REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2327 OF 2014
(Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 9751/2011)
BINOD KUMAR & ORS. .. Appellant
Versus
STATE OF BIHAR & ANR. ..Respondents
J U D G M E N T
R. BANUMATHI, J.
Leave granted.
2. Whether the charges under Section 406 IPC and the criminal
complaint for criminal breach of trust for allegedly retaining the bill
amount payable to respondent No.2 is liable to be quashed is the point
falling for consideration in this appeal.
3. Payment of bill pertaining to the contract executed by the
second respondent in Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University had a chequered
history. Case of second respondent is that contract was entered into
between him and K.S.S. College on 4.9.1990 for the construction of building
of K.S.S. College, Lakhisarai, a constituent unit of Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur
University. According to second respondent, since money and requisite
materials were not given to him in time, the work was not completed within
stipulated period. The university vide letter dated 9.5.1995, informed
the respondent No.2 that his contract is terminated and all his dues
including final bill, earnest money and security deposit etc. will be
released after consultation with the College Development Committee. The
University Engineer vide letter dated 4.6.1996, addressed to the Principal
of the college, informed that a payment of Rs.48,505/- is payable to the
contractor; but the respondent No.2 was not paid the aforesaid bill amount.
Finally, the respondent was paid Rs.14,000/- vide cheque No. EMGCO-OP.Z
No. 0127627, as per the direction of the College Development Committee and
balance amount of Rs.34,505/- was not paid to him. Aggrieved by the said
non-payment of entire amount, respondent No.2 filed a criminal complaint
case No.196-C/1997 in the Court of Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrate,
Lakhisarai for criminal breach of trust, alleging that the amount of
Rs.34,505/- was not paid to him and that the amount was utilized by the
appellants in some other work.
4. The appellants filed an application under Section 227
Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrate, Lakhisarai
seeking their discharge from the criminal case. The Court of Sub Divisional
Judicial Magistrate, Lakhisarai vide its order dated 2.12.2002 dismissed
the said petition and directed the appellants to remain present in the
court on 8.1.2003 for framing of charges under Section 406/120B IPC. The
appellants filed petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. before the Patna High
Court for quashing the said order and by the impugned order dated
18.2.2011, the High Court dismissed the petition. Aggrieved by the same,
the appellants are before us.
5. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned counsel appearing for the
appellants, contended that the act of withholding of payment to the second
respondent was as per the direction issued by the Vice-Chancellor and no
case is made out for misappropriation of funds under Section 406 IPC. It
was contended that the act of the appellants was done in the discharge of
their public duties and there was no dishonest intention to misappropriate
the amount and the essential ingredients of criminal breach of trust are
not made out and the High Court has not properly appreciated the matter.
6. Ms. Prerna Singh, learned counsel for respondent No.1 - State
of Bihar, submitted that the instant petition does not relate to any
police case and the matter was never subjected to police investigation. It
was, however, submitted that on examination of four witnesses, Magistrate
found that a prima facie case was made out against the appellants and
therefore, High Court rightly dismissed the petition filed under Section
482 Cr.P.C.
7. Mr. Rajiv Kumar, learned counsel appearing for the second
respondent contended that the application for discharge was rightly
rejected by the Magistrate as the case filed by the second respondent is a
warrant case instituted other than on police report and since prima-facie
case was made out, the discharge application was rightly dismissed by
the trial court. It was also contended that as per the terms and
conditions of the contract, the second respondent had executed the work and
the same was also measured and verified by the University Engineer and
while so, the appellants with malafide intention withheld the second
respondent’s dues and thus, committed criminal breach of trust and the High
Court rightly dismissed the petition filed under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
8. We have carefully considered the rival contentions and also
perused the impugned order and the materials on record.
9. In proceedings instituted on criminal complaint, exercise of
the inherent powers to quash the proceedings is called for only in case
where the complaint does not disclose any offence or is frivolous. It is
well settled that the power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. should be sparingly
invoked with circumspection, it should be exercised to see that the process
of law is not abused or misused. The settled principle of law is that at
the stage of quashing the complaint/FIR, the High Court is not to embark
upon an enquiry as to the probability, reliability or the genuineness of
the allegations made therein. In Smt. Nagawwa vs. Veeranna Shivalingappa
Konjalgi, (1976) 3 SCC 736, this Court enumerated the cases where an
order of the Magistrate issuing process against the accused can be quashed
or set aside as under:
“(1) where the allegations made in the complaint or the statements of the
witnesses recorded in support of the same taken at their face value make
out absolutely no case against the accused or the complainant does not
disclose the essential ingredients of an offence which is alleged against
the accused;
where the allegations made in the complaint are patently absurd and
inherently improbable so that no prudent person can ever reach a
conclusion that there is a sufficient ground for proceeding against the
accused;
where the discretion exercised by the Magistrate in issuing process is
capricious and arbitrary having been based either on no evidence or on
materials which are wholly irrelevant or inadmissible; and
where the complaint suffers from fundamental legal defects such as, want of
sanction, or absence of a complaint by legally competent authority and the
like.”
The Supreme Court pointed out that the cases mentioned are purely
illustrative and provide sufficient guidelines to indicate contingencies
where the High Court can quash the proceedings.
10. In Indian Oil Corporation vs. NEPC India Ltd. And Ors., (2006)
6 SCC 736, this Court has summarized the principles relating to exercise of
jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C. to quash complaints and criminal
proceedings as under:-
“The principles relating to exercise of jurisdiction under Section 482 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash complaints and criminal proceedings
have been stated and reiterated by this Court in several decisions. To
mention a few—Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia v. Sambhajirao Chandrojirao Angre
(1988) 1 SCC 692, State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal,1992 Supp (1) SCC 335;
Rupan Deol Bajaj v. Kanwar Pal Singh Gill (1995) 6 SCC 194, Central Bureau
of Investigation v. Duncans Agro Industries Ltd (1996) 5 SCC 591; State of
Bihar v. Rajendra Agrawalla (1996) 8 SCC 164, Rajesh Bajaj v. State NCT of
Delhi,(1999) 3 SCC 259; Medchl Chemicals & Pharma (P) Ltd. v. Biological E.
Ltd(2000) 3 SCC 269 [pic]Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma v. State of Bihar
(2000) 4 SCC 168, M. Krishnan v. Vijay Singh (2001) 8 SCC 645 and Zandu
Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. Mohd. Sharaful Haque( 2005) 1 SCC 122. The
principles, relevant to our purpose are:
(i) A complaint can be quashed where the allegations made in the
complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their
entirety, do not prima facie constitute any offence or make out the case
alleged against the accused.
For this purpose, the complaint has to be examined as a whole, but
without examining the merits of the allegations. Neither a detailed inquiry
nor a meticulous analysis of the material nor an assessment of the
reliability or genuineness of the allegations in the complaint, is
warranted while examining prayer for quashing of a complaint.
(ii) A complaint may also be quashed where it is a clear abuse of the
process of the court, as when the criminal proceeding is found to have been
initiated with mala fides/malice for wreaking vengeance or to cause harm,
or where the allegations are absurd and inherently improbable.
(iii) The power to quash shall not, however, be used to stifle or
scuttle a legitimate prosecution. The power should be used sparingly and
with abundant caution.
(iv) The complaint is not required to verbatim reproduce the legal
ingredients of the offence alleged. If the necessary factual foundation is
laid in the complaint, merely on the ground that a few ingredients have not
been stated in detail, the proceedings should not be quashed. Quashing of
the complaint is warranted only where the complaint is so bereft of even
the basic facts which are absolutely necessary for making out the offence.
(v) A given set of facts may make out: (a) purely a civil wrong; or
(b) purely a criminal offence; or (c) a civil wrong as also a criminal
offence. A commercial transaction or a contractual dispute, apart from
furnishing a cause of action for seeking remedy in civil law, may also
involve a criminal offence. As the nature and scope of a civil proceeding
are different from a criminal proceeding, the mere fact that the complaint
relates to a commercial transaction or breach of contract, for which a
civil remedy is available or has been availed, is not by itself a ground to
quash the criminal proceedings. The test is whether the allegations in the
complaint disclose a criminal offence or not.”
11. Referring to the growing tendency in business circles to
convert purely civil disputes into criminal cases, in paragraphs (13) and
(14) of the Indian Oil Corporation’s case (supra), it was held as under:-
“13. While on this issue, it is necessary to take notice of a growing
tendency in business circles to convert purely civil disputes into criminal
cases. This is obviously on account of a prevalent impression that civil
law remedies are time consuming and do not adequately protect the interests
of lenders/creditors. Such a tendency is seen in several family disputes
also, [pic]leading to irretrievable breakdown of marriages/families. There
is also an impression that if a person could somehow be entangled in a
criminal prosecution, there is a likelihood of imminent settlement. Any
effort to settle civil disputes and claims, which do not involve any
criminal offence, by applying pressure through criminal prosecution should
be deprecated and discouraged. In G. Sagar Suri v. State of U.P., (2000) 2
SCC 636 this Court observed: (SCC p. 643, para 8)
“It is to be seen if a matter, which is essentially of a civil nature, has
been given a cloak of criminal offence. Criminal proceedings are not a
short cut of other remedies available in law. Before issuing process a
criminal court has to exercise a great deal of caution. For the accused it
is a serious matter. This Court has laid certain principles on the basis of
which the High Court is to exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 of
the Code. Jurisdiction under this section has to be exercised to prevent
abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of
justice.”
14. While no one with a legitimate cause or grievance should be prevented
from seeking remedies available in criminal law, a complainant who
initiates or persists with a prosecution, being fully aware that the
criminal proceedings are unwarranted and his remedy lies only in civil law,
should himself be made accountable, at the end of such misconceived
criminal proceedings, in accordance with law. One positive step that can be
taken by the courts, to curb unnecessary prosecutions and harassment of
innocent parties, is to exercise their power under Section 250 CrPC more
frequently, where they discern malice or frivolousness or ulterior motives
on the part of the complainant. Be that as it may.”
12. Coming to the facts of this case, it is no doubt true that the
dispute relates to the non-payment of bill amount of Rs.34,505/- pertaining
to the contract executed by respondent No.2. It is also pertinent to note
that respondent No.2 preferred CWJC No.5803/1999 wherein an order dated
5.4.2000 was passed by Patna High Court directing the Vice-Chancellor of
Bhagalpur University to release the balance amount of Rs.34,505/- with
interest at the rate of 18% w.e.f. 1.10.1994 till the date of payment and
pay the interest at the rate of 11% on the sum of Rs.14,000/- from
1.10.1994 till 9.12.1996. Aggrieved by the said order, Bhagalpur
University preferred LPA No.716/2000 wherein it was directed that since it
was not a statutory contract, no direction for payment of money could be
issued and the respondent No.2 can pursue other remedies available in law
for the recovery of money. Aggrieved by the said order, respondent No. 2
filed SLP(C) No. CC 4832/2001 which was dismissed as withdrawn by this
Court by Order dated 30.7.2001 granting him liberty to approach the
appropriate forum. Respondent No.2 thereafter filed Money Suit No. 2/2002
before the Court of Sub Judge 1st Court, Lakhisarai on 20.4.2002 for
recovery of Rs. 69,010/- i.e. double the amount of Rs.34,505/- and the said
suit is pending. Second appellant representing the university had also
filed Money Suit No.2/2006 before the same Court on 4.2.2006 claiming a sum
of Rs.1,44,437/- with interest against the second respondent-contractor.
These acts of the parties show that the parties have already had recourse
to the civil remedies that are available to them in law.
13. Appellant Nos.1 and 2 were then employed as Principal and
Professor respectively in KSS College, Lakhisarai and appellant No.3 as
Bursar of the said college. The appellants have stated that they had no
intention to cheat or dishonestly misappropriate the amount of Rs. 34,505/-
. The appellants have stated that there were disputes regarding the
quality of work done and also non-return of some cement bags by the second
respondent. It is stated that in view of the dispute between the
university and the contractor and stoppage of further construction by the
second respondent and with the direction and approval of the Vice-
Chancellor, contract of the appellant was terminated and his bill was
placed before the College Development Committee. In its meeting dated
8.12.1995, the Committee considered the claim of the second respondent and
rejected his certain claims and the same was informed to the Vice-
Chancellor. The university vide letter No. E/243 dated 25.3.1998 directed
to stop final payment to the second respondent and the university requested
the Executive Engineer for verification of quality of work done.
Appellants have stated that the amount of Rs. 34,505/- has
been lying in the account of the university and only on instruction from
the Vice-Chancellor, the amount was not paid to the second respondent and
no dishonest intention could be attributed to the appellants.
14. At this stage, we are only concerned with the question whether
the averments in the complaint taken at their face value make out the
ingredients of criminal offence or not. Let us now examine whether the
allegations made in the complaint when taken on their face value, are true
and constitute the offence as defined under Section 406.
15. Section 405 IPC deals with criminal breach of trust. A careful
reading of the Section 405 IPC shows that a criminal breach of trust
involves the following ingredients:
(a) a person should have been entrusted with property, or entrusted with
dominion over property;
(b) that person should dishonestly misappropriate or convert to his own
use that property, or dishonestly use or dispose of that property or
wilfully suffer any other person to do so;
(c) that such misappropriation, conversion, use or disposal should be in
violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust
is to be discharged, or of any legal contract which the person has made,
touching the discharge of such trust.
16. Section 406 IPC prescribes punishment for criminal breach of
trust as defined in Section 405 IPC. For the offence punishable under
Section 406 IPC, prosecution must prove:
(i) that the accused was entrusted with property or with dominion over
it and
(ii) that he (a) misappropriated it, or (b) converted it to his
own use, or (c) used it, or (d) disposed of it.
The gist of the offence is misappropriation done in a dishonest manner.
There are two distinct parts of the said offence. The first involves the
fact of entrustment, wherein an obligation arises in relation to the
property over which dominion or control is acquired. The second part deals
with misappropriation which should be contrary to the terms of the
obligation which is created.
17. Section 420 IPC deals with cheating. Essential ingredients of
Section 420 IPC are:- (i) cheating; (ii) dishonest inducement to deliver
property or to make, alter or destroy any valuable security or anything
which is sealed or signed or is capable of being converted into a
valuable security, and (iii) mens rea of the accused at the time of
making the inducement.
18. In the present case, looking at the allegations in the
complaint on the face of it, we find no allegations are made attracting
the ingredients of Section 405 IPC. Likewise, there are no allegations as
to cheating or the dishonest intention of the appellants in retaining the
money in order to have wrongful gain to themselves or causing wrongful loss
to the complainant. Excepting the bald allegations that the appellants did
not make payment to the second respondent and that the appellants utilized
the amounts either by themselves or for some other work, there is no iota
of allegation as to the dishonest intention in misappropriating the
property. To make out a case of criminal breach of trust, it is not
sufficient to show that money has been retained by the appellants. It must
also be shown that the appellants dishonestly disposed of the same in some
way or dishonestly retained the same. The mere fact that the appellants
did not pay the money to the complainant does not amount to criminal breach
of trust.
19. Even if all the allegations in the complaint taken at the
face value are true, in our view, the basic essential ingredients of
dishonest misappropriation and cheating are missing. Criminal proceedings
are not a short cut for other remedies. Since no case of criminal breach
of trust or dishonest intention of inducement is made out and the essential
ingredients of Sections 405/420 IPC are missing, the prosecution of the
appellants under Sections 406/120B IPC, is liable to be quashed.
20. The impugned order of the High Court is set aside and this
appeal is allowed. Parties are at liberty to work out their remedy in the
civil suits which they have already had recourse to.
……………………….J.
(T.S. Thakur)
……………………….J.
(R. Banumathi)
New Delhi;
October 30, 2014
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2327 OF 2014
(Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 9751/2011)
BINOD KUMAR & ORS. .. Appellant
Versus
STATE OF BIHAR & ANR. ..Respondents
J U D G M E N T
R. BANUMATHI, J.
Leave granted.
2. Whether the charges under Section 406 IPC and the criminal
complaint for criminal breach of trust for allegedly retaining the bill
amount payable to respondent No.2 is liable to be quashed is the point
falling for consideration in this appeal.
3. Payment of bill pertaining to the contract executed by the
second respondent in Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University had a chequered
history. Case of second respondent is that contract was entered into
between him and K.S.S. College on 4.9.1990 for the construction of building
of K.S.S. College, Lakhisarai, a constituent unit of Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur
University. According to second respondent, since money and requisite
materials were not given to him in time, the work was not completed within
stipulated period. The university vide letter dated 9.5.1995, informed
the respondent No.2 that his contract is terminated and all his dues
including final bill, earnest money and security deposit etc. will be
released after consultation with the College Development Committee. The
University Engineer vide letter dated 4.6.1996, addressed to the Principal
of the college, informed that a payment of Rs.48,505/- is payable to the
contractor; but the respondent No.2 was not paid the aforesaid bill amount.
Finally, the respondent was paid Rs.14,000/- vide cheque No. EMGCO-OP.Z
No. 0127627, as per the direction of the College Development Committee and
balance amount of Rs.34,505/- was not paid to him. Aggrieved by the said
non-payment of entire amount, respondent No.2 filed a criminal complaint
case No.196-C/1997 in the Court of Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrate,
Lakhisarai for criminal breach of trust, alleging that the amount of
Rs.34,505/- was not paid to him and that the amount was utilized by the
appellants in some other work.
4. The appellants filed an application under Section 227
Cr.P.C. before the Court of Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrate, Lakhisarai
seeking their discharge from the criminal case. The Court of Sub Divisional
Judicial Magistrate, Lakhisarai vide its order dated 2.12.2002 dismissed
the said petition and directed the appellants to remain present in the
court on 8.1.2003 for framing of charges under Section 406/120B IPC. The
appellants filed petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. before the Patna High
Court for quashing the said order and by the impugned order dated
18.2.2011, the High Court dismissed the petition. Aggrieved by the same,
the appellants are before us.
5. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned counsel appearing for the
appellants, contended that the act of withholding of payment to the second
respondent was as per the direction issued by the Vice-Chancellor and no
case is made out for misappropriation of funds under Section 406 IPC. It
was contended that the act of the appellants was done in the discharge of
their public duties and there was no dishonest intention to misappropriate
the amount and the essential ingredients of criminal breach of trust are
not made out and the High Court has not properly appreciated the matter.
6. Ms. Prerna Singh, learned counsel for respondent No.1 - State
of Bihar, submitted that the instant petition does not relate to any
police case and the matter was never subjected to police investigation. It
was, however, submitted that on examination of four witnesses, Magistrate
found that a prima facie case was made out against the appellants and
therefore, High Court rightly dismissed the petition filed under Section
482 Cr.P.C.
7. Mr. Rajiv Kumar, learned counsel appearing for the second
respondent contended that the application for discharge was rightly
rejected by the Magistrate as the case filed by the second respondent is a
warrant case instituted other than on police report and since prima-facie
case was made out, the discharge application was rightly dismissed by
the trial court. It was also contended that as per the terms and
conditions of the contract, the second respondent had executed the work and
the same was also measured and verified by the University Engineer and
while so, the appellants with malafide intention withheld the second
respondent’s dues and thus, committed criminal breach of trust and the High
Court rightly dismissed the petition filed under Section 482 Cr.P.C.
8. We have carefully considered the rival contentions and also
perused the impugned order and the materials on record.
9. In proceedings instituted on criminal complaint, exercise of
the inherent powers to quash the proceedings is called for only in case
where the complaint does not disclose any offence or is frivolous. It is
well settled that the power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. should be sparingly
invoked with circumspection, it should be exercised to see that the process
of law is not abused or misused. The settled principle of law is that at
the stage of quashing the complaint/FIR, the High Court is not to embark
upon an enquiry as to the probability, reliability or the genuineness of
the allegations made therein. In Smt. Nagawwa vs. Veeranna Shivalingappa
Konjalgi, (1976) 3 SCC 736, this Court enumerated the cases where an
order of the Magistrate issuing process against the accused can be quashed
or set aside as under:
“(1) where the allegations made in the complaint or the statements of the
witnesses recorded in support of the same taken at their face value make
out absolutely no case against the accused or the complainant does not
disclose the essential ingredients of an offence which is alleged against
the accused;
where the allegations made in the complaint are patently absurd and
inherently improbable so that no prudent person can ever reach a
conclusion that there is a sufficient ground for proceeding against the
accused;
where the discretion exercised by the Magistrate in issuing process is
capricious and arbitrary having been based either on no evidence or on
materials which are wholly irrelevant or inadmissible; and
where the complaint suffers from fundamental legal defects such as, want of
sanction, or absence of a complaint by legally competent authority and the
like.”
The Supreme Court pointed out that the cases mentioned are purely
illustrative and provide sufficient guidelines to indicate contingencies
where the High Court can quash the proceedings.
10. In Indian Oil Corporation vs. NEPC India Ltd. And Ors., (2006)
6 SCC 736, this Court has summarized the principles relating to exercise of
jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C. to quash complaints and criminal
proceedings as under:-
“The principles relating to exercise of jurisdiction under Section 482 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure to quash complaints and criminal proceedings
have been stated and reiterated by this Court in several decisions. To
mention a few—Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia v. Sambhajirao Chandrojirao Angre
(1988) 1 SCC 692, State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal,1992 Supp (1) SCC 335;
Rupan Deol Bajaj v. Kanwar Pal Singh Gill (1995) 6 SCC 194, Central Bureau
of Investigation v. Duncans Agro Industries Ltd (1996) 5 SCC 591; State of
Bihar v. Rajendra Agrawalla (1996) 8 SCC 164, Rajesh Bajaj v. State NCT of
Delhi,(1999) 3 SCC 259; Medchl Chemicals & Pharma (P) Ltd. v. Biological E.
Ltd(2000) 3 SCC 269 [pic]Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma v. State of Bihar
(2000) 4 SCC 168, M. Krishnan v. Vijay Singh (2001) 8 SCC 645 and Zandu
Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. Mohd. Sharaful Haque( 2005) 1 SCC 122. The
principles, relevant to our purpose are:
(i) A complaint can be quashed where the allegations made in the
complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their
entirety, do not prima facie constitute any offence or make out the case
alleged against the accused.
For this purpose, the complaint has to be examined as a whole, but
without examining the merits of the allegations. Neither a detailed inquiry
nor a meticulous analysis of the material nor an assessment of the
reliability or genuineness of the allegations in the complaint, is
warranted while examining prayer for quashing of a complaint.
(ii) A complaint may also be quashed where it is a clear abuse of the
process of the court, as when the criminal proceeding is found to have been
initiated with mala fides/malice for wreaking vengeance or to cause harm,
or where the allegations are absurd and inherently improbable.
(iii) The power to quash shall not, however, be used to stifle or
scuttle a legitimate prosecution. The power should be used sparingly and
with abundant caution.
(iv) The complaint is not required to verbatim reproduce the legal
ingredients of the offence alleged. If the necessary factual foundation is
laid in the complaint, merely on the ground that a few ingredients have not
been stated in detail, the proceedings should not be quashed. Quashing of
the complaint is warranted only where the complaint is so bereft of even
the basic facts which are absolutely necessary for making out the offence.
(v) A given set of facts may make out: (a) purely a civil wrong; or
(b) purely a criminal offence; or (c) a civil wrong as also a criminal
offence. A commercial transaction or a contractual dispute, apart from
furnishing a cause of action for seeking remedy in civil law, may also
involve a criminal offence. As the nature and scope of a civil proceeding
are different from a criminal proceeding, the mere fact that the complaint
relates to a commercial transaction or breach of contract, for which a
civil remedy is available or has been availed, is not by itself a ground to
quash the criminal proceedings. The test is whether the allegations in the
complaint disclose a criminal offence or not.”
11. Referring to the growing tendency in business circles to
convert purely civil disputes into criminal cases, in paragraphs (13) and
(14) of the Indian Oil Corporation’s case (supra), it was held as under:-
“13. While on this issue, it is necessary to take notice of a growing
tendency in business circles to convert purely civil disputes into criminal
cases. This is obviously on account of a prevalent impression that civil
law remedies are time consuming and do not adequately protect the interests
of lenders/creditors. Such a tendency is seen in several family disputes
also, [pic]leading to irretrievable breakdown of marriages/families. There
is also an impression that if a person could somehow be entangled in a
criminal prosecution, there is a likelihood of imminent settlement. Any
effort to settle civil disputes and claims, which do not involve any
criminal offence, by applying pressure through criminal prosecution should
be deprecated and discouraged. In G. Sagar Suri v. State of U.P., (2000) 2
SCC 636 this Court observed: (SCC p. 643, para 8)
“It is to be seen if a matter, which is essentially of a civil nature, has
been given a cloak of criminal offence. Criminal proceedings are not a
short cut of other remedies available in law. Before issuing process a
criminal court has to exercise a great deal of caution. For the accused it
is a serious matter. This Court has laid certain principles on the basis of
which the High Court is to exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 of
the Code. Jurisdiction under this section has to be exercised to prevent
abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of
justice.”
14. While no one with a legitimate cause or grievance should be prevented
from seeking remedies available in criminal law, a complainant who
initiates or persists with a prosecution, being fully aware that the
criminal proceedings are unwarranted and his remedy lies only in civil law,
should himself be made accountable, at the end of such misconceived
criminal proceedings, in accordance with law. One positive step that can be
taken by the courts, to curb unnecessary prosecutions and harassment of
innocent parties, is to exercise their power under Section 250 CrPC more
frequently, where they discern malice or frivolousness or ulterior motives
on the part of the complainant. Be that as it may.”
12. Coming to the facts of this case, it is no doubt true that the
dispute relates to the non-payment of bill amount of Rs.34,505/- pertaining
to the contract executed by respondent No.2. It is also pertinent to note
that respondent No.2 preferred CWJC No.5803/1999 wherein an order dated
5.4.2000 was passed by Patna High Court directing the Vice-Chancellor of
Bhagalpur University to release the balance amount of Rs.34,505/- with
interest at the rate of 18% w.e.f. 1.10.1994 till the date of payment and
pay the interest at the rate of 11% on the sum of Rs.14,000/- from
1.10.1994 till 9.12.1996. Aggrieved by the said order, Bhagalpur
University preferred LPA No.716/2000 wherein it was directed that since it
was not a statutory contract, no direction for payment of money could be
issued and the respondent No.2 can pursue other remedies available in law
for the recovery of money. Aggrieved by the said order, respondent No. 2
filed SLP(C) No. CC 4832/2001 which was dismissed as withdrawn by this
Court by Order dated 30.7.2001 granting him liberty to approach the
appropriate forum. Respondent No.2 thereafter filed Money Suit No. 2/2002
before the Court of Sub Judge 1st Court, Lakhisarai on 20.4.2002 for
recovery of Rs. 69,010/- i.e. double the amount of Rs.34,505/- and the said
suit is pending. Second appellant representing the university had also
filed Money Suit No.2/2006 before the same Court on 4.2.2006 claiming a sum
of Rs.1,44,437/- with interest against the second respondent-contractor.
These acts of the parties show that the parties have already had recourse
to the civil remedies that are available to them in law.
13. Appellant Nos.1 and 2 were then employed as Principal and
Professor respectively in KSS College, Lakhisarai and appellant No.3 as
Bursar of the said college. The appellants have stated that they had no
intention to cheat or dishonestly misappropriate the amount of Rs. 34,505/-
. The appellants have stated that there were disputes regarding the
quality of work done and also non-return of some cement bags by the second
respondent. It is stated that in view of the dispute between the
university and the contractor and stoppage of further construction by the
second respondent and with the direction and approval of the Vice-
Chancellor, contract of the appellant was terminated and his bill was
placed before the College Development Committee. In its meeting dated
8.12.1995, the Committee considered the claim of the second respondent and
rejected his certain claims and the same was informed to the Vice-
Chancellor. The university vide letter No. E/243 dated 25.3.1998 directed
to stop final payment to the second respondent and the university requested
the Executive Engineer for verification of quality of work done.
Appellants have stated that the amount of Rs. 34,505/- has
been lying in the account of the university and only on instruction from
the Vice-Chancellor, the amount was not paid to the second respondent and
no dishonest intention could be attributed to the appellants.
14. At this stage, we are only concerned with the question whether
the averments in the complaint taken at their face value make out the
ingredients of criminal offence or not. Let us now examine whether the
allegations made in the complaint when taken on their face value, are true
and constitute the offence as defined under Section 406.
15. Section 405 IPC deals with criminal breach of trust. A careful
reading of the Section 405 IPC shows that a criminal breach of trust
involves the following ingredients:
(a) a person should have been entrusted with property, or entrusted with
dominion over property;
(b) that person should dishonestly misappropriate or convert to his own
use that property, or dishonestly use or dispose of that property or
wilfully suffer any other person to do so;
(c) that such misappropriation, conversion, use or disposal should be in
violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust
is to be discharged, or of any legal contract which the person has made,
touching the discharge of such trust.
16. Section 406 IPC prescribes punishment for criminal breach of
trust as defined in Section 405 IPC. For the offence punishable under
Section 406 IPC, prosecution must prove:
(i) that the accused was entrusted with property or with dominion over
it and
(ii) that he (a) misappropriated it, or (b) converted it to his
own use, or (c) used it, or (d) disposed of it.
The gist of the offence is misappropriation done in a dishonest manner.
There are two distinct parts of the said offence. The first involves the
fact of entrustment, wherein an obligation arises in relation to the
property over which dominion or control is acquired. The second part deals
with misappropriation which should be contrary to the terms of the
obligation which is created.
17. Section 420 IPC deals with cheating. Essential ingredients of
Section 420 IPC are:- (i) cheating; (ii) dishonest inducement to deliver
property or to make, alter or destroy any valuable security or anything
which is sealed or signed or is capable of being converted into a
valuable security, and (iii) mens rea of the accused at the time of
making the inducement.
18. In the present case, looking at the allegations in the
complaint on the face of it, we find no allegations are made attracting
the ingredients of Section 405 IPC. Likewise, there are no allegations as
to cheating or the dishonest intention of the appellants in retaining the
money in order to have wrongful gain to themselves or causing wrongful loss
to the complainant. Excepting the bald allegations that the appellants did
not make payment to the second respondent and that the appellants utilized
the amounts either by themselves or for some other work, there is no iota
of allegation as to the dishonest intention in misappropriating the
property. To make out a case of criminal breach of trust, it is not
sufficient to show that money has been retained by the appellants. It must
also be shown that the appellants dishonestly disposed of the same in some
way or dishonestly retained the same. The mere fact that the appellants
did not pay the money to the complainant does not amount to criminal breach
of trust.
19. Even if all the allegations in the complaint taken at the
face value are true, in our view, the basic essential ingredients of
dishonest misappropriation and cheating are missing. Criminal proceedings
are not a short cut for other remedies. Since no case of criminal breach
of trust or dishonest intention of inducement is made out and the essential
ingredients of Sections 405/420 IPC are missing, the prosecution of the
appellants under Sections 406/120B IPC, is liable to be quashed.
20. The impugned order of the High Court is set aside and this
appeal is allowed. Parties are at liberty to work out their remedy in the
civil suits which they have already had recourse to.
……………………….J.
(T.S. Thakur)
……………………….J.
(R. Banumathi)
New Delhi;
October 30, 2014
