REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2089 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 6919 OF 2008]
Vaish Aggarwal Panchayat ... Appellant
Versus
Inder Kumar and Others ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
The facts relevant to be stated for the adjudication of the present
appeal are that the contesting respondent Nos. 1 and 2 – Inder Kumar and
Yogendra Kumar, had filed a Civil Suit bearing No. 806 of 1993 against
Krishan Chand Gupta, respondent No. 5, and Ved Prakash, original respondent
No. 3, for a decree of specific performance of agreement to sell in respect
of land measuring 20 kanals with the consequential relief of permanent
injunction. The suit was decreed by the learned Civil Judge (SD),
Kurukshetra by judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 and no appeal was
preferred against the same. Subsequently, the Respondent Nos. 1 and 2
sought execution of the decree and during its pendency, the Petitioner,
Vaish Aggarwal Panchayat (society), filed objections claiming that it is
the owner of the suit land by way of gift deeds dated 5.3.1997 and 6.3.1997
executed by Ved Prakash and Banarsi Dass. The objections filed by the
Society were rejected vide order dated 4.11.2000. Thereafter, the Society
filed an application for setting aside the judgment and decree dated
19.9.1998 and for stay of the execution, which was dismissed vide order
dated 19.4.2001 and the appeal filed by the society against the same was
also dismissed vide judgment dated 1.10.2004.
3. In the meantime, a suit for declaration bearing no. 333/03 of 2001
was filed by the Society for declaring the judgment and decree, dated
19.9.1998 passed in Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 by the Civil Judge (SD),
Kurukshetra, and the subsequent sale deed dated 30.1.2001 and mutation No.
2450 as illegal, null and void with the consequential relief of permanent
injunction. The present respondent Nos. 1 and 2, who are defendants in the
said suit, appeared before the trial court, entered contest and after
issues were framed moved an application under Order 7 Rule 11, Civil
Procedure Code (CPC), for rejection of the plaint on the ground that the
suit was barred by law. The trial Court, vide order dated 7.12.2005 allowed
the application moved by the defendants therein.
4. Aggrieved by the above said order, the Society preferred an appeal
and the learned Additional District Judge allowed the appeal and the suit
CS no. 333/03 of 2001 was ordered to be restored and tried.
5. Being dissatisfied with the said order in appeal, respondent Nos. 1
and 2 approached the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Civil Revision No.
3695 of 2006 and the High Court allowed the revision petition and set aside
the order dated 15.6.2006 passed by the appellate court and accordingly
restored the order of the trial court.
6. Before the High Court the Society contended that it was not a party
to the Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 and hence, it was not bound by the
judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 and, therefore, it has a right to
challenge the same through a suit; that mere filing of objections to the
execution petition, and an application for setting aside the earlier
judgment and decree will not bar the suit, which is based on a different
cause of action; and that as the civil suit was fixed for evidence of
parties after framing of issues by the Court and a specific issue regarding
maintainability, which is a mixed question of fact and law, had been
framed, the same could not have been summarily decided at that stage. The
Society also contended that the judgment in the earlier suit was vitiated
due to fraud and collusion.
7. The High Court while rejecting the arguments of the Society came to
observe that the learned Additional District Judge took an erroneous view
that since the issues had been framed and the parties had been put to trial
the question regarding maintainability of the suit on the principle of res
judicata could not have been decided. Thereafter, the High Court referred
to the factual scenario in chronology. The said facts need to be stated.
As per the High Court, admittedly, the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998
in Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 filed by Yogesh Kumar and Inder Kumar against
Krishan Chand and Ved Pal seeking for specific performance of agreement to
sell dated 02.11.1992 was decreed and no appeal against the said decree was
filed; that during the pendency of the execution petition seeking execution
of the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998, the respondent-Society had
filed objections through Vishav Pal Goel where they had claimed to be the
owners of the suit land by way of gift deeds dated 05.03.1997 and
06.03.1997 executed by Ved Pal and Banarsi Dass which were dismissed vide
order dated 04.11.2000 and there was nothing on record to show that the
said order was dislodged in appeal; that the respondent-Society filed an
application for setting aside the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998 and
for stay of the execution, which was also dismissed vide order dated
18.04.2001 and appeal filed by the plaintiff was also dismissed vide
judgment dated 01.10.2004; that all the pleas which had been raised by the
plaintiff-respondent No. 1 before the High Court had already been agitated
before the executing court and the appellate court, which were rejected and
the order of the appellate court dated 01.10.2004 had become final hence,
binding upon the parties; that the plaintiff-Society could not permitted to
re-open the matter again by way of the present suit as they had availed the
remedy of agitating their grievance before the executing court; and that
the plaintiff in the present suit had raised a similar controversy, which
was also raised before the executing court and also in its application for
setting aside the judgment and decree, that was finally decided on merits
and, therefore, suit was barred by the principle of resjudicata.
8. On the aforesaid basis, the High Court finally held:
“To my mind, Additional District Judge has committed an error by setting
aside the order dated 7.12.2005 passed by additional Civil Judge (Senior
Division), Kurukshetra by virtue of which a finding was recorded that the
suit is clearly barred by principles of res judicata and by principle of
lis pendens laid down in Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act. I
would also like to observe that it is settled principle of law that in
consonance with the provisions of section 11 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, principle of res judicata equally applies to the interlocutory
stage of the suit as well. Plaintiff-respondent cannot be permitted to
raise similar controversy repeatedly on the same facts and circumstances
and in fact, the present suit is an abuse of the process of the court and
the plaint has rightly been rejected by the learned Additional Civil Judge
(Senior Division), Kurukshetra. The rule of conclusiveness also comes into
play in the instant case. Once the matter, which was the subject matter of
lis to determine by the competent authority, no party, thereafter, can be
permitted to re-open in the subsequent litigation. Such a rule was brought
into statute book with a view to bring the litigation to an end so that the
other side may not be put to harassment.”
9. We have heard Mr. Mahabir Singh, learned senior counsel for the
appellant and Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for the
respondents.
10. We have referred to the decision of the High Court in extenso as it
has used the words “admittedly” and scrutinized in detail the factual
scenario. It is submitted by Mr. Mahabir Singh, learned senior counsel
appearing for the appellant that the suit was filed seeking declaration of
the judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 in civil suit no. 806/92 as null
and void being resultant of fraud and collusion. That apart, the appellant
was not a party to the earlier suit. It is urged by him that a written
statement was filed on 23.7.2003 and on the basis of the plaint and the
written statement, the learned trial Judge has framed number of issues and
the issue number 1 relates to maintainability of the suit and issue number
9 pertains to whether the suit of the plaintiff is barred by principles of
resjudicata. As is evident, after the framing of the issues the defendant
filed the application under Order VII Rule 11 C.P.C. stating that the suit
is not maintainable as barred by resjudicata. The learned trial Judge, as
is evident from the order passed by him, has taken note of the stand taken
in the written statement which has been regarded as the incorrect approach
by the learned appellate Judge. The High Court, as it appears, has been
guided by the finding recorded by the learned trial Judge totally ignoring
the factum that such a conclusion has been arrived at by taking into
consideration the averments made in the plaint and the assertions put forth
in the written statement. The crux of the matter is whether, in the
obtaining factual matrix, the High Court should have applied the principle
of resjudicata. The cause of action for filing the suit is different. The
grounds urged in the suit, as we find, are also quite different. Even if
the plaint is read keeping in mind the cleverness and deftness in drafting,
yet it is not prima facie discernible from the plaint that it lacks any
cause of action or is barred by any law. On a perusal of the plaint alone
it cannot be said that the suit is barred by the principle of resjudicata.
11. In this context, we may profitably refer to the decision in V.
Rajeshwari v. T.C. Saravanabava[1]. In the said case, a two-Judge Bench
while dealing with the concept of resjudicata has held:-
“11. The rule of res judicata does not strike at the root of the
jurisdiction of the court trying the subsequent suit. It is a rule of
estoppel by judgment based on the public policy that there should be a
finality to litigation and no one should be vexed twice for the same cause.
12. The plea of res judicata is founded on proof of certain facts and then
by applying the law to the facts so found. It is, therefore, necessary that
the foundation for the plea must be laid in the pleadings and then an issue
must be framed and tried. A plea not properly raised in the pleadings or in
issues at the stage of the trial, would not be permitted to be raised for
the first time at the stage of appeal [see (Raja) Jagadish Chandra Deo
Dhabal Deb v. Gour Hari Mahato[2], Medapati Surayya v. Tondapu Bala
Gangadhara Ramakrishna Reddi[3] and Katragadda China Anjaneyulu v.
Kattaragadda China Ramayya[4]].”
After so stating, the Court further observed that:-
“Not only the plea has to be taken, it has to be substantiated by producing
the copies of the pleadings, issues and judgment in the previous case.
Maybe, in a given case only copy of judgment in previous suit is filed in
proof of plea of res judicata and the judgment contains exhaustive or in
requisite details the statement of pleadings and the issues which may be
taken as enough proof. But as pointed out in Syed Mohd. Salie Labbai v.
Mohd. Hanifa[5] the basic method to decide the question of res judicata is
first to determine the case of the parties as put forward in their
respective pleadings of their previous suit and then to find out as to what
had been decided by the judgment which operates as res judicata.”
12. We are conscious that the observations reproduced above were made in
a different context but we have reproduced the same to understand the
impact of the plea of resjudicata regard being had to the principle
enshrined under Order VII Rule 11(d) of the C.P.C.
13. In this regard the pronouncement in Kamala and others v. K.T. Eshwara
SA and others[6] would be seemly. In the said case while dealing with the
principle engrafted under Order VII Rule 11(d) C.P.C., the Court has held
thus:-
“21. Order 7 Rule 11(d) of the Code has limited application. It must be
shown that the suit is barred under any law. Such a conclusion must be
drawn from the averments made in the plaint. Different clauses in Order 7
Rule 11, in our opinion, should not be mixed up. Whereas in a given case,
an application for rejection of the plaint may be filed on more than one
ground specified in various sub-clauses thereof, a clear finding to that
effect must be arrived at. What would be relevant for invoking clause (d)
of Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code are the averments made in the plaint. For
that purpose, there cannot be any addition or subtraction. Absence of
jurisdiction on the part of a court can be invoked at different stages and
under different provisions of the Code. Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code is one,
Order 14 Rule 2 is another.
22. For the purpose of invoking Order 7 Rule 11(d) of the Code, no amount
of evidence can be looked into. The issues on merit of the matter which may
arise between the parties would not be within the realm of the court at
that stage. All issues shall not be the subject-matter of an order under
the said provision.”
After so stating, while proceeding to deal with the concept of
resjudicata, the Court opined:-
“23. The principles of res judicata, when attracted, would bar another suit
in view of Section 12 of the Code. The question involving a mixed question
of law and fact which may require not only examination of the plaint but
also other evidence and the order passed in the earlier suit may be taken
up either as a preliminary issue or at the final hearing, but, the said
question cannot be determined at that stage.
24. It is one thing to say that the averments made in the plaint on their
face discloses no cause of action, but it is another thing to say that
although the same discloses a cause of action, the same is barred by a law.
25. The decisions rendered by this Court as also by various High Courts are
not uniform in this behalf. But, then the broad principle which can be
culled out therefrom is that the court at that stage would not consider any
evidence or enter into a disputed question of fact or law. In the event,
the jurisdiction of the court is found to be barred by any law, meaning
thereby, the subject-matter thereof, the application for rejection of
plaint should be entertained.”
14. In this regard a reference to a three-Judge Bench decision in
Balasaria Construction (P) Ltd. v. Hanuman Seva Trust[7] and others would
be frutiful. Be it noted the said case was referred to a larger Bench
vide Balasaria Construction (P) Ltd. v. Hanuman Seva Trust[8]. The order
of reference reads as follows:-
“4. This case was argued at length on 30-8-2005. Counsel appearing for the
appellant had relied upon a judgment of this Court in N.V. Srinivasa Murthy
v. Mariyamma[9] for the proposition that a plaint could be rejected if the
suit is ex facie barred by limitation. As against this, counsel for the
respondents relied upon a later judgment of this Court in Popat and Kotecha
Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn.[10] in respect of the
proposition that Order 7 Rule 11(d) was not applicable in a case where a
question has to be decided on the basis of fact that the suit was barred by
limitation. The point as to whether the words “barred by law” occurring in
Order 7 Rule 11(d) CPC would include the suit being “barred by limitation”
was not specifically dealt with in either of these two judgments, cited
above. But this point has been specifically dealt with by the different
High Courts in Mohan Lal Sukhadia University v. Priya Soloman[11], Khaja
Quthubullah v. Govt. of A.P.[12], Vedapalli Suryanarayana v. Poosarla
Venkata Sanker Suryanarayana[13], Arjan Singh v. Union of India[14] wherein
it has been held that the plaint under Order 7 Rule 11(d) cannot be
rejected on the ground that it is barred by limitation. According to these
judgments the suit has to be barred by a provision of law to come within
the meaning of Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. A contrary view has been taken in
Jugolinija Rajia Jugoslavija v. Fab Leathers Ltd.[15], National Insurance
Co. Ltd. v. Navrom Constantza[16], J. Patel & Co. v. National Federation of
Industrial Coop. Ltd.[17] and State Bank of India Staff Assn. v. Popat &
Kotecha Property. The last judgment was the subject-matter of challenge in
Popat and Kotecha Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn. This Court
set aside the judgment and held in para 25 as under:
“25. When the averments in the plaint are considered in the background of
the principles set out in Sopan Sukhdeo case[18] the inevitable conclusion
is that the Division Bench was not right in holding that Order 7 Rule 11
CPC was applicable to the facts of the case. Diverse claims were made and
the Division Bench was wrong in proceeding with the assumption that only
the non-execution of lease deed was the basic issue. Even if it is accepted
that the other claims were relatable to it they have independent existence.
Whether the collection of amounts by the respondent was for a period beyond
51 years needs evidence to be adduced. It is not a case where the suit from
statement in the plaint can be said to be barred by law. The statement in
the plaint without addition or subtraction must show that it is barred by
any law to attract application of Order 7 Rule 11. This is not so in the
present case.”
5. Noticing the conflict between the various High Courts and the apparent
conflict of opinion expressed by this Court in N.V. Srinivasa Murthy v.
Mariyamma and Popat and Kotecha Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn.
the Bench referred† the following question of law for consideration to a
larger Bench:
“Whether the words ‘barred by law’ under Order 7 Rule 11(d) would also
include the ground that it is barred by the law of limitation.””
15. The three-Judge Bench opined that there was no conflict of opinion
and thereafter the matter came back to the Division Bench for adjudication.
The Division Bench reproduced what has been stated by the three-Judge
Bench. It is as under:-
“Before the three-Judge Bench, counsel for both the parties stated as
follows:
“…It is not the case of either side that as an absolute proposition an
application under Order 7 and Rule 11(d) can never be based on the law of
limitation. Both sides state that the impugned judgment is based on the
facts of this particular case and the question whether or not an
application under Order 7 Rule 11(d) could be based on law of limitation
was not raised and has not been dealt with. Both sides further state that
the decision in this case will depend upon the facts of this case.”
16. After so stating, the Division Bench opined that in the facts of the
said case, the suit could not be dismissed as barred by limitation without
proper pleadings, framing of issue on limitation and taking evidence, for
question of limitation is a mixed question of fact and law and on ex-facie
reading of the plaint it could not be held that the suit was barred by
time.
17. Coming to the case at hand we find that the allegations in the plaint
are absolutely different. There is an asseveration of fraud and collusion.
There is an assertion that in the earlier suit a decree came to be passed
because of fraud and collusion. In such a fact situation, in our
considered opinion, the High Court has fallen into error by expressing the
view that the plea of resjudicata was obvious from the plaint. In fact, a
finding has been recorded by the High Court accepting the plea taken in the
written statement. In our view, in the obtaining factual matrix there
should have been a trial with regard to all the issues framed.
18. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed and the order passed by the High
Court is set aside and that of the appellate Judge is restored. The trial
court is directed to proceed with the suit and dispose of the same within a
period of six months hence. There shall be no order as to costs.
.................................J.
[Dipak Misra]
.................................J.
[Prafulla C. Pant]
New Delhi
August 25, 2015
NON-REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2091 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 28209 OF 2009]
Krishan Chand Gupta ... Appellant
Versus
Yogesh Kumar and Anr. ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
In this appeal, by special leave, the appellant calls in question the
legal propriety of the order dated 3.11.2006 passed in C.R. No. 2530 of
2006 by the learned Single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court at
Chandigarh whereby he has declined to interfere with the order dated
20.01.2006 passed by the learned Additional District Judge, Kurukshetra in
Appeal No. 54 of 2005 whereby the learned Appellate Judge has affirmed the
order dated 7.12.2005 passed by the learned Additional Civil Judge (Senior
Division), Kurukshetra, whereby he has declined to entertain the petition
preferred under Order IX Rule 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure for setting
aside the judgment in civil suit no. 806/93.
2. On a perusal of the order passed by the High Court, we find that the
trial court as well as the appellate court have analysed the facts in
detail and declined to exercise the civil revisional jurisdiction. In our
considered opinion, there is no merit in the appeal and accordingly the
same stands dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.
.................................J.
[Dipak Misra]
.................................J.
[Prafulla C. Pant]
NEW DELHI
AUGUST 25, 2015
-----------------------
[1]
(2004) 1 SCC 551
[2] AIR 1936 PC 258
[3] AIR 1948 PC 3
[4] AIR 1965 AP 177
[5] (1976) 4 SCC 780
[6] (2008) 12 SCC 661
[7] (2006) 5 SCC 658
[8] (2006) 5 SCC 662
[9] (2005) 5 SCC 548
[10] (2005) 7 SCC 510
[11] AIR 1999 Raj. 102
[12] AIR 1995 AP 43
[13] (1980) 1 An LT 488
[14] AIR 1987 Del 165
[15] AIR 1985 Cal 193
[16] AIR 1988 Cal 155
[17] AIR 1996 Cal 253
[18] (2004) 3 SCC 137
-----------------------
16
18
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2089 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 6919 OF 2008]
Vaish Aggarwal Panchayat ... Appellant
Versus
Inder Kumar and Others ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
The facts relevant to be stated for the adjudication of the present
appeal are that the contesting respondent Nos. 1 and 2 – Inder Kumar and
Yogendra Kumar, had filed a Civil Suit bearing No. 806 of 1993 against
Krishan Chand Gupta, respondent No. 5, and Ved Prakash, original respondent
No. 3, for a decree of specific performance of agreement to sell in respect
of land measuring 20 kanals with the consequential relief of permanent
injunction. The suit was decreed by the learned Civil Judge (SD),
Kurukshetra by judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 and no appeal was
preferred against the same. Subsequently, the Respondent Nos. 1 and 2
sought execution of the decree and during its pendency, the Petitioner,
Vaish Aggarwal Panchayat (society), filed objections claiming that it is
the owner of the suit land by way of gift deeds dated 5.3.1997 and 6.3.1997
executed by Ved Prakash and Banarsi Dass. The objections filed by the
Society were rejected vide order dated 4.11.2000. Thereafter, the Society
filed an application for setting aside the judgment and decree dated
19.9.1998 and for stay of the execution, which was dismissed vide order
dated 19.4.2001 and the appeal filed by the society against the same was
also dismissed vide judgment dated 1.10.2004.
3. In the meantime, a suit for declaration bearing no. 333/03 of 2001
was filed by the Society for declaring the judgment and decree, dated
19.9.1998 passed in Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 by the Civil Judge (SD),
Kurukshetra, and the subsequent sale deed dated 30.1.2001 and mutation No.
2450 as illegal, null and void with the consequential relief of permanent
injunction. The present respondent Nos. 1 and 2, who are defendants in the
said suit, appeared before the trial court, entered contest and after
issues were framed moved an application under Order 7 Rule 11, Civil
Procedure Code (CPC), for rejection of the plaint on the ground that the
suit was barred by law. The trial Court, vide order dated 7.12.2005 allowed
the application moved by the defendants therein.
4. Aggrieved by the above said order, the Society preferred an appeal
and the learned Additional District Judge allowed the appeal and the suit
CS no. 333/03 of 2001 was ordered to be restored and tried.
5. Being dissatisfied with the said order in appeal, respondent Nos. 1
and 2 approached the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Civil Revision No.
3695 of 2006 and the High Court allowed the revision petition and set aside
the order dated 15.6.2006 passed by the appellate court and accordingly
restored the order of the trial court.
6. Before the High Court the Society contended that it was not a party
to the Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 and hence, it was not bound by the
judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 and, therefore, it has a right to
challenge the same through a suit; that mere filing of objections to the
execution petition, and an application for setting aside the earlier
judgment and decree will not bar the suit, which is based on a different
cause of action; and that as the civil suit was fixed for evidence of
parties after framing of issues by the Court and a specific issue regarding
maintainability, which is a mixed question of fact and law, had been
framed, the same could not have been summarily decided at that stage. The
Society also contended that the judgment in the earlier suit was vitiated
due to fraud and collusion.
7. The High Court while rejecting the arguments of the Society came to
observe that the learned Additional District Judge took an erroneous view
that since the issues had been framed and the parties had been put to trial
the question regarding maintainability of the suit on the principle of res
judicata could not have been decided. Thereafter, the High Court referred
to the factual scenario in chronology. The said facts need to be stated.
As per the High Court, admittedly, the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998
in Civil Suit No. 806 of 1993 filed by Yogesh Kumar and Inder Kumar against
Krishan Chand and Ved Pal seeking for specific performance of agreement to
sell dated 02.11.1992 was decreed and no appeal against the said decree was
filed; that during the pendency of the execution petition seeking execution
of the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998, the respondent-Society had
filed objections through Vishav Pal Goel where they had claimed to be the
owners of the suit land by way of gift deeds dated 05.03.1997 and
06.03.1997 executed by Ved Pal and Banarsi Dass which were dismissed vide
order dated 04.11.2000 and there was nothing on record to show that the
said order was dislodged in appeal; that the respondent-Society filed an
application for setting aside the judgment and decree dated 19.09.1998 and
for stay of the execution, which was also dismissed vide order dated
18.04.2001 and appeal filed by the plaintiff was also dismissed vide
judgment dated 01.10.2004; that all the pleas which had been raised by the
plaintiff-respondent No. 1 before the High Court had already been agitated
before the executing court and the appellate court, which were rejected and
the order of the appellate court dated 01.10.2004 had become final hence,
binding upon the parties; that the plaintiff-Society could not permitted to
re-open the matter again by way of the present suit as they had availed the
remedy of agitating their grievance before the executing court; and that
the plaintiff in the present suit had raised a similar controversy, which
was also raised before the executing court and also in its application for
setting aside the judgment and decree, that was finally decided on merits
and, therefore, suit was barred by the principle of resjudicata.
8. On the aforesaid basis, the High Court finally held:
“To my mind, Additional District Judge has committed an error by setting
aside the order dated 7.12.2005 passed by additional Civil Judge (Senior
Division), Kurukshetra by virtue of which a finding was recorded that the
suit is clearly barred by principles of res judicata and by principle of
lis pendens laid down in Section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act. I
would also like to observe that it is settled principle of law that in
consonance with the provisions of section 11 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, principle of res judicata equally applies to the interlocutory
stage of the suit as well. Plaintiff-respondent cannot be permitted to
raise similar controversy repeatedly on the same facts and circumstances
and in fact, the present suit is an abuse of the process of the court and
the plaint has rightly been rejected by the learned Additional Civil Judge
(Senior Division), Kurukshetra. The rule of conclusiveness also comes into
play in the instant case. Once the matter, which was the subject matter of
lis to determine by the competent authority, no party, thereafter, can be
permitted to re-open in the subsequent litigation. Such a rule was brought
into statute book with a view to bring the litigation to an end so that the
other side may not be put to harassment.”
9. We have heard Mr. Mahabir Singh, learned senior counsel for the
appellant and Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel for the
respondents.
10. We have referred to the decision of the High Court in extenso as it
has used the words “admittedly” and scrutinized in detail the factual
scenario. It is submitted by Mr. Mahabir Singh, learned senior counsel
appearing for the appellant that the suit was filed seeking declaration of
the judgment and decree dated 19.9.1998 in civil suit no. 806/92 as null
and void being resultant of fraud and collusion. That apart, the appellant
was not a party to the earlier suit. It is urged by him that a written
statement was filed on 23.7.2003 and on the basis of the plaint and the
written statement, the learned trial Judge has framed number of issues and
the issue number 1 relates to maintainability of the suit and issue number
9 pertains to whether the suit of the plaintiff is barred by principles of
resjudicata. As is evident, after the framing of the issues the defendant
filed the application under Order VII Rule 11 C.P.C. stating that the suit
is not maintainable as barred by resjudicata. The learned trial Judge, as
is evident from the order passed by him, has taken note of the stand taken
in the written statement which has been regarded as the incorrect approach
by the learned appellate Judge. The High Court, as it appears, has been
guided by the finding recorded by the learned trial Judge totally ignoring
the factum that such a conclusion has been arrived at by taking into
consideration the averments made in the plaint and the assertions put forth
in the written statement. The crux of the matter is whether, in the
obtaining factual matrix, the High Court should have applied the principle
of resjudicata. The cause of action for filing the suit is different. The
grounds urged in the suit, as we find, are also quite different. Even if
the plaint is read keeping in mind the cleverness and deftness in drafting,
yet it is not prima facie discernible from the plaint that it lacks any
cause of action or is barred by any law. On a perusal of the plaint alone
it cannot be said that the suit is barred by the principle of resjudicata.
11. In this context, we may profitably refer to the decision in V.
Rajeshwari v. T.C. Saravanabava[1]. In the said case, a two-Judge Bench
while dealing with the concept of resjudicata has held:-
“11. The rule of res judicata does not strike at the root of the
jurisdiction of the court trying the subsequent suit. It is a rule of
estoppel by judgment based on the public policy that there should be a
finality to litigation and no one should be vexed twice for the same cause.
12. The plea of res judicata is founded on proof of certain facts and then
by applying the law to the facts so found. It is, therefore, necessary that
the foundation for the plea must be laid in the pleadings and then an issue
must be framed and tried. A plea not properly raised in the pleadings or in
issues at the stage of the trial, would not be permitted to be raised for
the first time at the stage of appeal [see (Raja) Jagadish Chandra Deo
Dhabal Deb v. Gour Hari Mahato[2], Medapati Surayya v. Tondapu Bala
Gangadhara Ramakrishna Reddi[3] and Katragadda China Anjaneyulu v.
Kattaragadda China Ramayya[4]].”
After so stating, the Court further observed that:-
“Not only the plea has to be taken, it has to be substantiated by producing
the copies of the pleadings, issues and judgment in the previous case.
Maybe, in a given case only copy of judgment in previous suit is filed in
proof of plea of res judicata and the judgment contains exhaustive or in
requisite details the statement of pleadings and the issues which may be
taken as enough proof. But as pointed out in Syed Mohd. Salie Labbai v.
Mohd. Hanifa[5] the basic method to decide the question of res judicata is
first to determine the case of the parties as put forward in their
respective pleadings of their previous suit and then to find out as to what
had been decided by the judgment which operates as res judicata.”
12. We are conscious that the observations reproduced above were made in
a different context but we have reproduced the same to understand the
impact of the plea of resjudicata regard being had to the principle
enshrined under Order VII Rule 11(d) of the C.P.C.
13. In this regard the pronouncement in Kamala and others v. K.T. Eshwara
SA and others[6] would be seemly. In the said case while dealing with the
principle engrafted under Order VII Rule 11(d) C.P.C., the Court has held
thus:-
“21. Order 7 Rule 11(d) of the Code has limited application. It must be
shown that the suit is barred under any law. Such a conclusion must be
drawn from the averments made in the plaint. Different clauses in Order 7
Rule 11, in our opinion, should not be mixed up. Whereas in a given case,
an application for rejection of the plaint may be filed on more than one
ground specified in various sub-clauses thereof, a clear finding to that
effect must be arrived at. What would be relevant for invoking clause (d)
of Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code are the averments made in the plaint. For
that purpose, there cannot be any addition or subtraction. Absence of
jurisdiction on the part of a court can be invoked at different stages and
under different provisions of the Code. Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code is one,
Order 14 Rule 2 is another.
22. For the purpose of invoking Order 7 Rule 11(d) of the Code, no amount
of evidence can be looked into. The issues on merit of the matter which may
arise between the parties would not be within the realm of the court at
that stage. All issues shall not be the subject-matter of an order under
the said provision.”
After so stating, while proceeding to deal with the concept of
resjudicata, the Court opined:-
“23. The principles of res judicata, when attracted, would bar another suit
in view of Section 12 of the Code. The question involving a mixed question
of law and fact which may require not only examination of the plaint but
also other evidence and the order passed in the earlier suit may be taken
up either as a preliminary issue or at the final hearing, but, the said
question cannot be determined at that stage.
24. It is one thing to say that the averments made in the plaint on their
face discloses no cause of action, but it is another thing to say that
although the same discloses a cause of action, the same is barred by a law.
25. The decisions rendered by this Court as also by various High Courts are
not uniform in this behalf. But, then the broad principle which can be
culled out therefrom is that the court at that stage would not consider any
evidence or enter into a disputed question of fact or law. In the event,
the jurisdiction of the court is found to be barred by any law, meaning
thereby, the subject-matter thereof, the application for rejection of
plaint should be entertained.”
14. In this regard a reference to a three-Judge Bench decision in
Balasaria Construction (P) Ltd. v. Hanuman Seva Trust[7] and others would
be frutiful. Be it noted the said case was referred to a larger Bench
vide Balasaria Construction (P) Ltd. v. Hanuman Seva Trust[8]. The order
of reference reads as follows:-
“4. This case was argued at length on 30-8-2005. Counsel appearing for the
appellant had relied upon a judgment of this Court in N.V. Srinivasa Murthy
v. Mariyamma[9] for the proposition that a plaint could be rejected if the
suit is ex facie barred by limitation. As against this, counsel for the
respondents relied upon a later judgment of this Court in Popat and Kotecha
Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn.[10] in respect of the
proposition that Order 7 Rule 11(d) was not applicable in a case where a
question has to be decided on the basis of fact that the suit was barred by
limitation. The point as to whether the words “barred by law” occurring in
Order 7 Rule 11(d) CPC would include the suit being “barred by limitation”
was not specifically dealt with in either of these two judgments, cited
above. But this point has been specifically dealt with by the different
High Courts in Mohan Lal Sukhadia University v. Priya Soloman[11], Khaja
Quthubullah v. Govt. of A.P.[12], Vedapalli Suryanarayana v. Poosarla
Venkata Sanker Suryanarayana[13], Arjan Singh v. Union of India[14] wherein
it has been held that the plaint under Order 7 Rule 11(d) cannot be
rejected on the ground that it is barred by limitation. According to these
judgments the suit has to be barred by a provision of law to come within
the meaning of Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. A contrary view has been taken in
Jugolinija Rajia Jugoslavija v. Fab Leathers Ltd.[15], National Insurance
Co. Ltd. v. Navrom Constantza[16], J. Patel & Co. v. National Federation of
Industrial Coop. Ltd.[17] and State Bank of India Staff Assn. v. Popat &
Kotecha Property. The last judgment was the subject-matter of challenge in
Popat and Kotecha Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn. This Court
set aside the judgment and held in para 25 as under:
“25. When the averments in the plaint are considered in the background of
the principles set out in Sopan Sukhdeo case[18] the inevitable conclusion
is that the Division Bench was not right in holding that Order 7 Rule 11
CPC was applicable to the facts of the case. Diverse claims were made and
the Division Bench was wrong in proceeding with the assumption that only
the non-execution of lease deed was the basic issue. Even if it is accepted
that the other claims were relatable to it they have independent existence.
Whether the collection of amounts by the respondent was for a period beyond
51 years needs evidence to be adduced. It is not a case where the suit from
statement in the plaint can be said to be barred by law. The statement in
the plaint without addition or subtraction must show that it is barred by
any law to attract application of Order 7 Rule 11. This is not so in the
present case.”
5. Noticing the conflict between the various High Courts and the apparent
conflict of opinion expressed by this Court in N.V. Srinivasa Murthy v.
Mariyamma and Popat and Kotecha Property v. State Bank of India Staff Assn.
the Bench referred† the following question of law for consideration to a
larger Bench:
“Whether the words ‘barred by law’ under Order 7 Rule 11(d) would also
include the ground that it is barred by the law of limitation.””
15. The three-Judge Bench opined that there was no conflict of opinion
and thereafter the matter came back to the Division Bench for adjudication.
The Division Bench reproduced what has been stated by the three-Judge
Bench. It is as under:-
“Before the three-Judge Bench, counsel for both the parties stated as
follows:
“…It is not the case of either side that as an absolute proposition an
application under Order 7 and Rule 11(d) can never be based on the law of
limitation. Both sides state that the impugned judgment is based on the
facts of this particular case and the question whether or not an
application under Order 7 Rule 11(d) could be based on law of limitation
was not raised and has not been dealt with. Both sides further state that
the decision in this case will depend upon the facts of this case.”
16. After so stating, the Division Bench opined that in the facts of the
said case, the suit could not be dismissed as barred by limitation without
proper pleadings, framing of issue on limitation and taking evidence, for
question of limitation is a mixed question of fact and law and on ex-facie
reading of the plaint it could not be held that the suit was barred by
time.
17. Coming to the case at hand we find that the allegations in the plaint
are absolutely different. There is an asseveration of fraud and collusion.
There is an assertion that in the earlier suit a decree came to be passed
because of fraud and collusion. In such a fact situation, in our
considered opinion, the High Court has fallen into error by expressing the
view that the plea of resjudicata was obvious from the plaint. In fact, a
finding has been recorded by the High Court accepting the plea taken in the
written statement. In our view, in the obtaining factual matrix there
should have been a trial with regard to all the issues framed.
18. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed and the order passed by the High
Court is set aside and that of the appellate Judge is restored. The trial
court is directed to proceed with the suit and dispose of the same within a
period of six months hence. There shall be no order as to costs.
.................................J.
[Dipak Misra]
.................................J.
[Prafulla C. Pant]
New Delhi
August 25, 2015
NON-REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2091 OF 2015
[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 28209 OF 2009]
Krishan Chand Gupta ... Appellant
Versus
Yogesh Kumar and Anr. ... Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dipak Misra, J.
In this appeal, by special leave, the appellant calls in question the
legal propriety of the order dated 3.11.2006 passed in C.R. No. 2530 of
2006 by the learned Single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court at
Chandigarh whereby he has declined to interfere with the order dated
20.01.2006 passed by the learned Additional District Judge, Kurukshetra in
Appeal No. 54 of 2005 whereby the learned Appellate Judge has affirmed the
order dated 7.12.2005 passed by the learned Additional Civil Judge (Senior
Division), Kurukshetra, whereby he has declined to entertain the petition
preferred under Order IX Rule 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure for setting
aside the judgment in civil suit no. 806/93.
2. On a perusal of the order passed by the High Court, we find that the
trial court as well as the appellate court have analysed the facts in
detail and declined to exercise the civil revisional jurisdiction. In our
considered opinion, there is no merit in the appeal and accordingly the
same stands dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs.
.................................J.
[Dipak Misra]
.................................J.
[Prafulla C. Pant]
NEW DELHI
AUGUST 25, 2015
-----------------------
[1]
(2004) 1 SCC 551
[2] AIR 1936 PC 258
[3] AIR 1948 PC 3
[4] AIR 1965 AP 177
[5] (1976) 4 SCC 780
[6] (2008) 12 SCC 661
[7] (2006) 5 SCC 658
[8] (2006) 5 SCC 662
[9] (2005) 5 SCC 548
[10] (2005) 7 SCC 510
[11] AIR 1999 Raj. 102
[12] AIR 1995 AP 43
[13] (1980) 1 An LT 488
[14] AIR 1987 Del 165
[15] AIR 1985 Cal 193
[16] AIR 1988 Cal 155
[17] AIR 1996 Cal 253
[18] (2004) 3 SCC 137
-----------------------
16
18
