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[2024] 8 S.C.R. 540 : 2024 INSC 607
Mineral Area Development Authority & Anr. v. M/s Steel Authority of India & Anr. Etc.
(Civil Appeal No. 4056-4064 of 1999)
14 August 2024
[Dr. Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud,* CJI, Hrishikesh Roy, Abhay S. Oka, J.B Pardiwala, Manoj Misra,
Ujjal Bhuyan, Satish Chandra Sharma and Augustine George Masih, JJ.]
Issue for Consideration
Whether the 9-judge bench judgment in Mineral Area Development Authority v. M/s Steel Authority of India & Anr. Etc 2024 INSC 554 be given prospective effect?
Headnotes
Constitution of the United States – Evolution of Doctrine of Prospective Overruling – Objectives and Purpose – Factors to be considered for its applicability – Discussed:
Held: The doctrine of prospective overruling is applied when a constitutional court overrules a well-established precedent by declaring a new rule but limits its application to future situations – The underlying objective is to avert injustice or hardships, per Great Northern Railway Co. v. Sunburst Oil and Refining Co., 287 US 358 (1932) – Relied on Linkletter v. Walker, 381 US 618 (1965) to hold that the doctrine was applied by the courts in the US on the basis that the US Constitution “neither prohibits nor requires retroactive effect.” – US Supreme Court identified three separate factors to be considered while deciding the applicability of prospective overruling in Chevron Oil Company v. Huson 404 US 97 (1971): (i) the decision to be applied prospectively must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not foreshadowed; (ii) the court must weigh the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question,its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard the operation of the rule; and (iii) whether the application of nonretroactivity avoids substantial inequitable results, injustice or hardships. [Paras 5, 6]
Constitution of India – Article 142 – Application of the Doctrine of Prospective Overruling in India – Explained:
Held: Relying on Golak Nath v. State of Punjab [1967] 2 SCR 762, held that the doctrine of prospective overruling can be invoked only in matters arising under the Constitution and that it can be applied only by the Supreme Court as it has the constitutional jurisdiction to declare law binding on all the courts in India – The scope of the retroactive operation of the law is left to the discretion of the Supreme Court to be moulded in accordance with the justice of the cause or matter before it – The power of the Supreme Court to mould the relief claimed to meet the justice of the case is derived from Article 142 – It is applied by the Supreme Court while overruling its earlier decision, which was otherwise final – It has also been applied when deciding on an issue for the first time. [Paras 9, 10]
Principles emerging from application of Doctrine of Prospective Overruling – Discussed:
Held: The doctrine of prospective overruling has been accepted by the Supreme Court and the following principles emerge from the application of doctrine of prospective overruling – The power of the Supreme Court to mould the relief claimed to meet the justice of the case is derived from Article 142 – It is applied by the Supreme Court while overruling its earlier decision, which was otherwise final – It has also been applied when deciding on an issue for the first time – The object is to validate all the actions taken before the date of declaration in the larger public interest – The doctrine does not validate an invalid law, but the declaration of invalidation takes effect from a future date – Cases that have attained finality are saved because doing otherwise would cause unnecessary and avoidable hardships – It is applied to bring about a smooth transition of the operation of law without unduly affecting the rights of the people who acted upon the overruled law – It is a device innovated to avoid: (i) reopening settled issues, (ii) refund of amounts collected under invalid legislation, and (iii) multiplicity of proceedings – It is applied to avoid social and economic disruptions and give sufficient time to the affected entities and institutions to make appropriate changes and adjustments. [Para 11]
Applicability of the Doctrine of Prospective Overruling to Mineral Area Development Authority v. M/s Steel Authority of India & Anr. Etc 2024 INSC 554 – Rejected:
Held: Mineral Area Development Authority & v. M/s Steel Authority of India & Anr. Etc 2024 INSC 554 (hereinafter “MADA”) has upheld the legislative competence of States under Entries 49 and 50 of List II – If MADA (supra) is given a prospective application, the validity of all relevant legislation enacted before the date of the decision, that is 25 July 2024, will have to be tested on the touchstone of the previous law – The previous law on the aspects of interpretation of Entry 54 of List I and Entries 23 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule was unsettled because of the conflicting decisions in India Cement Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu
(1990) 1 SCC 12 and State of West Bengal v. Kesoram Industries Ltd (2004) 10 SCC 201 – There is always a presumption of constitutionality in favor of a statutory enactment – If MADA (supra) is applied prospectively, the relevant taxing legislations may conceivably be invalidated, requiring the States to refund the amount collected to the assesses – Since MADA (supra) has answered the reference and resolved the conflict, it would be iniquitous to apply the decision prospectively. [Para 17]
Balancing of equities – Outstanding interest accrued on principal payable to the States be waived – Reliefs granted:
Held: A pragmatic solution to reconcile the financial interests of the States and the assesses can be achieved by proscribing the States from demanding taxes pertaining to Entries 49 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule for the period before Kesoram (supra) – Taking into consideration the lapse of more than three decades since India Cement (supra) and more than a decade since the matter was referred to a larger Bench, equities will be balanced if the State governments waive the outstanding interest accrued on the principal due from the assesses – This direction applies to all assesses, regardless of whether they have approached the Supreme Court or the High Courts challenging the validity of the relevant statutes – While the States may levy or renew demands of tax, if any, pertaining to Entries 49 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule in terms of the law laid down in the decision in MADA (supra) the demand of tax shall not operate on transactions made prior to 1 April 2005 – The time for payment of the demand of tax shall be staggered in instalments over a period of twelve years commencing from 1 April 2026 – The levy of interest and penalty on demands made for the period before 25 July 2024 shall stand waived for all the assesses [Paras 20, 22, 24, 25]
Case Law Cited
Mineral Area Development Authority v. M/s Steel Authority of India & Anr. Etc, 2024 INSC 554 – Clarified.
Golak Nath v. State of Punjab [1967] 2 SCR 762; India Cement Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu [1989] Supp. 1 SCR 692 : (1990) 1 SCC 12; State of West Bengal v. Kesoram Industries Ltd. [2004] 1 SCR 564 : (2004) 10 SCC 201; Jindal Stainless Ltd. v. State of Haryana [2016] 10 SCR 1 : (2017) 12 SCC 1; Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Services Inc [2012] 12 SCR 327 : (2012) 9 SCC 552 – relied on.
Union of India v. Mohd. Ramzan Khan [1990] Supp. 3 SCR 248 : (1991) 1 SCC 588; Managing Director, ECIL v. B Karunakar [1993] Supp. 2 SCR 576 : (1993) 4 SCC 727; Municipal Council, Kota v. Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. Ltd. [2001] 2 SCR 287 : (2001) 3 SCC 654; Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India [1952] 1 SCR 89 : 1951 SCC 966; Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, [1965] 1 SCR 933 : 1964 SCC OnLine SC 25; Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala [1973] Supp. 1 SCR 1 : (1973) 4 SCC 225; Belsund Sugar Co. Ltd. v. State of Bihar [1999] Supp. 1 SCR 146 : (1999) 9 SCC 620; Somaiya Organics (India) Ltd. v. State of U.P. [2001] 3 SCR 33 : (2001) 5 SCC 519; Baburam v. C C Jacob (1999) 3 SCC 362; Raymond Ltd. v. MP Electricity Board [2000] Supp. 4 SCR 668 : (2001) 1 SCC 534; Sarwan Kumar v. Madan Lal Aggarwal [2003] 1 SCR 918 : (2003) 4 SCC 147; Ramesh Kumar Soni v. State of M P [2013] 1 SCR 1129 : (2013) 14 SCC 696; L.Chandra Kumar v. Union of India [1997] 2 SCR 1186 : (1997) 3 SCC 261; Ashok Kumar Gupta v. State of U.P. [1997] 3 SCR 269 : (1997) 5 SCC 201; M A Murthy v. State of Karnataka [2003] Supp. 3 SCR 327 : (2003) 7 SCC 517; Shree Mahavir Oil Mills v. State of Jammu and Kashmir [1996] Supp. 9 SCR 356 : (1996) 11 SCC 39; New Noble Educational Society v. CIT [2022] 18 SCR 1082 : (2023) 6 SCC 649; Gaurav Kumar v. Union of India, 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1841; Orissa Cement Ltd. v. State of Orissa [1991] 2 SCR 105 : (1991) Supp (1) SCC 430; Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam [1961] 1 SCR 809 : AIR 1961 SC 232; Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan [1963] 1 SCR 491 : AIR 1962 SC 1406; Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India [2024] 2 SCR 420 : (2024) 5 SCC 1; Charanjit Lal Chowdhury v. Union of India [1950] 1 SCR 869; State of Bihar v. Bihar Distillery Ltd. [1996] Supp. 9 SCR 479: (1997) 2 SCC 453; Mafatlal Industries Ltd. v. Union of India [1996] Supp. 10 SCR 585 : (1997) 5 SCC 53; State of Rajasthan v. J.K. Synthetics Ltd. [2011] 10 SCR 993 : (2011) 12 SCC 518; State of U P v. Prem Chopra [2022] 2 SCR 990 : 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1770; K C Ninan v. Kerala State Electricity Board [2023] 9 SCR 637 : 2023 SCC OnLine SC 663 – referred to.
Great Northern Railway Co. v. Sunburst Oil and Refining Co., 287 US 358 (1932) ; Linkletter v. Walker, 381 US 618 (1965); Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank, 308 US 371 (1940); Chevron Oil Company v. Huson, 404 US 97 (1971) – referred to.
List of Acts
Constitution of India.
List of Keywords
Doctrine of Prospective Overruling; Moulding of relief; Balancing equities.
Case Arising From
CIVIL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 4056-4064 of 1999
From the Judgment and Order dated 22.03.1999 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna, Ranchi Bench, Ranchi in C.W.J.C. No.1885/94 (R), 178/94 (R), 2251/94 (R), 2252/94 (R), 1783/9 (R), 2591 (R), 3113/93 (R), 269/9 (R) and 268/94 (R)
With
Civil Appeal No.7937 of 2019, Writ Petition (Civil) No.512 of 2018, Civil Appeal Nos.7938 and 7936 of 2019, Civil Appeal No.6221 of 2008, Civil Appeal No.5250 of 2019, Writ Petition (Civil) Nos.729 and 1029 of 2019, Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.16028 of 2021, Civil Appeal No.4286 of 2023, Civil Appeal No.5682 of 2007, Civil Appeal No.1295 of 2008, Civil Appeal Nos.874, 8269-8271, 8268, 8267, 6135, 8272 and 9458 of 2013, Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.18600 of 2013, Civil Appeal No.4332 of 2013, Civil Appeal No.5329 of 2002, Civil Appeal No.4993 of 2006, Civil Appeal Nos.8273 and 8274 of 2013, Civil Appeal No.3869 of 2014, Civil Appeal No.2632 of 2013, Civil Appeal No.14685 of 2015, Civil Appeal No.6784 of 2014, Writ Petition (Civil) No.376 of 2015, Civil Appeal No.10082 of 2016, Civil Appeal Nos.886, 4588 and 205 of 2017, Civil Appeal Nos.5728-5729 of 2018, Civil Appeal Nos.4722-4724 of 1999, Civil Appeal Nos.5333, 5335-5336 and 5332 of 2002, Civil Appeal No.1352 of 2005, Civil Appeal No.1883 of 2006, Transfer Petition (Civil) No.722 of 2006, Civil Appeal Nos.4745, 4990, 5599 and 5649 of 2006, Civil Appeal Nos.378, 665 and 1180 of 2007, Transfer Petition (Civil) Nos.481 and 906 of 2007, Civil Appeal No.3401, 3400 and 3402 of 2008, Civil Appeal No.8311 of 2011, Civil Appeal No.4293 of 2012, Civil Appeal No.2055 of 2009, Transfer Petition (Civil) No.951 of 2006, Civil Appeal Nos.4991 and 4992 of 2006, Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.763 of 2007, Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.15900 of 2007, Civil Appeal No.3403 of 2008, Civil Appeal No.98 of 2009, Transfer Petition (Civil) Nos.613 and 626 of 2009, Civil Appeal Nos.4479 and 4478 of 2010, Civil Appeal No.3643 of 2011, Civil Appeal Nos.4710-4721 of 1999, Civil Appeal No.2174 of 2009, Civil Appeal Nos.6497, 6498, 6137 and 7397 of 2008, Civil Appeal No.96 of 2009, Civil Appeal No.6499 of 2008, Civil Appeal No.97 of 2009 and Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.26160 of 2008.
Appearances for Parties
R. Venkataramani, Attorney General for India, Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General, Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, K. M. Nataraj, A.S.G., Amit Anand Tiwari, Sr. A.A.G., Tapesh Kumar Singh Sr. Adv./A.A.G., Shiv Mangal Sharma, Nachiketa Joshi, Apurv Kurup, Bishwajit Dubey, Atul Jha, K. Parameshwar, A.A.Gs., Vikrant Singh Bais, Praneet Pranav, D.A.Gs., Arvind P. Datar, Ashok K. Parija, Ajit Kumar Sinha, Dr. Manish Singhvi, A M Singhvi, Kailash Vasdev, Rakesh Dwivedi, Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Arvind Datar, S.K. Bagaria, Rupesh Kumar, Mukul Rohatgi, Vijay Hansaria, S.P. Singh, Ans Nadkarni, Harish Salve, Sr. Advs., Gp. Capt. Karan Singh Bhati, Hemendra Sharma, Ms. Chitrangda Rastravara, Abhijeet Singh, Anirudh Singh, Aishwary Mishra, Dhananjai Shekhwat, Shiv Autar Singh Sengar, Dashrath Singh, Yogeshwar Krishna, Ms. Anjali Saxena, Guntur Prabhakar, Sunil Kumar Jain, Ram Lal Roy, Shiv Singh Yadav, Mrs. Prabha Swami, Nikhil Swami, Mahesh Agarwal, Rishi Agrawala, Ninad Laud, Anshuman Srivastava, Ankur Saigal, Rajesh Kumar, Chirag Nayak, E. C. Agrawala, M.S. Ananth, Ms. S. Lakshmi Iyer, Zubin Dash, Himanshu Saraswat, Naveen Kumar, Abhimanyu Bhandari, Ms. Stuti Bisht, Ms. Roohe Hina Dua, Arav Pandit, Nitesh Bhandari, Harshit Khanduja, Prabhat Kumar Rai, Ms. Dhankshi Gandhi, Shourajeet Chakravarty, Sahib Kochhar, Ms. Nidhi Singh, Ms. Aprajita Bhardwaj, Randeep Sachdeva, Maitreya, Ms. Shreya Arora, Aditya Goyal, Ashok Kumar Singh, Shantwanu Singh, Ms. Pragya Singh, Akshay Singh, Praveen Kumar, Ms. Sunaina Kumar, Kunal Verma, Mrs. Yugandhara Pawar Jha, Mrs. Lavanya Dhawan, Ritik Gupta, Shivraj Pawar, H. D. Thanvi, Nikhil Kumar Singh, Rishi Matoliya, K. V. Mohan, K.V. Balakrishnan, R.K. Raghavan, Ms. Sumita Hazarika, Ms. Monsi Mehta, Ms. Pooja Dhaiya, Mrs. Sheela Goel, T. G. Narayanan Nair, Ms. Priya Balakrishnan, Ms. Samyuktha H Nair, Ramesh Babu M.R, Ms. Priya Balakrishan, Shibu Devasia Olickal, Ms. Swathi H. Prasad, Shantanu Sagar, Prabhat Ranjan Raj, Anil Kumar, Gunjesh Ranjan, Shashwat Anand, Mrs. Divya Mishra, M/s. Gagrat and Co., Ujjwal A. Rana, Himanshu Mehta, S. K. Verma, Ashwarya Sinha, Ms. Priyanka Sinha, Aditya Malhotra, Mrinmay Bhatmewara, Sanjay Kumar Tyagi, Divyansh Rai, Ms. Smriti Singh, Sandeep Singh, Ms. Manjeet Kirpal, P. V. Yogeswaran, M/s. Khaitan & Co., Mrs. Vanita Bhargava, Sanjeev Kumar Kapoor, Ajay Bhargava, Aakash Bajaj, Ms. Monika Singh, Gaurav Juneja, Ms. Nandita Chauhan, Avirat Kumar, Ms. Muskan Narang, Ms. Prerona Banerjee, Ms. Tijil Thakur, Ms. Aarushi Yadav, Neeraj Kumar Gupta, Pitambar Acharya, Mrs. Kirti Renu Mishra, Ms. Sharmila Upadhyay, Pawan R Upadhyay, Sarvjit Pratap Singh, Sarad Kumar Singhania, Ms. Rashmi Singhania, Yash Singhania, Dhananjya Mishra, Ms. Shally Bhasin, P. S. Sudheer, Rishi Maheshwari, Ms. Anne Mathew, Bharat Sood, Ms. Miranda Solaman, Ms. Nivedita Sudheer, Shailendra Swarup, Ms. Bindu Saxena, Ms. Aparajita Swarup, Dhruv C Saxena, Umrao Singh Rawat, Ms. Aashtha Bhardwaj, Surender Kumar Gupta, Ms. Muskan Gupta, Milind Kumar, Syed Shahid Hussain Rizvi, Ms. Nandini Sen Mukherjee, Sumit Teterrwal, Ms. Sansriti Pathak, Eklavya Dwivedi, Sukant Vikram, Aditya Pratap Singh, Prashant Bhardwaj, Amarjeet Gupta, Uddyam Mukherjee, Swapnil Pattanayak, Ms. Manisha Chava, Agnibha Chatterjee, Ms. Shagun Thakur, Ms. Bln Shivani, Rustam Singh Chauhan, Ms. Sthavi Asthana, Ashwin Joseph, Ms. Poornima Singh, Annirudh Singh, Ms. Shreya Jain, Ms. Ruchi Kohli, Abhishek Gupta, Sabarish Subramanian, C. Kranthi Kumar, Ms. Devyani Gupta, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Ms. Tanvi Anand, Ms. Saushriya Havelia A, Naman Dwivedi, Danish Saifi, Ms. Arjoo Rawat, Sarathraj B, Khushi Mohammed, Mohit Gaurav, Anjum Parvez, Ms. Nilofar Khan, G. N. Reddy, Dr. Charu Mathur, Ms. Shambhi Jaiswal, B.S. Rajesh Agrajit, Vishal Meghwal, Abhijeet Shah, Shyamal Kumar, Mrs. Pragya Palawat, Ms. Jyoti Rana, Harsha Vinoy, Ms. Priya Nagar, Jatin Nagar, Mrs. Meetu Goswami, Siddharth Goswami, Ms. Raj Bala, Aakash Sharma, T. Harish Kumar, Sandeep Kumar Jha, Ms. Abhinandini Sharma, Saurabh Rajpal, Ms. Nidhi Jaswal, Ms. Shalini Singh, Deepak Verma, Abhishek Sharma, Amogh Bansal, Ajay Aggarwal, Adarsh Aggarwal, R.P. Aggarwal, Rajan Narain, Sunny Choudhary, Padmesh Mishra, Sandeep Sharma, Ms. Ruchira Goel, M/s. Ars Associates, Arjun Garg, V. K. Verma, Ambhoj Kumar Sinha, Mrs. Manik Karanjawala, Ms. Nandini Gore, Ms. Tahira Karanjawala, Akhil Abraham Roy, Rajat Dasgupta, Ms. Manvi Rastogi, Aman T Mehta, Mohammad Shahyan Khan, Ms. Ankita Sharma, Arjun D Singh, S. S. Shroff, Vinayak Sharma, Apoorv Shukla, Ravinder Kumar Yadav, Vinay Mohan Sharma, Mrs. Prabhleen Apoorv Shukla, Ms. Kritika Yadav, Ms. Devina Sehgal, Gaurav Kejriwal, Rajeev Kumar Dubey, Ashiwan Mishra, Kamlendra Mishra, Santosh Krishnan, Abhisth Kumar, Ramendra Mohan Patnaik, Ms. Punam Kumari, Ms. Mrinal Gopal Elker, Sandeep Sudhakar Deshmukh, Nishant Sharma, Rakesh K. Sharma, Rohit K. Singh, Pritam Bishwas, Uday Nath Tiwari, Ms. Pratibha Malviya, Ms. Manjula Gupta, Harsh Parashar, Kaushik Choudhury, Shaantanu Jain, Ms. Anusha Agarwal, Deepanshu Jain, Achintya Kumar Sinha, Kumar Ajit Singh, Manish Jain, Ms. Rashika Swarup, Sachin Sharma, Ms. Kanika Kalaiyarasan, Saksham Garg, Jyotirmoy Chatterjee, Abhishek Kumar Pandey, Raman Chitwan Singh, Ms. Pankhuri Srivastav, Ms. Shreya Mathur, Ms. Neelam Sharma, Jatinder K. Bhatia, Gurmeet Singh Makker, K. Parameshwar, Shailesh Madiyal, Siddharth Dharmadhikri, Ms. Rukhmini Bobde, Chitvan Singhal, Raman Yadav, Kartikay Aggarwal, Ameya Vikrama Thanvi, Raghav Sharma, Kanu Agarwal, Karan Lahiri, Mukesh Kumar Singh, Ms. Pragati Neekhra, Aniket Patel, Atul Dong, Prem Sunder Jha, Kedar Nath Tripathy, Mishra Saurabh, Sunil Roy, Ms. Ritika Gambhir Kohli, Omar Ahmad, Ayush Agarwal, Vikram Shah, Tuhin Dey, Nikhil Kohli, Kushank Garg, Ms. Kritika Khurana, Ms. Shrishti Jeswani, Rutwik Panda, Ms. Nikhar Berry, Ms. Anshu Malik, Rajiv Shanker Dvivedi, Ms. Tulika Mukherjee, Beenu Sharma, Venkat Narayan, Gaurav Jain, Ms. Abha Jain, Ms. Kavya Jhawar, Pawanshree Agarwal, Ms. Sneha Kalita, Abhinav Hansaria, Ms. Nandini Rai, Jaivir Singh, Ms. Sheenu Chauhan, Sanjeev Malhotra, Parijat Kishore, Santosh Salvador, Praveen Swarup, Ameet Siingh, Ms. Pareena Swarup, Ravi Kumar, Devesh Maurya, K.P. Singh, Ms. Payal Swarup, Nityanand Mahato, Nithin Chowdary Pavuluri, Ms. Shivika Mehra, Ms. Anupriya Srivastava, Ms. Anuradha Arputam, Akshaj Singh, Ms. Radhika Misra, Sunit Chaudhary, Vasu Vats, Ms. Riddhi Jad, Abhinav Gupta, Gopal Prasad, Shibashish Misra, M/s. Chambers of Kartik Seth, Kartik Seth, Ms. Shriya Gilhotra, Ms. Maithili Moondra, Prashanth Dixit, Mahesh Bhati, Saurabh Chaturvedi, Chiranjeev Sharma, Pushkin Tandon, K. R. Sasiprabhu, Jaydeep Patel, S. Mahesh Sahasranaman, Ms. Shilpa Balani, Vishnu Sharma A S, Prakhar Agarwal, Kumar Visalaksh, Udit Jain, Archit Gupta, Abhishek Vikas, M/s. Trilegal Advocates on Record, Sudipta Bhattacharjee, Onkar, Rajat Mittal, Arjyadeep Roy, Vivek Sharma, Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma, Anand Varma, Ms. Apoorva Pandey, Ms. Adyasha Nanda, Akshat Shrivastava, Ms. Anuradha Dutt, Ms. Fereshte D. Sethna, Tushar Jarwal, Ms. Suman Yadav, Ms. Priyanka MP., Haaris Fazili, Kunal Dutt, Yash Mittal, Rahul Sateeja, Raghav Dutt, Ms. B. Vijayalakshmi Menon, Manish Kumar Saran, Advs. for the appearing parties.
Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court
Order
Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI
Table of Contents*
A.
Background.................................................................................................
6
B.
Submissions.................................................................................................
6
C.
Prospective overruling...............................................................................
9
D.
A pragmatic solution to reconcile the conflicting interests...................
15
E.
Conclusion...................................................................................................
21
A. Background
1.In Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India,1 the nine-Judge Bench of this Court answered the questions referred in terms of the conclusions arrived at by the majority. In the process, the judgment overruled India Cement Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu2 and subsequent decisions of this Court which relied on it. After the pronouncement of the judgment, counsel for the assesses submitted that the judgment may be given prospective effect. Therefore, the proceedings were listed for hearing submissions on whether or not the judgment should be given prospective effect.
B. Submissions
2.Mr R Venkataramani, Attorney-General for India, Mr Tushar Mehta, Solicitor-General of India, Mr Harish Salve, Mr Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Mr Mukul Rohatgi, and Mr Arvind Datar, senior counsel, made the following submissions:
a.India Cement (supra) held the field for thirty-five years before it was overruled in MADA (supra). Demands for tax under state legislation pertaining to Entries 49 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule have been stayed in terms of the law laid down in India Cement (supra). The affected parties (which include public sector undertakings) have factored in the state levies which were valid and applicable at the relevant point of time and passed them on to the end consumers. If State legislatures are allowed to renew the tax demands, end consumers will ultimately bear the burden;
b.After the decision in India Cement (supra), the levies collected by the States were protected because of validation legislation enacted by Parliament. If a ruling creates or renews a liability for the assesses, there is no protection against retrospective demands;
c.Since 2015, entities bidding for mineral concessions have submitted their financial bids on the basis of the legal position in India Cement (supra). If MADA (supra) is given retrospective effect, it will rewrite commercial bargains underpinning the mineral auctions. This Court ordinarily does not disturb past or concluded transactions in tax matters;
d.The doctrine of prospective overruling is well-established in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. MADA (supra) should be given prospective effect because it lays down new constitutional principles; and
e.Where enforcement of taxing legislation was either partially or completely interdicted by judicial orders, it should be directed that no new tax demand be made for the period before the judgment in MADA (supra), that is, before 25 July 2024.
3.On the other hand, Mr Rakesh Dwivedi, Mr Vijay Hansaria, and Mr Tapesh Kumar Singh, senior counsel, appearing for the States made the following submissions:
a.The doctrine of prospective overruling is applicable only when the judgment invalidates a legislation or introduces a new interpretation by overruling its earlier decision. The doctrine of prospective overruling has never been applied to situations where the declaration of law attaches validity to taxing legislation;
b.If MADA (supra) is applied prospectively, India Cement (supra) will have to operate till 25 July 2024. Resultantly, all relevant state legislation will be tested on the anvil of India Cement (supra) and may be declared ultra vires. This consequence is unjust and against the public interest; and
c.In State of West Bengal v. Kesoram Industries Ltd,3 a Constitution Bench upheld the validity of legislation enacted by the State of West Bengal. After Kesoram (supra), several states such as Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan enacted legislation which was upheld by the respective High Courts. Giving prospective effect to MADA (supra) will result in a discriminatory situation. While West Bengal will continue to collect tax (which it has been doing since 1992), other states with similar enactments may be deprived of collecting tax from the date of their enactments.
4.We have also heard Mr Pitambar Acharya, Advocate General of the State of Orissa, who emphasized the importance of protecting the financial interests of States.
C. Prospective overruling
5.The doctrine of prospective overruling is applied when a constitutional court overrules a well-established precedent by declaring a new rule but limits its application to future situations. The underlying objective is to avert injustice or hardships.4 The doctrine was applied by the courts in the US on the basis that the US Constitution “neither prohibits nor requires retroactive effect.”5 The US Supreme Court has considered the existence of a statute or judicial decision as an “operative fact” having “consequences which cannot justly be ignored” or “erased by a new judicial declaration.”6 Therefore, it was held that the effect of a subsequent ruling as to invalidity may have to be considered in light of various aspects.7
6.In Chevron Oil Company v. Huson,8 the US Supreme Court identified three separate factors to be considered while deciding the applicability of prospective overruling: (i) the decision to be applied prospectively must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not foreshadowed; (ii) the court must weigh the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard the operation of the rule; and (iii) whether the application of nonretroactivity avoids substantial inequitable results, injustice or hardships.
7.This Court has adopted the doctrine of prospective overruling, partly inspired by the jurisprudence developed in the US. In Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, a Bench of eleven Judges of this Court was called upon to decide the validity of the Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act 1964 which included certain state agrarian laws in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution. The majority held that an amendment to the Constitution was “law” according to the definition under Article 13. Further, it was held that constitutional amendments are also subject to limitations prescribed under Article 13(2).9 Resultantly, the constitutional amendment was declared void for infringing Article 13(2). The next issue before the Court was whether the decision should be applied prospectively.
8.Golak Nath (supra) overruled earlier decisions10 of this Court which had held that Parliament can amend or abridge the fundamental rights in Part III of the Constitution. The States had relied on the earlier rulings to enact agrarian legislation. During 1950 and 1967, various amendments were carried out to the Constitution validating the agrarian reforms undertaken after Independence. In this context, Chief Justice K Subba Rao observed that giving retrospective operation to the decision “would introduce chaos and unsettle the conditions in our country.” Resultantly, it was observed that overruling the earlier decisions but restricting the ruling to the future and not to the past was a “reasonable principle” to resolve extraordinary situations:
“49. […] It is really a pragmatic solution reconciling the two conflicting doctrines, namely, that a court finds law and that it does make law. It finds law but restricts its operation to the future. It enables the court to bring about a smooth transition by correcting its errors without disturbing the impact of those errors on the past transactions. It is left to the discretion of the court to prescribe the limits of the retroactivity and thereby it enables it to mould the relief to meet the ends of justice.”
(emphasis added)
9.The Chief Justice held that the power of this Court to apply the doctrine of prospective overruling could be traced to Article 142 and formulated the following propositions about the applicability of the doctrine:
a.It can be invoked only in matters arising under the Constitution;
b.It can be applied only by this Court as it has the constitutional jurisdiction to declare law binding on all the courts in India; and
c.The scope of the retroactive operation of the law is left to the discretion of this Court to be moulded in accordance with the justice of the cause or matter before it.
10.After laying down the broad canvas, the learned Chief Justice concluded:
“53. […] What then is the effect of our conclusion on the instant case? Having regard to the history of the amendments, their impact on the social and economic affairs of our country and the chaotic situation that may be brought about by the sudden withdrawal at this stage of the amendments from the Constitution, we think that considerable judicial restraint is called for. We, therefore, declare that our decision will not affect the validity of the Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, or other amendments made to the Constitution taking away or abridging the fundamental rights. We further declare that in future the Parliament will have no power to amend Part III of the Constitution so as to take away or abridge the fundamental rights.”
(emphasis added)
11.Although Golak Nath (supra) was subsequently overruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala,11 the doctrine of prospective overruling has been accepted by this Court. This Court has applied the doctrine in varied contexts. The following principles emerge on the application of the doctrine:
a.The power of this Court to mould the relief claimed to meet the justice of the case is derived from Article 142;12
b.It is applied by this Court while overruling its earlier decision, which was otherwise final. It has also been applied when deciding on an issue for the first time;13
c.The object is to validate all the actions taken before the date of declaration in the larger public interest.14 The doctrine does not validate an invalid law, but the declaration of invalidation takes effect from a future date;15
d.Cases that have attained finality are saved because doing otherwise would cause unnecessary and avoidable hardships;16
e.It is applied to bring about a smooth transition of the operation of law without unduly affecting the rights of the people who acted upon the overruled law;17
f.It is a device innovated to avoid: (i) reopening settled issues, (ii) refund of amounts collected under invalid legislation, and (iii) multiplicity of proceedings;18 and
g.It is applied to avoid social and economic disruptions and give sufficient time to the affected entities and institutions to make appropriate changes and adjustments.19
12.This Court has often used its powers under Article 142 to limit the retroactivity of its decisions. In Union of India v. Mohd. Ramzan Khan,20 a three-Judge Bench of this Court held that non-furnishing of an enquiry report to a delinquent employee would amount to a violation of the rules of natural justice. The Court declared the law to be prospective, but gave relief to the employees before the Court. The correctness of Ramzan Khan (supra) came up before a Constitution Bench in Managing Director, ECIL v. B Karunakar.21 The Constitution Bench upheld Ramzan Khan (supra). It was further held that the law laid down in Ramzan Khan (supra) cannot be applied retrospectively because:
a.the legal position on furnishing the report of an enquiry officer to the delinquent employee was unsettled before Ramzan Khan (supra);
b.the authorities had proceeded on the assumption that there was no requirement to furnish a copy of the enquiry report to the delinquent officer; and
c.reopening of all disciplinary proceedings before Ramzan Khan (supra) would result in grave prejudice to the administration which outweighed the benefit to the employees.
Hence, it was held that no proceedings before the decision in Ramzan Khan (supra) should be challenged on the ground that there was a failure to furnish the enquiry report.
D. A pragmatic solution to reconcile the conflicting interests
13.In India Cement (supra), a Bench of seven Judges of this Court held that royalty is tax. Resultantly, it was held that the State legislatures have no legislative competence to impose cess on royalty under Entries 23 and 50 of List II. Fifteen years later, a Constitution Bench in Kesoram (supra) held that royalty is not a tax. It was further held that the power to levy tax on mineral rights vests with the State legislatures and is subject to any limitations laid down by Parliament by law relating to mineral development. Given this divergence, a reference was made to a larger Bench. MADA (supra) has laid down the principles for interpreting Entry 54 of List I and Entries 23 and 50 of List II. In the process, this Court overruled India Cement (supra).
14.The doctrine of prospective overruling has been applied by this Court in situations where the new declaration results in the invalidation of legislation, which would otherwise have been valid under the old declaration.22 The doctrine has also been used where this Court has declared a legislation as ultra vires.23 In the case of taxing statutes, such a declaration would make the State liable to refund all amounts collected under the invalid legislation. Therefore, this Court declares the new rule to apply prospectively not only to secure the revenues of the State but also to protect the rights and obligations crystallized by persons and entities under the old regime.24
15.This Court generally does not declare prospective overruling when upholding the legislative competence of legislatures. In Municipal Council, Kota v. Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. Ltd.,25 this Court was called upon to decide the validity of the dharmada tax levied and collected by the Municipal Council. The High Court held that the Municipal Council was not authorized to collect the tax. Further, the High Court directed the State government to refund the collections made to the assesses. In the appeal, a two-Judge Bench of this Court upheld the competence of the Municipal Council to levy the tax. It also set aside the order of the High Court granting refunds to the assesses.
16.In Jindal Stainless Ltd. v. State of Haryana,26 a Bench of nine Judges of this Court held that a non-discriminatory tax does not per se constitute a restriction on the right to free trade, commerce and intercourse guaranteed under Article 301. This Court overruled long-standing precedents that held that taxes, except for compensatory taxes, offend Article 301.27 In that case, the counsel specifically submitted that the judgment should be given a prospective effect.28 However, the decision was given a retrospective effect. In her concurring opinion, Justice Banumathi dealt with the issue raised by the assesses about payment/refund of tax in case the validity of the legislation was upheld or otherwise. The learned Judge rejected the claim of the assesses for refund of taxes thus:
“481. It is well settled that a claim of refund can be allowed only when the claimant establishes that he has not passed on the tax burden to the consumers. No refund can be granted so as to cause windfall gain to any person when he has not suffered the burden of tax. The possibility of the tax burden having been passed on to the consumers by the assessees cannot be ruled out in the present case. Applying the law laid down above to the present case, it emerges that the assessees cannot claim refund irrespective of whether the impugned legislations are declared valid or unconstitutional. Unless the assessees establish that they have not passed on the tax burden to the consumers, they cannot make a claim for refund and unjustly enrich themselves.”
(emphasis added)
17.MADA (supra) has upheld the legislative competence of States under Entries 49 and 50 of List II. If MADA (supra) is given a prospective application, the validity of all relevant legislation enacted before the date of the decision, that is 25 July 2024, will have to be tested on the touchstone of the previous law. The previous law on the aspects of interpretation of Entry 54 of List I and Entries 23 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule was unsettled because of the conflicting decisions in India Cement (supra) and Kesoram (supra). There is always a presumption of constitutionality in favor of a statutory enactment. It is based on the theory that the elected representatives are aware of the needs of the citizens and are best placed to frame policies to resolve them.29 Legislation represents the will of the people and cannot be lightly interfered with unless it transgresses constitutional principles.30 If MADA (supra) is applied prospectively, the relevant taxing legislations may conceivably be invalidated, requiring the States to refund the amount collected to the assesses. Since MADA (supra) has answered the reference and resolved the conflict, it would be iniquitous to apply the decision prospectively.
18.The learned Solicitor General relied on the Constitution Bench decision in Bharat Aluminium Co. v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Services Inc.31 to draw upon the point that this Court has applied the doctrine of prospective overruling where the parties have entered into commercial relations based on the prevailing legal position. In Bharat Aluminium (supra), this Court held:
“197. The judgment in Bhatia International [(2002) 4 SCC 105] was rendered by this Court on 13-3-2002. Since then, the aforesaid judgment has been followed by all the High Courts as well as by this Court on numerous occasions. In fact, the judgment in Venture Global Engg. [(2008) 4 SCC 190] has been rendered on 10-1-2008 in terms of the ratio of the decision in Bhatia International [(2002) 4 SCC 105]. Thus, in order to do complete justice, we hereby order, that the law now declared by this Court shall apply prospectively, to all the arbitration agreements executed hereafter.”
19.The decision in Bharat Aluminium (supra) was applied prospectively to arbitration agreements concluded after the date of judgment. However, the legal context in the present batch of matters is different. Article 265 of the Constitution prescribes that no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. The law must be valid in the sense that it must be within the legislative competence of the legislature and consistent with other provisions of the Constitution.32 Further, the power to levy tax is an incidence of sovereignty.33 If we are to give a prospective application to MADA (supra), it would result in a situation where the legislation enacted by the States in pursuance of their plenary powers under Entries 49 and 50 of List II may conceivably be invalidated based on a position of law which has been overruled. This would not be a constitutionally just outcome.
20.After India Cement (supra), Parliament enacted the Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act 1992 to validate the imposition and collection of taxes on minerals made under the State legislations before 1991. The Central Government also increased the rates of royalty to compensate the States for the loss of mineral revenues.34 The recalibration of the royalty rates protected the States from the amount lost due to the abolition of cess on minerals and mineral rights. The assesses submit that in the interregnum they have structured their commercial bargains in terms of the prevalent law. Subsequently, Kesoram (supra) took a view that diverged from the ruling in India Cement (supra). Kesoram (supra) is an operative fact based on which many State legislatures have already enacted taxing statutes. A pragmatic solution to reconcile the financial interests of the States and the assesses can be achieved by proscribing the States from demanding taxes pertaining to Entries 49 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule for the period before Kesoram (supra).
21.The learned Solicitor General has pointed out that the total amount due by the assesses (which includes public sector undertakings) to the governments is substantial and will impose a heavy financial burden on the assesses. During the pendency of the present reference, this Court passed interim orders in the tagged matters. These include (i) rejection of the stay of proceedings while allowing restitution in the event the appeal is allowed;35 (ii) grant of interim stay subject to the assesses submitting bank guarantees for the whole amount sought to be recovered;36 and (iii) direction to the States to take no coercive steps against the assesses for recovery of any demands of tax pending the appeal.37 The payment or non-payment of the dues was thus made subject to the outcome of the appeals or petitions. It is a settled legal position that a beneficiary of an interim order of stay has to pay interest on the amount withheld or not paid under the interim order in the event the outcome goes against the beneficiary.38
22.The total amount, that is the principal plus the interest, due by the assesses in the pending matters may be substantial in comparison to their total net worth. Steel Authority of India has stated on affidavit that retrospective application of MADA (supra) will lead to revival of cumulative demands to the tune of approximately Rupees three thousand crores from different States. The delay in the court proceedings should not be to the detriment of the assesses.39 Taking into consideration the lapse of more than three decades since India Cement (supra) and more than a decade since the matter was referred to a larger Bench, equities will be balanced if the State governments waive the outstanding interest accrued on the principal due from the assesses. This direction applies to all assesses, regardless of whether they have approached this Court or the High Courts challenging the validity of the relevant statutes.
23.During the proceedings, the Solicitor General submitted that a few States do not wish to collect the dues accrued before the decision in MADA (supra). It is the prerogative of the State legislatures to determine whether to forego the dues for the period before 25 July 2024.
E. Conclusion
24.The submission that MADA (supra) should be given prospective effect is rejected.
25.Bearing in mind the consequences that would emanate from the past period, the following conditionalities are directed to prevail:
a.While the States may levy or renew demands of tax, if any, pertaining to Entries 49 and 50 of List II of the Seventh Schedule in terms of the law laid down in the decision in MADA (supra) the demand of tax shall not operate on transactions made prior to 1 April 2005;
b.The time for payment of the demand of tax shall be staggered in instalments over a period of twelve years commencing from 1 April 2026; and
c.The levy of interest and penalty on demands made for the period before 25 July 2024 shall stand waived for all the assesses.
Result of the case: Directions issued.
1 Civil Appeal Nos. 4056-4064 of 1999; 2024 INSC 554 (“MADA”).
2 [1989] Supp. 1 SCR 692 : (1990) 1 SCC 12
3 (2004) 10 SCC 201
4 Great Northern Railway Co. v. Sunburst Oil and Refining Co., 287 U S 358 (1932)
5 Linkletter v. Walker, 381 US 618 (1965)
6 Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank, 308 US 371 (1940)
7 Chicot County Drainage Dist (supra)
8 404 US 97 (1971)
9 Constitution of India, Article 13
10 Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951) SCC 966; Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan (1964) SCC OnLine SC 25.
11 [1973] Supp. 1 SCR 1 : (1973) 4 SCC 225
12 Belsund Sugar Co. Ltd. v. State of Bihar (1999) 9 SCC 620 [112]
13 Somaiya Organics (India) Ltd. v. State of U P (2001) 5 SCC 519 [24]
14 Baburam v. C C Jacob (1999) 3 SCC 362 [5]
15 Somaiya Organics (supra) [37]
16 Raymond Ltd. v. MP Electricity Board (2001) 1 SCC 534 [24]; Sarwan Kumar v. Madan Lal Aggarwal (2003) 4 SCC 147 [15]; Ramesh Kumar Soni v. State of M P (2013) 14 SCC 696 [21].
17 L Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) 3 SCC 261 [94]; Ashok Kumar Gupta v. State of U P (1997) 5 SCC 201 [54]
18 M A Murthy v. State of Karnataka (2003) 7 SCC 517 [8]; Shree Mahavir Oil Mills v. State of Jammu and Kashmir (1996) 11 SCC 39 [27]
19 New Noble Educational Society v. CIT (2023) 6 SCC 649 [84]
20 [1990] Supp. 3 SCR 248 : (1991) 1 SCC 588
21 [1993] Supp. 2 SCR 576 : (1993) 4 SCC 727
22 Golak Nath (supra) [53]; Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd v. State of U P (1990) 1 SCC 109 [89]
23 Gaurav Kumar v. Union of India, 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1841 [108]
24 India Cement Ltd v. State of T N (1990) 1 SCC 12 [35]; Orissa Cement Ltd v. State of Orissa (1991) Supp (1) SCC 430 [69]
25 [2001] 2 SCR 287 : (2001) 3 SCC 654
26 [2016] 10 SCR 1 : (2017) 12 SCC 1
27 Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam, AIR 1961 SC 232; Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1962 SC 1406
28 Jindal Stainless Ltd. (supra) [897]
29 Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India (2024) 5 SCC 1 [45]
30 Charanjit Lal Chowdhury v. Union of India [1950] SCR 869; State of Bihar v. Bihar Distillery Ltd. (1997) 2 SCC 453 [17]
31 [2012] 12 SCR 327 : (2012) 9 SCC 552
32 Mafatlal Industries Ltd. v. Union of India (1997) 5 SCC 536 [25]
33 Jindal Stainless Ltd. (supra) [17]
34 See ‘Mineral Royalties’, Government of India, Ministry of Mines (2011) 16.
35 Civil Appeal No. 5329 of 2002; Civil Appeal No. 4745 of 2006; Civil Appeal No. 4478 of 2010
36 Civil Appeal No. 6498 of 2008
37 Civil Appeal No. 874 of 2013; Civil Appeal No. 3642 of 2011; Civil Appeal No. 10082 of 2016; Civil Appeal No. 4588 of 2017.
38 State of Rajasthan v. J K Synthetics Ltd. (2011) 12 SCC 518 [23]; State of U P v. Prem Chopra, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1770 [24]
39 See K C Ninan v. Kerala State Electricity Board, 2023 SCC OnLine SC 663 [339]
* Ed. Note: Pagination as per the original Judgment.
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