Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1696 OF 2010
[Arising out of SLP (CRL.) No.4624 of 2010]
Main Pal ... Appellant
Vs.
State of Haryana ... Respondent
JUDGMENT
R. V. RAVEENDRAN J.,
Leave granted.
2. An FIR was registered on 23.3.1996 on the statement of one Prakashi
Devi. She stated that on the night of 22/23.3.1996, while she and her
daughter-in-law Sheela Devi were sleeping in her house, around 11.30 PM,
the appellant jumped over the front wall of her house and broke the bulbs
and ran away; that at that time, no male member was present in the house
except the children; that around 00.30 AM the appellant again came into her
house and touched her daughter-in-law Sheela Devi who woke up and raised
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an alarm; and that the appellant immediately ran away. The police
investigated into the said complaint and submitted a report under Section
173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short `the Code'). On that basis,
the following charge was framed by the Judicial Magistrate, First Class,
Karnal, against the appellant -
"That on 23.3.1996, after having made preparation for causing hurt or
assault, you committed house trespass into the house of Smt. Prakashi
Devi, and thereby committed an offence punishable under section 452 IPC
within my cognizance. Secondly on the same date, time and place, you
assaulted and used criminal force against abovenamed Prakashi Devi
with intent to outrage her modesty and thereby committed an offence
punishable under section 354 IPC and within my cognizance.
And I hereby direct that you be tried on the above said charge by this
court."
(emphasis supplied)
When the said charged was read over and explained to the appellant,
he pleaded not guilty to the said charge and claimed trial.
3. Prakashi Devi was examined as PW-1. She reiterated what was
recorded in the FIR, that the appellant came into the house around 11.30 PM
and broke the bulbs, that he came again around 00.30 AM and touched her
daughter-in-law (Sheela Devi) and when her daughter-in-law woke up and
raised an alarm, the appellant ran away. In her cross-examination, Prakashi
Devi stated that she has five sons; that only her husband and one son named
Mahavir were staying with her; that the other four sons were married and
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were not staying with her; that on that night, her husband was away in the
fields and her son Mahavir was also not present in the house. However,
when confronted with her statement recorded in the FIR, she admitted
having stated that when the appellant had come first time at around 11.30
PM and broke the outside bulbs, her son woke up and went out of the house.
She also admitted that the appellant did not touch her nor teased her nor
abused her. Her daughter-in-law Sheela Devi gave evidence as PW-2 and
stated that she was married to one Jaibir who worked in the military
services; that at 11 to 11.30 PM the accused scaled the door and broke the
bulbs in the verandah of her house; that when she identified the accused and
raised an alarm the accused ran away; that again he came around 00.30 AM
by scaling the door and caught her hand; and that when she raised an alarm
and when her mother-in-law woke up, he ran away. It was elicited in her
cross-examination that the accused did not go towards her mother-in-law nor
say anything to her mother-in-law; that she used to come to the village
where her in-laws were residing, only when her husband came home; and
that the house of her father-in-law was surrounded by the houses of his
brothers and their sons. Both PW1 and PW2 stated that the house of the
accused was at a distance of 15-16 houses from the house of Prakashi Devi;
that the accused had never come into their house earlier; that their family
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and the accused were not on visiting terms with each other even during
functions, marriages or death, though they were on visiting terms with others
in the village. PW 2 also stated that she did not know the particulars of the
dispute between the accused and her in-laws. The investigating officer was
examined as PW-3. The accused examined a witness Ex-Sarpanch of the
village as DW-1 and he stated that there was a quarrel between the accused
and complainant's son Surinder about a water course and subsequently he
came to know that the quarrel was converted into a false case against the
accused by registering a false allegation that the accused had outraged the
modesty of a woman.
4. The learned Magistrate by judgment dated 2.2.2001, held the accused
guilty of offences under sections 452 and 354 Cr.PC and sentenced him for
rigorous imprisonment for six months and a fine of Rs.1,000/- in default
thereof simple imprisonment for one month. The appeal filed by the accused
was dismissed by the Addl. Sessions Judge on 20.2.2002. The criminal
revision filed by the appellant was disposed of by the High Court on
16.3.2010 upholding the conviction but reducing the sentence from six to
four months rigorous imprisonment. That order is challenged by the accused.
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5. One of the contentions urged by the accused before the appellate court
and High Court was that the charge against him was that he attempted to
outrage the modesty of Prakashi Devi (PW-1) whereas the evidence was to
show that he attempted to outrage the modesty of her daughter-in-law Sheela
Devi. He contended that as the charge levelled against him was not proved,
and as he was not required to defend himself against a charge that he
assaulted and outraged the modesty of Sheela Devi, he ought to have been
acquitted. This was negatived by the appellate court and High Court holding
that an accused cannot take advantage of a technical defect in framing the
charge. It was held that mentioning the name of Prakashi Devi instead of the
name of Sheela Devi in the charge was an error that did not prejudice the
accused.
6. The following question therefore arises for our consideration: When
the charge is that the accused assaulted `X' and outraged her modesty, but
the evidence is that he assaulted `Y' to outrage her modesty, can the accused
be punished, for having assaulting and outraging the modesty of `Y', even
though he was not charged with any offence with reference to `Y', on the
ground that the error or omission in the charge did not prejudice the accused
or result in failure of justice.
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7. Section 211 of the Code relates to the contents of the charge. It inter
alia provides that every charge under the Code shall state the offence with
which the accused is charged. Section 212 of the Code provides that the
charge shall contain the particulars as to the time and place of the alleged
offence, and the person (if any) against whom, or the thing (if any) in respect
of which, it was committed, as are reasonably sufficient to give the accused
notice of the matter with which he is charged. Section 215 of the Code
however clarifies that no error in stating either the offence or the particulars
required to be stated in the charge, and no omission to state the offence or
those particulars, shall be regarded at any stage of the case as material,
unless the accused was in fact misled by such error or omission, and it has
occasioned a failure of justice. Section 464 of the Code relates to effect of
omission to frame, or absence of, or error in, charge. Sub-section (1) thereof
provides that no finding, sentence or order of a court of competent
jurisdiction shall be deemed invalid merely on the ground that no charge was
framed or on the ground of any error, omission or irregularity in the charge
including any misjoinder of charge, unless, in the opinion of the court of
appeal, confirmation or revision, a failure of justice has in fact been
occasioned thereby. Sub-section (2) of sec. 464 provides that if the court of
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appeal, confirmation or revision is of opinion that failure of justice has in
fact been occasioned, it may --
(a) in the case of an omission to frame a charge, order that a charge be
framed and that the trial be recommended from the point immediately after
the framing of the charge;
(b) in case of an error, omission or irregularity in the charge, direct a new
trial to be had upon a charge framed in whatever manner it thinks fit.
8. In Willie (William) Slaney vs. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1956 SC
116] this court explained the concepts of "prejudice to the accused" and
"failure of justice" thus:-
"(6) Before we proceed to set out our answer and examine the
provisions of the Code, we will pause to observe that the Code is a code of
procedure and, like all procedural laws, is designed to further the ends of
justice and not to frustrate them by the introduction of endless
technicalities. The object of the Code is to ensure that an accused
person gets a full and fair trial along certain well-established and
well-understood lines that accord with our notions of natural justice.
If he does, if he is tried by a competent court, if he is told and clearly
understands the nature of the offence for which he is being tried, if
the case against him is fully and fairly explained to him and he is
afforded a full and fair opportunity of defending himself, then,
provided there is `substantial' compliance with the outward forms of
the law, mere mistakes in procedure, mere inconsequential errors and
omissions in the trial are regarded as venal by the Code and the trial
is not vitiated unless the accused can show substantial prejudice.
That, broadly speaking, is the basic principle on which the Code is
based.
(7) Now here, as in all procedural laws, certain things are regarded as
vital. Disregard of a provision of that nature is fatal to the trial and at once
invalidates the conviction. Others are not vital and whatever the
irregularity they can be cured; and in that event the conviction must stand
unless the Court is satisfied that there was prejudice. Some of these
matters are dealt with by the Code and wherever that is the case full effect
must be given to its provisions."
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This Court then examined the question as to when a procedure adopted
could be said to have worked actual injustice to the accused and held :
"Except where there is something so vital as to cut at the root of
jurisdiction or so abhorrent to what one might term natural justice, the
matter resolves itself to a question of prejudice. Some violations of the
Code will be so obvious that they will speak for themselves as, for
example, a refusal to give the accused a hearing, a refusal to allow him to
defend himself, a refusal to explain the nature of the charge to him and so
forth.
These go to the foundations of natural justice and would be struck down as
illegal forthwith. It hardly matters whether this is because prejudice is then
patent or because it is so abhorrent to well-established notions of natural
justice that a trial of that kind is only a mockery of a trial and not of the
kind envisaged by the laws of our land because either way they would be
struck down at once.
Other violations will not be so obvious and it may be possible to show that
having regard to all that occurred no prejudice was occasioned or that
there was no reasonable probability of prejudice. In still another class of
case, the matter may be so near the border line that very slight evidence of
a reasonable possibility of prejudice would swing the balance in favour of
the accused.
... The Code is emphatic that `whatever' the irregularity it is not to be
regarded as fatal unless there is prejudice."
"It is the substance that we must seek. Courts have to administer justice
and justice includes the punishment of guilt just as much as the protection
of innocence. Neither can be done if the shadow is mistaken for the
substance and the goal is lost in a labyrinth of unsubstantial technicalities.
Broad vision is required, a nice balancing of the rights of the State and the
protection of society in general against protection from harassment to the
individual and the risks of unjust conviction.
Every reasonable presumption must be made in favour of an accused
person; he must be given the benefit of every reasonable doubt. The same
broad principles of justice and fair play must be brought to bear when
determining a matter of prejudice as in adjudging guilt. But when all is
said and done what we are concerned to see is whether the accused had a
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fair trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main
facts sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly and
clearly and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself.
If all these elements are there and no prejudice is shown the conviction
must stand whatever the irregularities whether traceable to the charge or to
a want of one."
"In adjudging the question of prejudice the fact that the absence of a
charge, or a substantial mistake in it, is a serious lacuna will naturally
operate to the benefit of the accused and if there is any reasonable and
substantial doubt about whether he was, or was reasonably likely to have
been, misled in the circumstances of any particular case, he is as much
entitled to the benefit of it here as elsewhere; but if, on a careful
consideration of all the facts, prejudice, or a reasonable and substantial
likelihood of it, is not disclosed the conviction must stand; also it will
always be material to consider whether objection to the nature of the
charge, or a total want of one, was taken at an early stage......But these are
matters of fact which will be special to each different case and no
conclusion on these questions of fact in any one case can ever be regarded
as a precedent or a guide for a conclusion of fact in another, because the
facts can never be alike in any two cases however alike they may seem.
There is no such thing as a judicial precedent on facts though counsel, and
even judges, are sometimes prone to argue and to act as if there were."
(emphasis supplied)
In Gurbachan Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1957 SC 623] following Willie
Slaney, this Court held:
"......in judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, courts must act with a
broad vision and look to the substance and not to technicalities, and their
main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial,
whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main facts
sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly and
clearly and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself."
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In Shamnsaheb M. Multtani vs. State of Karnataka - 2001 (2) SCC 577, this
Court considered the meaning of the expression "failure of justice"
occurring in section 464 of Cr.PC. This Court held thus :
"The crux of the matter is this : Would there be occasion for a failure of
justice by adopting such a course as to convict an accused of the offence
under section 304-B IPC when all the ingredients necessary for the said
offence have come out in evidence, although he was not charged with the
said offence?
... a conviction would be valid even if there is any omission or irregularity
in the charge, provided it did not occasion a failure of justice....The
criminal court, particularly the superior court should make a close
examination to ascertain whether there was really a failure of justice or
whether it is only a camouflage.
One of the cardinal principles of natural justice is that no man should be
condemned without being heard, (audi alteram partem). But the law
reports are replete with instances of courts hesitating to approve the
contention that failure of justice had occasioned merely because a person
was not heard on a particular aspect. However, if the aspect is of such a
nature that non-explanation of it has contributed to penalizing an
individual, the court should say that since he was not given the
opportunity to explain that aspect there was failure of justice on account of
non-compliance with the principle of natural justice."
The above principles are reiterated in several decisions of this Court,
including State of West Bengal vs. Laisal Haque - AIR 1989 SC 129, State
of A.P. vs. Thakkidiram Reddy - 1998 (6) SCC 554, Dalbir Singh v. State of
UP [2004 (5) SCC 334], Dumpala Chandra Reddy vs. Nimakayala Bali
Reddy - 2008 (8) SCC 339 and Sanichar Sahni vs. State of Bihar - 2009 (7)
SCC 198.
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9. The following principles relating to sections 212, 215 and 464 of the
Code, relevant to this case, become evident from the said enunciations:
(i) The object of framing a charge is to enable an accused to have a clear
idea of what he is being tried for and of the essential facts that he has to
meet. The charge must also contain the particulars of date, time, place and
person against whom the offence was committed, as are reasonably
sufficient to give the accused notice of the matter with which he is charged.
(ii) The accused is entitled to know with certainty and accuracy, the exact
nature of the charge against him, and unless he has such knowledge, his
defence will be prejudiced. Where an accused is charged with having
committed offence against one person but on the evidence led, he is
convicted for committing offence against another person, without a charge
being framed in respect of it, the accused will be prejudiced, resulting in a
failure of justice. But there will be no prejudice or failure of justice where
there was an error in the charge and the accused was aware of the error.
Such knowledge can be inferred from the defence, that is, if the defence of
the accused showed that he was defending himself against the real and actual
charge and not the erroneous charge.
(iii) In judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, the courts must act with
a broad vision and look to the substance and not to the technicalities,
and their main concern should be to see whether the accused had a fair
trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether the main
facts sought to be established against him were explained to him fairly
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and clearly, and whether he was given a full and fair chance to defend
himself.
10. The respondent relied upon the decision of this court in State of
Himachal Pradesh v. Geeta Ram [2000 (7) SCC 452]. In that case the
respondent was chargesheeted for an offence under section 376 IPC and
section 3 of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of
Atrocities) Act, 1989. The Magistrate committed the case to Sessions Court
which was specified as a special court under the Act. The special court
framed a charge only for an offence under section 376 IPC and after trial
convicted the respondent under section 376 IPC and sentenced him to ten
years imprisonment. The High Court set aside the conviction on the
technical ground that the trial court had no jurisdiction as it was a special
court specified in under the SC & ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. This
Court reversed the decision of the High Court on the ground that a special
court under the Act being a sessions court, it continued to have jurisdiction
to try the case for the offence under section 376 IPC. That matter was
considered under section 465 of the Code and not relevant on the facts of
this case.
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11. As noticed above, in this case, the charge was that appellant
committed trespass into the house of Prakashi Devi for assaulting Prakashi
Devi, and assaulted the said Prakashi Devi and outraged her modesty. The
accused concentrated his cross-examination with reference to the said charge
and elicited answers showing that he did not assault or outrage the modesty
of Prakashi Devi. He did not try to challenge the evidence let in to show that
he had tried to outrage the modesty of Sheela Devi, as he was not charged
with such an offence. The evidence of PW-1 and PW-2 was that the
appellant did not touch or tease or abuse Prakashi Devi. Their evidence was
that he touched/caught the hand of Sheela Devi and when she raised an
alarm he ran away. When the charge was that the accused attempted to
commit trespass into the house of Prakashi Devi with intent to outrage the
modesty of Prakashi Devi, the conclusion of the appellate court and the High
Court that there was no failure of justice if he is punished for the offence of
having assaulted Sheela Devi and outraging her modesty, is opposed to
principles of fair play and natural justice embodied in sections 211, 212,
215 and 464 of the Code. When the accused is charged with having entered
the house of Prakashi Devi and assaulted the said Prakashi Devi with intent
to outrage her modesty and when the accused defended himself in regard to
the said charge and concentrated on proving that the said charges were not
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true, he cannot be convicted for having assaulted and outraging the modesty
of someone else, namely Sheela Devi. The accused did not have any
opportunity to meet or defend himself against the charge that he assaulted
Sheela Devi and outraged her modesty. Nor did he proceed with his defence
on the understanding that he was being charged with having committed the
offence with reference to Sheela Devi. One of the fundamental principles of
justice is that an accused should know what is the charge against him so that
he can build his defence in regard to that charge. An accused cannot be
punished for committing an offence against `Y' when he is charged with
having committed the offence against `X' and the entire defence of the
accused was with reference to charge of having committed offence against
`X'.
12. The illustrations under a provision of a Statute offer relevant and
valuable indications as to meaning and object of the provision and are
helpful in the working and application of the provision. Illustration (e) under
section 215 of the Code, as contrasted from illustration (d) under that
section, throws some light on this issue. The said illustrations are extracted
below :
1
"(d) A is charged with the murder of Khoda Baksh on the 21st January,
1882. In fact, the murdered person's name was Haidar Baksh, and the date
of the murder was the 20th January, 1882. A was never charged with any
murder but one, and had heard the inquiry before the Magistrate, which
referred exclusively to the case of Haidar Baksh. The Court may infer
from these facts that A was not misled, and that the error in the charge was
immaterial.
(e) A was charged with murdering Haidar Baksh on the 20th January, 1882,
and Khoda Baksh (who tried to arrest him for that murder) on the 21 st
January, 1882. When charged for the murder of Haidar Baksh, he was
tried for the murder of Khoda Baksh. The witnesses present in his defence
were witnesses in the case of Haidar Baksh. The Court may infer from this
that A was misled, and that the error was material."
Applying the guidance offered by the said illustrations and the legal
principles evolved by this Court, the position will be as follows : If Sheela
Devi alone had been present at the house at the time of the incident and the
accused had assaulted and outraged the modesty of the said Sheela Devi, but
in the charge the name of the victim had been erroneously mentioned, say as
Sushila Devi or Prakashi Devi (though there was no person by such name),
and the inquiry exclusively referred to the assault and outraging the modesty
of Sheela Devi, the court could infer that the accused was not misled and the
error in the charge was immaterial. On the other hand, if two persons were
present in the house at the time of the incident namely Prakashi Devi and
Sheela Devi and the accused is charged with trespassing into the house of
Prakashi Devi, and assaulting and outraging the modesty of the said Prakashi
Devi, and the witnesses refer only to the assault and outraging the modesty
of Sheela Devi, the court will have to infer that the accused was prejudiced,
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if the accused had solely concentrated and focused his defence and entire
cross-examination to show that he did not commit the offences against
Prakashi Devi.
13. The court having charged the accused with the offence of having
trespassed into the house of Prakashi Devi with intent to assault her and
having further charged him for having assaulted the said Prakashi Devi by
outraging her modesty, convicts him on the ground that though he did not
assault or outrage the modesty of Prakashi Devi, he had outraged the
modesty of Sheela Devi, that would lead to failure of justice. There was a
material error in the charge as it violated the requirement of sub-section (1)
of section 212 of the Code, that the charge shall contain particulars as to the
person against whom the offence was committed. There were two women
present at the house at the time of the alleged incident, namely Prakashi
Devi and her daughter-in-law Sheela Devi. In view of the specific charge,
the accused concentrated on showing that the charge was false. He did not
attempt to meet the case made out in the trial that the offence was against
Sheela Devi. The accused was thus clearly misled by the error in the charge
which caused prejudiced to the accused thereby occasioning failure of
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justice. Therefore, we are of the view that there should be a new trial after
charging him with the offence of outraging the modesty of Sheela Devi.
14. The appeal is therefore allowed, the conviction of the accused is set
aside and the matter is remitted to the trial court with a direction for a new
trial after framing a charge by substituting the words "her daughter-in-law
Sheela Devi" for the words "abovenamed Prakashi Devi", in the second part
of the charge.
...........................J
(R. V. Raveendran)
.............................J
(H. L. Gokhale)
New Delhi;
September 7, 2010.
