REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1970 OF 2015
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 28265/2014)
Praveenbhai S. Khambhayata
...Appellant
Versus
United India Insurance Company
Ltd. & Ors. ...Respondents
J U D G M E N T
R. BANUMATHI, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal is preferred against the judgment dated 16.04.2014
passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad dismissing the
appellant's First Appeal No.282 of 2014 observing that the Insurance
Company was not liable to indemnify him, thereby confirming the order dated
11.11.2013 passed by the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation/Labour
Court, Rajkot.
3. The brief facts which led to the filing of this appeal are as
follows:- Proforma respondents 2-4/claimants, namely, Lalmani Yadav-
father, Dashmiya Lalmani yadav-mother and Janaki alias Babli Ramesh Yadav-
wife of the deceased, Ramesh Lalmani Yadav filed a claim petition before
Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation/Labour Court, Rajkot, claiming
compensation for the death of deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav on 20.05.2002
in the course of his employment. On the fateful day of 20.05.2002,
deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was working as a cleaner in the vehicle
bearing No.GJ-3V-7785, in the employment of the appellant and respondent
No.5. In the afternoon at about 12.30 p.m., deceased was filling
water in the radiator of the vehicle when suddenly the bonnet of the
vehicle fell down on the head of the deceased, as a result of which he fell
down and died. Stating that Ramesh Lalmani Yadav died in the course of his
employment, respondents No.2 to 4 filed the claim petition claiming
compensation of Rs.4,15,093/- and that appellant and respondent No.5-
Insurance Company are liable to pay the compensation of Rs.4,15,093/-.
4. Before the Commissioner, both the parties adduced oral and
documentary evidence. Upon consideration of the records, the Commissioner
held that FIR dated 20.05.2002 was lodged by the driver of the vehicle
bearing No. GJ-3V-7785 in which it was mentioned that on the fateful day
while reversing the said vehicle he saw deceased putting water in the
radiator of another vehicle bearing no. GJ-3U-5391 and that he slipped on
the bonnet of vehicle, fell on his head and deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav
sustained injuries and died. The Labour Court/Commissioner held that the
insurance policy produced before him was in respect of the vehicle GJ-3V-
7785 which was not involved in the vehicular accident and therefore
Insurance Company-first respondent is not liable to pay the compensation.
However, the learned Commissioner held that the appellant and respondent
No.5 being the owner of the vehicle, were jointly and severally liable to
pay the compensation of Rs.3,25,365/- along with 10% penalty and annual
interest at the rate of 6%.
5. Being aggrieved, the appellant-owner of the vehicle preferred
the first appeal in the High Court of Gujarat. Vide order dated
16.04.2014, the High Court dismissed the appeal filed by the appellant
observing that since vehicle No.GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the accident
and that only vehicle No.GJ-3U-5391 was involved and since the deceased was
employed as a cleaner was only in vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785, the insurance
company is not liable to indemnify the appellant for the accident caused by
the vehicle bearing No.GJ-3U-5391. In this appeal, the appellant seeks to
assail the said judgment.
6. Learned counsel for the appellant contended that both the
vehicles, namely, GJ-3V-7785 and GJ-3U-5391 were duly owned by the
appellant and both the vehicles were insured with the same insurance
company viz. the first respondent-United India Insurance company and while
so, the courts below are not justified in holding that the first respondent-
insurance company is not liable to indemnify the appellant. It was
submitted that the deceased was an employee of the appellant in vehicle
No.GJ-3V-7785 and died during the course of the employment and as
such, the fact that he was employed in another vehicle cannot exonerate the
insurance company from indemnifying the appellant. It was further
submitted that under Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, being a
beneficial legislation and both the vehicles being insured with the first
respondent, the courts below erred in observing that the insurance company
is not responsible for any liability even though under Section 147 of the
Act. The insurance company is bound to indemnify the appellant for the
loss occurring on account of the death of workman in the course of his
employment. In support of his contention, reliance was placed upon Ved
Prakash Garg vs. Premi Devi & Ors.[1]
7. Learned counsel for the first respondent-insurance company
submitted that the deceased-Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was employed as a cleaner
only in the vehicle GJ-3V-7785 and since only GJ-3U-5391 was involved in
the accident, insurance company does not have any responsibility to pay any
compensation and to indemnify the insurer and the courts below rightly
exonerated the insurance company from indemnifying the insurer.
8. It is an admitted fact that the deceased was employed as a
cleaner in vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 and on perusal of the statement of
Ramlallu D. Patel, the driver of the above-said vehicle, it emerged that
the deceased was actually filling water in the radiator of the another
dumper bearing No. GJ-3U-5391 and met with an accident and died due to the
injuries sustained by him. The same is substantiated by the panchnama of
the scene of the accident. From the written statement filed by fifth
respondent - Viraj Krishna Techtonics Pvt. Ltd. Vijayrath, it is apparent
that the employer has admitted that the death of Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was
caused while he was filling water in the radiator of the vehicle bearing
No. GJ-3U-5391 owned by him. Taking into consideration the facts of the
case, it is evident that vehicle GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the
accident.
9. Vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 was insured with the first respondent-
insurance company under Section 147 of the Act. The insurance policy of a
public service vehicle is deemed to cover an employee engaged in the said
vehicle and the liability of the insurance company to pay compensation for
the death or injuries sustained by the workman. Payment of compensation
for the death of workman or injuries sustained by the workman is limited to
the liability arising in the Employers Compensation Act, 1923. Since
vehicle No.GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the accident, insurance company
was not liable to indemnify the owner of the vehicle towards the
compensation payable to his employee - deceased-cleaner Ramesh Lalmani
Yadav under Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923.
10. As noticed earlier, only the dumper bearing No.GJ-3U-5391 was
involved in the accident. The insurance policy of the vehicle No.GJ-3U-
5391 was not produced either before the Commissioner or before the High
Court. Insurance policy of the said vehicle No.GJ-3U-5391 for the period
from 13.09.2001 to 12.09.2002 was produced before this Court. The accident
was on 20.05.2002 during which period the vehicle No. GJ-3U-5391 had a
valid insurance policy.
11. The point falling for consideration is that even if the vehicle
No. GJ-3U-5391 had a valid insurance policy, whether the first respondent-
insurance company is liable to indemnify the owner of the vehicle for death
of a person who was employed by him in another vehicle. Insofar as vehicle
dumper No.GJ-3U-5391, admittedly deceased-Ramesh Lalmani
Yadav was not an employee and he was only a third party. Onbehalf of the
appellant, an argument was advanced that since both the vehicles were
insured with the same insurance company viz., United India Insurance
Company and since Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act is a beneficial
legislation, the insurance company ought to have been held liable to
indemnify the insured. As contended by the appellant, both the vehicles
were insured with the respondent-insurance company and both the vehicles
are one and the same. Considering the facts of the case, both the vehicles
were parked in the same space and it can be safely stated that the deceased
cleaner was filling the water in the radiator of vehicle no.GJ-3U-5391 only
on the direction of the employer and thus the cleaner was working in the
course of employment. The High Court rejected the claim of the appellant
on the ground that the insurance policy of vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 was not
produced but now since the appellant has produced the insurance policy
which covers the vehicle involved in the accident which provides to
indemnify the owner of the vehicle in case of any accident caused to the
workman limited to the extent of liability under Workmen's Compensation
Act.
12. Both the vehicles were insured with the first respondent-
insurance company and the owner being one and the same and since the
deceased being the cleaner and the claimants hailing from the lowest strata
of society, in our considered view, in exercise of our extra-ordinary
jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, it is
appropriate to direct the first respondent-insurance company to indemnify
the appellant for the death of deceased.
13. In a situation of this nature for doing complete justice
between the parties, this Court has always exercised the jurisdiction under
Article 142 of the Constitution of India. In Oriental Insurance Company
Ltd. vs. Brij Mohan And Ors.[2], this Court has held as under:-
"13. However, Respondent 1 is a poor labourer. He had suffered grievous
injuries. He had become disabled to a great extent. The amount of
compensation awarded in his favour appears to be on a lower side. In the
aforementioned situation, although we reject the other contentions of Ms
Indu Malhotra, we are inclined to exercise our extraordinary jurisdiction
under Article 142 of the Constitution of India so as to direct that the
award may be satisfied by the appellant but it would be entitled to realise
the same from the owner of the tractor and the trolley wherefor it would
not be necessary for it to initiate any separate proceedings for recovery
of the amount as provided for under the Motor Vehicles Act.
14. It is well settled that in a situation of this nature this Court in
exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India
read with Article 136 thereof can issue suit directions for doing complete
justice to the parties".
14. In Deddappa & Ors. vs. National Insurance Company Ltd.[3], it
was observed as under:-
"26. However, as the appellant hails from the lowest strata of society, we
are of the opinion that in a case of this nature, we should, in exercise of
our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of
India, direct Respondent 1 to pay the amount of claim to the appellants
herein and recover the same from the owner of the vehicle viz. Respondent
2, particularly in view of the fact that no appeal was preferred by him. We
direct accordingly".
15. Labour Court awarded compensation of Rs.6,42,921/- along with
10% penalty and 6% interest per annum. As per Section 4-A (3)(a) of the
Workmen's Compensation Act, where any employer commits default in paying
the compensation due under the Act within one month from the date it fell
due, the Commissioner shall direct the employer to pay simple interest
thereon at the rate of 12% per annum or at such higher rate not exceeding
maximum of the lending rates of any scheduled bank as may be specified by
the Central Government. As per Section 4-A (3)(b), in addition to the
amount of arrears and the interest thereon, the Commissioner shall direct
the employer to pay further sum not exceeding 50% of such amount by way
of penalty. The legal representatives of the deceased employee are thus
entitled to the statutory interest at the rate of 12% and penalty not
exceeding 50% of the amount of compensation. The Commissioner for
Workmen's Compensation has awarded only 6% interest and 10% penalty as
against the statutory entitlement of the dependents of the deceased
employee in terms of Section 4-A(3) of the Act. Having regard to the
passage of time and in the interest of justice, in our considered view,
statutory rate of penalty i.e. 15% is to be ordered in addition to the
statutory interest payable at the rate of 12% per annum.
16. The appellant has deposited Rs.3,25,365/- i.e. the principal
amount with the Labour Court/Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation,
Rajkot on 18.2.2014. The matter was listed before the Supreme Court Lok
Adalat on 6.12.2014 wherein the appellant was directed to deposit the
balance amount. The 1st respondent-insurance company shall deposit the
balance compensation being 15% penalty and the interest at the rate of 12%
after one month from the date when the compensation amount fell due and
also 15% penalty with the Labour Court/Commissioner for Workmen's
Compensation within a period of six weeks from today. On such deposit,
the same shall be disbursed to respondents No.2 to 4. The amount of
Rs.3,25,365/- already deposited by the appellant with the Commissioner for
Workmen's Compensation shall also be disbursed to respondents No. 2 to 4 if
not already disbursed. After disbursing the amount to the dependents No.2
to 4, the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation, Rajkot shall submit a
report to this Court regarding compliance at an early date preferably not
exceeding four months from today. The 1st respondent-insurance company
shall pay the amount of Rs.3,25,365/- to the appellant which it has already
deposited towards compensation within a period of six weeks. The impugned
judgment of the High Court is set aside and the appeal is allowed in terms
of the above directions. In the facts and circumstances of the case, we
make no order as to costs.
...............................J.
(V. GOPALA GOWDA)
..............................J.
(R. BANUMATHI)
New Delhi;
February 17, 2015
-----------------------
[1]
[2] (1997) 8 SCC 1
[3]
[4] (2007) 7 SCC 56
[5]
[6] (2008) 2 SCC 595
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1970 OF 2015
(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 28265/2014)
Praveenbhai S. Khambhayata
...Appellant
Versus
United India Insurance Company
Ltd. & Ors. ...Respondents
J U D G M E N T
R. BANUMATHI, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal is preferred against the judgment dated 16.04.2014
passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad dismissing the
appellant's First Appeal No.282 of 2014 observing that the Insurance
Company was not liable to indemnify him, thereby confirming the order dated
11.11.2013 passed by the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation/Labour
Court, Rajkot.
3. The brief facts which led to the filing of this appeal are as
follows:- Proforma respondents 2-4/claimants, namely, Lalmani Yadav-
father, Dashmiya Lalmani yadav-mother and Janaki alias Babli Ramesh Yadav-
wife of the deceased, Ramesh Lalmani Yadav filed a claim petition before
Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation/Labour Court, Rajkot, claiming
compensation for the death of deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav on 20.05.2002
in the course of his employment. On the fateful day of 20.05.2002,
deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was working as a cleaner in the vehicle
bearing No.GJ-3V-7785, in the employment of the appellant and respondent
No.5. In the afternoon at about 12.30 p.m., deceased was filling
water in the radiator of the vehicle when suddenly the bonnet of the
vehicle fell down on the head of the deceased, as a result of which he fell
down and died. Stating that Ramesh Lalmani Yadav died in the course of his
employment, respondents No.2 to 4 filed the claim petition claiming
compensation of Rs.4,15,093/- and that appellant and respondent No.5-
Insurance Company are liable to pay the compensation of Rs.4,15,093/-.
4. Before the Commissioner, both the parties adduced oral and
documentary evidence. Upon consideration of the records, the Commissioner
held that FIR dated 20.05.2002 was lodged by the driver of the vehicle
bearing No. GJ-3V-7785 in which it was mentioned that on the fateful day
while reversing the said vehicle he saw deceased putting water in the
radiator of another vehicle bearing no. GJ-3U-5391 and that he slipped on
the bonnet of vehicle, fell on his head and deceased Ramesh Lalmani Yadav
sustained injuries and died. The Labour Court/Commissioner held that the
insurance policy produced before him was in respect of the vehicle GJ-3V-
7785 which was not involved in the vehicular accident and therefore
Insurance Company-first respondent is not liable to pay the compensation.
However, the learned Commissioner held that the appellant and respondent
No.5 being the owner of the vehicle, were jointly and severally liable to
pay the compensation of Rs.3,25,365/- along with 10% penalty and annual
interest at the rate of 6%.
5. Being aggrieved, the appellant-owner of the vehicle preferred
the first appeal in the High Court of Gujarat. Vide order dated
16.04.2014, the High Court dismissed the appeal filed by the appellant
observing that since vehicle No.GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the accident
and that only vehicle No.GJ-3U-5391 was involved and since the deceased was
employed as a cleaner was only in vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785, the insurance
company is not liable to indemnify the appellant for the accident caused by
the vehicle bearing No.GJ-3U-5391. In this appeal, the appellant seeks to
assail the said judgment.
6. Learned counsel for the appellant contended that both the
vehicles, namely, GJ-3V-7785 and GJ-3U-5391 were duly owned by the
appellant and both the vehicles were insured with the same insurance
company viz. the first respondent-United India Insurance company and while
so, the courts below are not justified in holding that the first respondent-
insurance company is not liable to indemnify the appellant. It was
submitted that the deceased was an employee of the appellant in vehicle
No.GJ-3V-7785 and died during the course of the employment and as
such, the fact that he was employed in another vehicle cannot exonerate the
insurance company from indemnifying the appellant. It was further
submitted that under Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, being a
beneficial legislation and both the vehicles being insured with the first
respondent, the courts below erred in observing that the insurance company
is not responsible for any liability even though under Section 147 of the
Act. The insurance company is bound to indemnify the appellant for the
loss occurring on account of the death of workman in the course of his
employment. In support of his contention, reliance was placed upon Ved
Prakash Garg vs. Premi Devi & Ors.[1]
7. Learned counsel for the first respondent-insurance company
submitted that the deceased-Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was employed as a cleaner
only in the vehicle GJ-3V-7785 and since only GJ-3U-5391 was involved in
the accident, insurance company does not have any responsibility to pay any
compensation and to indemnify the insurer and the courts below rightly
exonerated the insurance company from indemnifying the insurer.
8. It is an admitted fact that the deceased was employed as a
cleaner in vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 and on perusal of the statement of
Ramlallu D. Patel, the driver of the above-said vehicle, it emerged that
the deceased was actually filling water in the radiator of the another
dumper bearing No. GJ-3U-5391 and met with an accident and died due to the
injuries sustained by him. The same is substantiated by the panchnama of
the scene of the accident. From the written statement filed by fifth
respondent - Viraj Krishna Techtonics Pvt. Ltd. Vijayrath, it is apparent
that the employer has admitted that the death of Ramesh Lalmani Yadav was
caused while he was filling water in the radiator of the vehicle bearing
No. GJ-3U-5391 owned by him. Taking into consideration the facts of the
case, it is evident that vehicle GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the
accident.
9. Vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 was insured with the first respondent-
insurance company under Section 147 of the Act. The insurance policy of a
public service vehicle is deemed to cover an employee engaged in the said
vehicle and the liability of the insurance company to pay compensation for
the death or injuries sustained by the workman. Payment of compensation
for the death of workman or injuries sustained by the workman is limited to
the liability arising in the Employers Compensation Act, 1923. Since
vehicle No.GJ-3V-7785 was not involved in the accident, insurance company
was not liable to indemnify the owner of the vehicle towards the
compensation payable to his employee - deceased-cleaner Ramesh Lalmani
Yadav under Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923.
10. As noticed earlier, only the dumper bearing No.GJ-3U-5391 was
involved in the accident. The insurance policy of the vehicle No.GJ-3U-
5391 was not produced either before the Commissioner or before the High
Court. Insurance policy of the said vehicle No.GJ-3U-5391 for the period
from 13.09.2001 to 12.09.2002 was produced before this Court. The accident
was on 20.05.2002 during which period the vehicle No. GJ-3U-5391 had a
valid insurance policy.
11. The point falling for consideration is that even if the vehicle
No. GJ-3U-5391 had a valid insurance policy, whether the first respondent-
insurance company is liable to indemnify the owner of the vehicle for death
of a person who was employed by him in another vehicle. Insofar as vehicle
dumper No.GJ-3U-5391, admittedly deceased-Ramesh Lalmani
Yadav was not an employee and he was only a third party. Onbehalf of the
appellant, an argument was advanced that since both the vehicles were
insured with the same insurance company viz., United India Insurance
Company and since Section 147 of the Motor Vehicles Act is a beneficial
legislation, the insurance company ought to have been held liable to
indemnify the insured. As contended by the appellant, both the vehicles
were insured with the respondent-insurance company and both the vehicles
are one and the same. Considering the facts of the case, both the vehicles
were parked in the same space and it can be safely stated that the deceased
cleaner was filling the water in the radiator of vehicle no.GJ-3U-5391 only
on the direction of the employer and thus the cleaner was working in the
course of employment. The High Court rejected the claim of the appellant
on the ground that the insurance policy of vehicle No. GJ-3V-7785 was not
produced but now since the appellant has produced the insurance policy
which covers the vehicle involved in the accident which provides to
indemnify the owner of the vehicle in case of any accident caused to the
workman limited to the extent of liability under Workmen's Compensation
Act.
12. Both the vehicles were insured with the first respondent-
insurance company and the owner being one and the same and since the
deceased being the cleaner and the claimants hailing from the lowest strata
of society, in our considered view, in exercise of our extra-ordinary
jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, it is
appropriate to direct the first respondent-insurance company to indemnify
the appellant for the death of deceased.
13. In a situation of this nature for doing complete justice
between the parties, this Court has always exercised the jurisdiction under
Article 142 of the Constitution of India. In Oriental Insurance Company
Ltd. vs. Brij Mohan And Ors.[2], this Court has held as under:-
"13. However, Respondent 1 is a poor labourer. He had suffered grievous
injuries. He had become disabled to a great extent. The amount of
compensation awarded in his favour appears to be on a lower side. In the
aforementioned situation, although we reject the other contentions of Ms
Indu Malhotra, we are inclined to exercise our extraordinary jurisdiction
under Article 142 of the Constitution of India so as to direct that the
award may be satisfied by the appellant but it would be entitled to realise
the same from the owner of the tractor and the trolley wherefor it would
not be necessary for it to initiate any separate proceedings for recovery
of the amount as provided for under the Motor Vehicles Act.
14. It is well settled that in a situation of this nature this Court in
exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India
read with Article 136 thereof can issue suit directions for doing complete
justice to the parties".
14. In Deddappa & Ors. vs. National Insurance Company Ltd.[3], it
was observed as under:-
"26. However, as the appellant hails from the lowest strata of society, we
are of the opinion that in a case of this nature, we should, in exercise of
our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of
India, direct Respondent 1 to pay the amount of claim to the appellants
herein and recover the same from the owner of the vehicle viz. Respondent
2, particularly in view of the fact that no appeal was preferred by him. We
direct accordingly".
15. Labour Court awarded compensation of Rs.6,42,921/- along with
10% penalty and 6% interest per annum. As per Section 4-A (3)(a) of the
Workmen's Compensation Act, where any employer commits default in paying
the compensation due under the Act within one month from the date it fell
due, the Commissioner shall direct the employer to pay simple interest
thereon at the rate of 12% per annum or at such higher rate not exceeding
maximum of the lending rates of any scheduled bank as may be specified by
the Central Government. As per Section 4-A (3)(b), in addition to the
amount of arrears and the interest thereon, the Commissioner shall direct
the employer to pay further sum not exceeding 50% of such amount by way
of penalty. The legal representatives of the deceased employee are thus
entitled to the statutory interest at the rate of 12% and penalty not
exceeding 50% of the amount of compensation. The Commissioner for
Workmen's Compensation has awarded only 6% interest and 10% penalty as
against the statutory entitlement of the dependents of the deceased
employee in terms of Section 4-A(3) of the Act. Having regard to the
passage of time and in the interest of justice, in our considered view,
statutory rate of penalty i.e. 15% is to be ordered in addition to the
statutory interest payable at the rate of 12% per annum.
16. The appellant has deposited Rs.3,25,365/- i.e. the principal
amount with the Labour Court/Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation,
Rajkot on 18.2.2014. The matter was listed before the Supreme Court Lok
Adalat on 6.12.2014 wherein the appellant was directed to deposit the
balance amount. The 1st respondent-insurance company shall deposit the
balance compensation being 15% penalty and the interest at the rate of 12%
after one month from the date when the compensation amount fell due and
also 15% penalty with the Labour Court/Commissioner for Workmen's
Compensation within a period of six weeks from today. On such deposit,
the same shall be disbursed to respondents No.2 to 4. The amount of
Rs.3,25,365/- already deposited by the appellant with the Commissioner for
Workmen's Compensation shall also be disbursed to respondents No. 2 to 4 if
not already disbursed. After disbursing the amount to the dependents No.2
to 4, the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation, Rajkot shall submit a
report to this Court regarding compliance at an early date preferably not
exceeding four months from today. The 1st respondent-insurance company
shall pay the amount of Rs.3,25,365/- to the appellant which it has already
deposited towards compensation within a period of six weeks. The impugned
judgment of the High Court is set aside and the appeal is allowed in terms
of the above directions. In the facts and circumstances of the case, we
make no order as to costs.
...............................J.
(V. GOPALA GOWDA)
..............................J.
(R. BANUMATHI)
New Delhi;
February 17, 2015
-----------------------
[1]
[2] (1997) 8 SCC 1
[3]
[4] (2007) 7 SCC 56
[5]
[6] (2008) 2 SCC 595
