground of contributory negligence is without any
basis. Accordingly, we direct that the appellant shall be entitled to an additional
amount of Rs 4.60 lakhs which was wrongly disallowed.
6
10 We direct that the respondent shall accordingly pay an additional amount
of Rs 4,60,000, over and above the amount which has been awarded by the High
Court. This amount shall also carry interest at the rate of eight per cent per
annum as awarded by the High Court, from the date of the petition until
realization. The insurer shall deposit the amount before the tribunal within 3
months which shall be released to the appellant.
11 The appeal is allowed in the above terms. There shall be no order as to
costs.
……......................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
.................................................J
[A M KHANWILKAR]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi
December 15, 2017
