REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 1179 OF 2017
DR AKSHYA BISOI AND ANOTHER .... PETITIONERS
VERSUS
ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL ..... RESPONDENTS
SCIENCES & OTHERS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 The jurisdiction of this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution has been
invoked by two cardiac surgeons. They are attached as Professors to the
Department of Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS) at the All India
Institute of Medical Sciences. Each of them, as indeed the Fourth respondent
in relation to whom they raise a dispute, has an enviable record of service in
2
AIIMS. Disputes in service are not a rarity, even among doctors. The
distinguished service of the contesting doctors in the present case renders the
task of the adjudicator unenviable. That one of them will rank senior is no
reflection of the merit of the others. Life is not always equitable in assigning
accolades.
2 The relief which the petitioners seek is a writ in the nature of mandamus
directing the First respondent to determine their seniority in relation to the
Fourth respondent in terms of a binding policy of 1997. They seek a direction
that since their selection on 12 September 2005 as Additional Professors, they
would rank senior to the Fourth respondent. The petitioners challenge the
legality of the office memoranda dated 20 April 2010, 14 July 2017 and 24
August 2017 issued by the First respondent.
3 The first petitioner (Dr A K Bisoi), the second petitioner (Dr U K
Chowdhury) and the Fourth respondent (Dr Shiv K Choudhary) were appointed
by direct recruitment as Assistant Professors on 4 June 2003. On 1 July 2003,
they were promoted as Associate Professors. On 23 September 2005, they
were appointed by direct recruitment as Additional Professors. On 1 July 2010,
they were promoted as Professors, a position which they now occupy. The
seniormost will be designated as Head of Department of CTVS.
3
4 The Attorney General for India has placed on the record a tabular
statement, reflecting the comparative position in the merit list and seniority, in
each of the positions to which the petitioners and fourth respondent were
appointed or, as the case may be, promoted. For convenience of reference, the
statement is reproduced below:
The above statement would indicate that the Fourth respondent has
consistently been ranked senior to the petitioners as Assistant Professor,
Associate Professor, Additional Professor and Professor. The appointment of
all the three surgeons as Additional Professors was on 23 September 2005. For
well over twelve years, the Fourth respondent has been placed senior to the
Petitioners.
Names Direct recruitment
as Assistant
Professor on
4.6.2003
Promotion as
Associate
Professor on
1.7.2003
Direct Recruitment as
Additional Professor on
23.9.2005
Promotion as
Professor on 1.7.2010
Merit
List
Seniority Seniority Merit List Seniority Seniority
Dr Shiv K
Choudhary
(Respondent
No. 4)
First First First First First First
Dr U K
Chowdhury
(Petitioner
No. 2)
Second Second Second Second Second Second
Dr A K Bisoi
(Petitioner
No. 1)
Third Third Third Third Third Third
4
5 On 25 April 2005, four posts of Additional Professor were advertised in
the department of CTVS, which were to be filled up through open selection. The
shortlisted candidates were called for interview before a Selection Committee
on 12 September 2005. The Selection Committee recorded the minutes of its
decision in the following terms:
“ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
SELECTION COMMITTEE MEETING HELD ON 12th
SEPTEMBER 2005
Considering the performance of candidates and their records, and
also the opinion of the technical advisers, the Committee
recommends the following candidates for the post of Additional
Professor of CTVS in order of merit including the candidates on
the waiting list specified separately :-
1. Dr. Shiv Kumar Choudhary
2. Dr Ujjwal Kumar Chowdhury
3. Dr. Akshya Kumar Bisoi
WAITING LIST
1. Three extra increments recommended for each one of the above
candidates.”
The Selection Committee consisted of seven persons. Among them were two
experts drawn from outside. The grades which were allocated by each of the
members of the Selection Committee to the contesting parties in the present
case are tabulated below:
“Grades awarded by the Selection Committee for direct
recruitment to the Post of Additional Professor, CTVS
on 12.9.2005
5
Member
1
Member
2
Member
3
Member
4
Member
5
Expert/
Adviser
1
Expert/
Adviser
2
Dr Shiv K
Choudhary
(Respondent
No. 4)
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A
Dr U K
Chowdhury
(Petitioner
No. 2)
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A
Dr. Bisoi
(Petitioner
No.1
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
The above chart would indicate that all the seven members of the Selection
Committee, assigned an A+ grading to the First petitioner. Six members of the
Selection Committee assigned an A+ grading to the Second petitioner and the
Fourth respondent. One of the two experts who had rated the first petitioner as
A+, rated the second petitioner and the Fourth respondent as A. It is on this
basis that the petitioners contend that the order of merit which was drawn up
was erroneous and that the First petitioner should have been placed at the top
of the order of merit instead and in place of the Fourth respondent.
6 According to the petitioners, in 1997, the First respondent decided that in
order to make the selection process transparent, it had been resolved that the
final selection of candidates would be made on the basis of the grading by the
members of the Selection Committee. The petitioners claim that if the policy of
1997 were followed the First petitioner would have ranked higher than the
Fourth respondent. Thus, the petitioners claim that the First petitioner should
6
rank senior to the Fourth respondent by virtue of the fact that in the grading
given to the rival candidates by the members of the Selection Committee in
2005, he was allotted a higher grade than the Fourth respondent by one of the
seven members, the other members having allotted the same grading. The
petitioners have sought to buttress this submission by placing reliance on a
decision communicated on 14 October 2014 by the Union Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare under Section 25 of the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences Act 1956 requiring the First respondent to examine the issue of
seniority, amongst the three professors in the CTVS department “based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee meeting held on 12
September 2005” and to fix the seniority “strictly” in accordance with the policy
decision of 1997.
7 Mr Vikas Singh, learned senior counsel urged that in terms of the policy
decision of 1997, it was necessary that the inter se seniority of selected
members of the faculty should be fixed purely on the basis of merit; merit being
determined in terms of the grades awarded by the members of the Selection
Committee including the experts. The submission is that the decision which was
communicated by the Union government in exercise of powers conferred by
Section 25 of the AIIMS Act was binding on the First respondent. Reliance was
placed on the provisions of Section 25 which read thus:
“25. Control by Central Government
7
The Institute shall carry out such directions as may be issued to it
from time to time by the Central Government for the efficient
administration of this Act.”
The petitioners also submit that the grade sheets pertaining to the 2005
selection in the department of CTVS were put up to the Governing Body on 16
January 2012 for scrutiny. The Governing Body observed thus:
“…. The representations were discussed at length and the GB
found merit in the claim of Dr. A.K. Bisoi as he was rated best
among three Additional Professors recruited to the post under
direct recruitment with him in the year 2005….”
The petitioners have also relied upon a communication of the then Director, Dr
R C Deka, to the President of AIIMS on 27 June 2012 inter alia stating thus:
“…. I am forwarding his submission to the President for his
consideration as I believe that he has a claim as per the records
produced by him and the available records at AIIMS also
suggested him as the senior most among the three Additional
Professors selected at that time, if the grades given to him are
considered on merit as per Institute Body decision dated
15.01.97……..”
The Head of the CTVS Department demitted service on 31 December 2017.
The senior most would assume charge as Head of Department.
8 In pursuance of the order of this Court dated 11 December 2017, issuing
notice, the learned Attorney General for India has appeared on behalf of the
First, Second and Third respondents with Mr R Balasubramaniam. Mr Mukul
Rohatgi and Mr P S Patwalia, learned senior counsel have appeared on behalf
of the Fourth respondent. A counter affidavit has been filed on behalf of the
8
First, Second and Fourth respondents in these proceedings. Pleadings have
been completed with a rejoinder as well.
9 A preliminary objection has been raised to the maintainability of the Writ
Petition on the ground that the petitioners have an efficacious alternate remedy
to raise a dispute of inter se seniority before the Central Administrative Tribunal.
Hence, it was urged that a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution should
not be entertained. This submission has been countered on behalf of the
petitioners by Shri Vikas Singh, learned senior counsel, who adverted to a
decision of a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in Dr Dilip Kumar Parida
v All India Institute of Medical Sciences1
. Learned senior counsel urged that
the Delhi High Court has held that “the role of the experts co-opted in the
selection process is merely advisory” and that the members of the Standing
Selection Committee are not bound by the opinion of the experts. In view of this
statement of law, the correctness of which has been placed in issue, it has been
urged that the remedy of approaching the Tribunal is not efficacious, the
Tribunal being bound by the decision of the High Court. Hence, it was urged
that it would be appropriate for this Court to consider the position in law and to
exercise its jurisdiction under Article 32, especially having regard to the fact that
the First respondent is an institution of national importance. It was urged that a
1
LPA 360 of 2004, decided on 9 January 2012
9
dispute in regard to seniority ultimately affects the efficiency of personnel and
hence it is necessary for the court to resolve the question.
10 During the course of the hearing, affidavits have been filed on behalf of
the First, Second and Fourth respondents traversing the entire dispute on
merits. The learned Attorney General as well as the learned Senior Counsel
appearing for the contesting doctors have assisted this Court on the merits of
the matter. Since the issue has been argued on merits as well, we have in the
considered exercise of our judgment determined that it would be appropriate to
resolve the matter here rather than relegating the parties to a protracted
litigation before the Tribunal and the High Court. We have also borne in mind
the submission of the petitioners that in view of the judgment of the Delhi High
Court noted above, it would be necessary for this Court to set down the position.
11 While analysing the grievance of the petitioners, a striking aspect of the
matter which has emerged before the Court is that the fixation of the order of
seniority as between the petitioners and the Fourth respondent, pursuant to
their selection as Additional Professors on 23 September 2005 has been
examined on several occasions by the Governing Body of the First respondent.
They include the following:
(i) At the 147th meeting of the Governing Body on 14 April 2012, it was
resolved thus:
10
“The Governing Body considered the representation submitted by
Dr A K Bisoi and Dr U K Choudhary. It also considered the
judgment of the Delhi High Court of 9th February 2012 in the case
filed by Dr Dilip Kumar Parida. After examining all aspects
including the Institute Body’s Resolution dated 15.1.1997, the
advice of the Director, the representation submitted by Dr A K
Bisoi and Dr U K Choudhary, the Governing Body decided that
inter se seniority of Dr Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Dr U K Choudhary
and Dr A K Bisoi would be maintained as had been recommended
by the Standing Committee in the year 2005.;
(ii) The First petitioner continued to represent his grievance. On 22 October
2012, the Governing Body in its 148th meeting resolved that a Committee
consisting of (i) The Health Secretary; (ii) Director, AIIMS; and (iii) Dr S
P Agrawal would examine the facts/records and place its report before it.
Based on the report of the Committee, the Governing Body resolved at
its 149th meeting held on 19 July 2013 thus:
“It was accordingly decided not to make any changes nor to
redefine seniority of the 3 Professors which was decided by then
GB on the basis of the recommendations of SSC.”
(iii) On 12 May 2014, the Governing Body revisited the issue at its 151st
meeting and resolved thus:
“After discussion, the Governing Body reiterated its decision taken
in the 149th meeting of G.B. held on 19th July, 2013. It was
unanimously decided that, this matter need not be discussed
again,” ;
(iv) Subsequently, the Union Health Minister directed AIIMS administration
to once again bring the matter relating to the seniority of the first
petitioner before the ensuing meeting of the Governing Body. Following
this at the 153rd meeting of the General Body which was held on 22 June
11
2016, the earlier decisions were noted and the following decision was
taken:
“The Governing Body considered the issues involved in the
seniority among Professors in the Department of CTVS. The
Governing Body noted the earlier decisions. It was decided that
the matter may be explained through a communication by AIIMS
to the Ministry and be placed before HFM cum The President,
AIIMS for his consideration.”
Pursuant to the above decision, a communication was addressed to the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on 10 October 2016 stating thus:
“The Standing Selection Committee is the final arbitrator and
interpreter of the Institute Body guidelines in the matter of
selections. It implements the guidelines within the statutory
limitation taking into consideration not only the performance at the
time of interview but also overall assessment of the candidates
including the curriculum vitae submitted by the candidates in the
application form. The Standing Selection Committee, in this case,
has placed Prof. (Dr) Shiv Choudhary above Prof. (Dr.) A.K.
Bisoi.”
12 The above narration indicates that since April 2012, the consistent
position which has been maintained by the First respondent is in line with the
order of merit which was recommended by the Selection Committee by which
the Fourth respondent was placed above the petitioners when they were
selected for appointment as Additional Professors.
13 On 14 October 2014, a communication was addressed to the Director of
the First respondent by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in
exercise of its powers under Section 25 of the AIIMS Act, 1956. The directive
was in the following terms:
12
“3.In view of above, the institute is directed under Section 25 of
AIIMS Act 1956 to examine the issue of fixation of seniority
amongst the three professors in the Department of CTVS, AIIMS,
New Delhi who were appointed as direct recruits to the post of
Additional Professors in CTVS, AIIMS, New Delhi based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee meeting
held on 12.9.2005 and fix the seniority strictly in accordance with
the policy decision of Institute Body in 1997 in correct order.”
The above directive under Section 25 required the First respondent to examine
the issue of seniority amongst the three professors in the department of CTVS.
The directive refers to the appointment of the three professors based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee of 12 September 2005.
Seniority was required to be determined “strictly” in accordance with the policy
decision of the institute of 1997.
14 In compliance with the directive, the First respondent informed the Union
government by a letter dated 18 February 2015 thus:
“This issue had been placed before the governing body first in its
meeting held on 16.1.2012 and as desired by the GB, the issue
was again placed before it on 14.4.201. It was decided by the GB
that the inter se seniority among Dr S K Choudhary, Dr U K
Chowdhury and Dr A K Bisoi would be examined as had been
recommended by the Standing Selection Committee in the year
2005.
Further, the Governing Body in its meeting held on 22.10.2012
while considering action taken report on the recommendation of
previous GB meeting took place note of representations of Dr A K
Bisoi and decided that a committee consisting of Health Secretary,
Director AIIMS and Dr S P Agarwal would examine the
facts/records and place their report before the Governing Body.
Accordingly, the committee under the chairmanship of Sh P K
Pradhan, then Secretary, Health examined the issue but express
their inability to comment on the recommendations on the
Standing Selection Committee, stating that the committee does
not have the mandate to review the decision of the Standing
Selection Committee as per the guidelines approved by the
13
Institute Body in its meeting held on 18.9.1997. The committee
however, observed that the issue of seniority becomes relevant
only for becoming Head of the Department and therefore, they
have stressed the need to implement the decision of the
Governing Body in its meeting held on 16.1.2012 regarding
rotation of headship. The issue of rotating headship requires wider
consideration.
The recommendation of the committee under the Health Secretary
was placed before the Governing Body in its meeting held on
22.10.2012 where in it was decided neither to make any changes
nor to re-define seniority of the three professors which was
decided by the G.B. on the basis of recommendation on Standing
Selection Committee.
In pursuance of the Section 25, of AIIMS Act, 1956 directives to
fix inter se seniority among Dr S K Choudhary, Dr Ujjwal Kumar
Choudhary and Dr A K Bisoi stands decided as per the decision
of the Governing Body dated 23.9.2005, 14.4.2012 and
22.10.2012.”
15 In response to a further query of the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare dated 31 March 2015, the First respondent clarified the matter on 23
September 2015 in the following terms :
“The recommendations of the Selection Committee were
approved by the Governing Body in its meeting held on 23.9.2005
and thereafter these three faculties were appointed as Additional
Professor. The seniority of direct recruit faculty is determined in
the order of merit in which they are recommended by the Selection
Committee. As per the recommendations of the Selection
Committee as stated above, Dr S K Choudhary is senior to Dr U
K Chowdhury who is senior to Dr A K Bisoi...
Regarding the other two queries, it is informed that Dr S K
Choudhary, Dr U K Chowdhury and Dr A K Bisoi were initially
appointed as Assistant Professor at the Institute. All these were
promoted as Associate Professor under Assessment Promotion
Scheme before they were considered for the position of Additional
Professor under direct recruitment quota in 2005. The seniority
among these three faculties in the grades of Assistant Professor
and Associate Professor were in the same order as in the post of
Additional Professor i.e. Dr S K Choudhary is senior to Dr U K
Chowdhury who is senior to Dr A K Bisoi.”
14
16 The Union government had in terms of its directive dated 14 October
2014 required the First respondent to examine the issue of inter se seniority in
accordance with the policy decision of 1997. The directive did not mandate that
the First petitioner rank senior to the Fourth respondent. After due examination
of the matter, the Union government was informed that the order of selection
recommended by the Selection Committee in 2005 and approved by the
General Body was maintained.
17 The Court is confronted in the present case with a situation in which
recruitment to the post of Additional Professor was carried out in 2005. That
was well over 12 years ago. The petitioners have instituted these proceedings
under Article 32 in November 2017 to question the order of ranking made by
the Selection Committee on 12 September 2005. There is no cogent
explanation for this belated recourse to legal remedies. The petitioners cannot
legitimately explain the delay on their part merely by contending that they were
representing to the First respondent to remedy their grievances. The petitioners
may have believed in good faith that the AIIMS administration would pay heed
to their grievances. They had a sympathetic ear of the Union Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare. But twelve years is too long a period, by any means, to not
seek recourse to judicial remedies. As the narration of facts would indicate, the
Governing Body had on 14 April 2012 decided to maintain the order of merit in
terms of which the Fourth respondent was ranked first, above the two
petitioners. Even thereafter, a three member committee was constituted by the
15
Governing Body in October 2012 and a decision was once again taken on 19
July 2013 to maintain the order of seniority. This was reiterated on 12 May
2014 and 22 June 2016. The petitioners were thus aware of the consistent
position which was adopted by the First respondent. The delay on their part in
seeking recourse to their legal remedies must weigh against them. At this stage
it would be manifestly unfair to unsettle the inter se seniority between the three
Professors in the CTVS department by reopening the recommendation made
by the Selection Committee in 2005.
18 In holding that an unexpected delay on the part of the petitioners would
disentitle them to relief, we place reliance on a judgment of this Court in State
of Uttaranchal v Shiv Charan Singh Bhandari2
. The learned Chief Justice,
after adverting to the settled position of law in that regard, observed thus:
“27. We are absolutely conscious that in the case at hand the
seniority has not been disturbed in the promotional cadre and no
promotions may be unsettled..the respondents chose to sleep like
Rip Van Winkle and got up from their slumber at their own leisure,
for some reason which is fathomable to them only. But such
fathoming of reasons by oneself is not countenanced in law.
Anyone who sleeps over his right is bound to suffer.”
(Id at page 185)
“28. Remaining oblivious to the factum of delay and laches and
granting relief is contrary to all settled principles and even would
not remotely attract the concept of discretion. We may hasten to
add that the same may not be applicable in all circumstances
where certain categories of fundamental rights are infringed. But,
a stale claim of getting promotional benefits definitely should not
have been entertained by the Tribunal and accepted by the High
Court.” (Id at page 186)
2
(2013) 12 SCC 179
16
There has to be an element of repose and a stale claim cannot be resuscitated.
19 The issue of making selections “transparent and more participatory” at
AIIMS was entrusted to a sub-committee formed for that purpose in 1997. The
suggestions of the sub-committee, together with administrative comments,
were placed before a meeting of the Institute body as Agenda Item 5 on 15
January 1997. The agenda note inter alia contain the following proposal:
“In order to make the selections transparent and more
participatory, it is proposed that all the members of the Selection
Committee as well as the technical experts should be asked to
give confidentially gradings/markings of each candidate in the
following manner
1) A+
2) A
3) B+
4) B
5) C
The gradings given by all the members of the Selection
Committee and technical experts should be placed before the
Chairman of the Selection Committee and final selection of
the candidate will be made on the basis of gradings/markings
given by the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts as mentioned above. In case, there is a tie
in the gradings in respect of any candidate, the final decision
for the selection of the candidate, should rest with the
Chairman of the Selection Committee after discussion with
other members of the Selection Committee.
If the above method is applied for making the final selection of the
candidates, then there is no need for the technical experts to
continue to sit in the Selection till a final decision is mad. In this
way, the confidentiality of the selected candidate will be
maintained. The members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts will specifically be asked to give the gradings in
respect of each and every candidate as mentioned above. The
same procedure should be applied in case of candidates who are
appearing under the Assessment Promotion Scheme.”
(emphasis supplied)
The suggestions of the sub-committee and the administrative comments were
approved. Subsequently on 15 April 1997, it was found that there was a
17
disparity between the recommendations of the sub-committee and the
administrative comments. On 18 September 1997 a modified set of
administrative comments was brought before the Institute body. The modified
comments inter alia stated thus:
“(i) All the members of the Selection Committee as well as the
Technical Experts may be asked to give, confidentially,
gradings/markings to each candidate in the following manner :-
a) A+
b) A
c) B+
d) B
e) C
(ii) The gradings given by all the members of the
Selection Committee and the Technical Experts, may be
placed before the Chairman, Selection Committee and final
selection of the candidates may be made on the basis of the
gradings/markings given by the Members of the Selection
Committee and the Technical Experts as mentioned above. In
case, there is a ‘tie’ in the gradings in respect of any
candidate, the final decision for the selection in case of such
a candidate may rest with the Chairman of the Selection
Committee after discussions with other Members of the
Selection Committee.” (emphasis supplied)
The minutes of 18 September 1997 were approved in a meeting held on 17
June 1998.
20 The above extract indicates that the gradings allocated by the members
of the Selection Committee and the technical experts are to be placed before
the Chairman of the Selection Committee and the final selection of the
candidates “may be made” on the basis of the gradings/markings of the
members of the committee and the technical experts. The expression “may be
made” has been approved in place of “will be made” as recorded earlier.
18
21 The judgment of the Delhi High Court in Dr Dilip Kumar Parida v AIIMS
(supra) holds that the view of the experts who are co-opted in the selection
process is only advisory and that the members of the Standing Selection
Committee of AIIMS are not bound by their opinion:
“21. AIIMS besides being a statutory body is a specialized body
and having provided for a constitution of a Standing Selection
Committee, we are in agreement with the contentions on behalf of
the respondent No. 5 that the role of the experts co-opted in the
section process is merely advisory and the members of the
Standing Selection Committee are not bound by the opinion of the
experts and are entitled to evaluate the applicants for the various
posts independently of the same.
23. We may mention that the experts co-opted in the selection
process are intended to evaluate the academic aspects of the
candidates while on the other hand the Standing Selection
Committee is concerned not only with the academic aspect but
also with the other parameters viz. of suitability, demeanour,
adaptability etc.”
The above statement of position in the judgment of the Delhi High Court should
not be read to suggest that the experts who are co-opted as part of the Selection
Committee have no role and that the other members have to decide on the
selection, independently of their views. Experts are co-opted in order to ensure
that the Selection Committee is broad-based; that the selection is objective; and
that the experience and knowledge of experts drawn from outside provides a
valuable input in the ultimate decision. The policy adopted in 1997 indicates that
the final selection may be made on the basis of the grading/marking given by
the Members of the Selection Committee and the technical experts. Where
there is a tie, the decision rests with the Chairperson, after discussion with other
19
members of the Selection Committee. We cannot subscribe to the contention
of the petitioners that it is only a tie which can be resolved by the Chairperson
and in all other cases, the Committee is obliged to make its selection on a
mathematical summation of grades. The fact that selection ‘may be made’ (this
expression being in substitution of ‘will be made’) on the basis of the grading
given by the members of the Selection Committee and the technical experts
suggests that the determination of merit is not merely a mechanical totalling of
grades allotted. The Selection Committee has to act objectively. This
undoubtedly requires giving due credence to the view of the experts. But while
doing so, it must have due regard to all relevant aspects bearing on the interest
of the institution. The Selection Committee has to assess the credentials of the
candidates which would include the service profile of the candidate. It is in this
sense that the Delhi High Court has to be construed to mean that while the
views of the experts co-opted to the Selection Committee constitute a valuable
perspective and input, they cannot be regarded as binding. The members of
the Selection Committee would have to consider the views of the experts and
to evaluate them together with all other relevant circumstances.
22 In the present case, the record of the court indicates that while making
its recommendations for appointment to the post of Additional Professor, the
Selection Committee had borne in mind the performance of the candidates, their
records as well as the opinion of the technical experts. The minutes of the
meeting of 12 September 2005 indicate that the views of the technical experts
20
were considered. To re-evaluate what took place well over twelve years ago
would neither be feasible nor appropriate. The policy decision of 1997 indicates
that the gradings given by all the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts are to be placed before the Chairman of the Selection
Committee and the final selection “may be made” on the basis of the
gradings/markings given by the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts. The Selection Committee which was constituted in 2005
considered the issue of selection and inter se ranking of the selected
candidates. In making its final recommendation in regard to their order of merit,
upon appointment as Additional Professors, the Selection Committee had due
regard to relevant matters including the performance of the candidates, their
records and the opinion of the experts. Hence, the ranking which has been
assigned cannot be regarded as being in breach of the policy decision of 1997.
It would be iniquitous to unsettle the position of seniority, over twelve years after
the petitioners and the Fourth respondent were selected as Additional
Professors. Even thereafter, when each of them has been promoted as a
Professor, it is the Fourth respondent who has been ranked higher than the
petitioners.
23 For the above reasons, we have come to the conclusion that the grant of
relief would unsettle the inter se seniority between the petitioners and the
Fourth respondent well over twelve years since the recommendation of the
Selection Committee for appointment as Additional Professors. This cannot be
21
done. Some expressions of opinion in favour of the First petitioner in the
departmental processes may have engendered a sense of hope. But that
cannot furnish a legal ground to unsettle something that has held the field for
long years. We close the proceedings with the expectation that these
distinguished doctors will pursue their avocations at AIIMS without rancour. Our
decision on seniority is no reflection upon their distinguished service to a
premier national institution.
24 The Writ Petition shall accordingly stand dismissed. There shall be no
order as to costs.
….........................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
................................................J
[A M KHANWILKAR]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi;
February 06, 2018
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 1179 OF 2017
DR AKSHYA BISOI AND ANOTHER .... PETITIONERS
VERSUS
ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL ..... RESPONDENTS
SCIENCES & OTHERS
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 The jurisdiction of this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution has been
invoked by two cardiac surgeons. They are attached as Professors to the
Department of Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS) at the All India
Institute of Medical Sciences. Each of them, as indeed the Fourth respondent
in relation to whom they raise a dispute, has an enviable record of service in
2
AIIMS. Disputes in service are not a rarity, even among doctors. The
distinguished service of the contesting doctors in the present case renders the
task of the adjudicator unenviable. That one of them will rank senior is no
reflection of the merit of the others. Life is not always equitable in assigning
accolades.
2 The relief which the petitioners seek is a writ in the nature of mandamus
directing the First respondent to determine their seniority in relation to the
Fourth respondent in terms of a binding policy of 1997. They seek a direction
that since their selection on 12 September 2005 as Additional Professors, they
would rank senior to the Fourth respondent. The petitioners challenge the
legality of the office memoranda dated 20 April 2010, 14 July 2017 and 24
August 2017 issued by the First respondent.
3 The first petitioner (Dr A K Bisoi), the second petitioner (Dr U K
Chowdhury) and the Fourth respondent (Dr Shiv K Choudhary) were appointed
by direct recruitment as Assistant Professors on 4 June 2003. On 1 July 2003,
they were promoted as Associate Professors. On 23 September 2005, they
were appointed by direct recruitment as Additional Professors. On 1 July 2010,
they were promoted as Professors, a position which they now occupy. The
seniormost will be designated as Head of Department of CTVS.
3
4 The Attorney General for India has placed on the record a tabular
statement, reflecting the comparative position in the merit list and seniority, in
each of the positions to which the petitioners and fourth respondent were
appointed or, as the case may be, promoted. For convenience of reference, the
statement is reproduced below:
The above statement would indicate that the Fourth respondent has
consistently been ranked senior to the petitioners as Assistant Professor,
Associate Professor, Additional Professor and Professor. The appointment of
all the three surgeons as Additional Professors was on 23 September 2005. For
well over twelve years, the Fourth respondent has been placed senior to the
Petitioners.
Names Direct recruitment
as Assistant
Professor on
4.6.2003
Promotion as
Associate
Professor on
1.7.2003
Direct Recruitment as
Additional Professor on
23.9.2005
Promotion as
Professor on 1.7.2010
Merit
List
Seniority Seniority Merit List Seniority Seniority
Dr Shiv K
Choudhary
(Respondent
No. 4)
First First First First First First
Dr U K
Chowdhury
(Petitioner
No. 2)
Second Second Second Second Second Second
Dr A K Bisoi
(Petitioner
No. 1)
Third Third Third Third Third Third
4
5 On 25 April 2005, four posts of Additional Professor were advertised in
the department of CTVS, which were to be filled up through open selection. The
shortlisted candidates were called for interview before a Selection Committee
on 12 September 2005. The Selection Committee recorded the minutes of its
decision in the following terms:
“ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
SELECTION COMMITTEE MEETING HELD ON 12th
SEPTEMBER 2005
Considering the performance of candidates and their records, and
also the opinion of the technical advisers, the Committee
recommends the following candidates for the post of Additional
Professor of CTVS in order of merit including the candidates on
the waiting list specified separately :-
1. Dr. Shiv Kumar Choudhary
2. Dr Ujjwal Kumar Chowdhury
3. Dr. Akshya Kumar Bisoi
WAITING LIST
1. Three extra increments recommended for each one of the above
candidates.”
The Selection Committee consisted of seven persons. Among them were two
experts drawn from outside. The grades which were allocated by each of the
members of the Selection Committee to the contesting parties in the present
case are tabulated below:
“Grades awarded by the Selection Committee for direct
recruitment to the Post of Additional Professor, CTVS
on 12.9.2005
5
Member
1
Member
2
Member
3
Member
4
Member
5
Expert/
Adviser
1
Expert/
Adviser
2
Dr Shiv K
Choudhary
(Respondent
No. 4)
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A
Dr U K
Chowdhury
(Petitioner
No. 2)
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A
Dr. Bisoi
(Petitioner
No.1
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
The above chart would indicate that all the seven members of the Selection
Committee, assigned an A+ grading to the First petitioner. Six members of the
Selection Committee assigned an A+ grading to the Second petitioner and the
Fourth respondent. One of the two experts who had rated the first petitioner as
A+, rated the second petitioner and the Fourth respondent as A. It is on this
basis that the petitioners contend that the order of merit which was drawn up
was erroneous and that the First petitioner should have been placed at the top
of the order of merit instead and in place of the Fourth respondent.
6 According to the petitioners, in 1997, the First respondent decided that in
order to make the selection process transparent, it had been resolved that the
final selection of candidates would be made on the basis of the grading by the
members of the Selection Committee. The petitioners claim that if the policy of
1997 were followed the First petitioner would have ranked higher than the
Fourth respondent. Thus, the petitioners claim that the First petitioner should
6
rank senior to the Fourth respondent by virtue of the fact that in the grading
given to the rival candidates by the members of the Selection Committee in
2005, he was allotted a higher grade than the Fourth respondent by one of the
seven members, the other members having allotted the same grading. The
petitioners have sought to buttress this submission by placing reliance on a
decision communicated on 14 October 2014 by the Union Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare under Section 25 of the All India Institute of Medical
Sciences Act 1956 requiring the First respondent to examine the issue of
seniority, amongst the three professors in the CTVS department “based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee meeting held on 12
September 2005” and to fix the seniority “strictly” in accordance with the policy
decision of 1997.
7 Mr Vikas Singh, learned senior counsel urged that in terms of the policy
decision of 1997, it was necessary that the inter se seniority of selected
members of the faculty should be fixed purely on the basis of merit; merit being
determined in terms of the grades awarded by the members of the Selection
Committee including the experts. The submission is that the decision which was
communicated by the Union government in exercise of powers conferred by
Section 25 of the AIIMS Act was binding on the First respondent. Reliance was
placed on the provisions of Section 25 which read thus:
“25. Control by Central Government
7
The Institute shall carry out such directions as may be issued to it
from time to time by the Central Government for the efficient
administration of this Act.”
The petitioners also submit that the grade sheets pertaining to the 2005
selection in the department of CTVS were put up to the Governing Body on 16
January 2012 for scrutiny. The Governing Body observed thus:
“…. The representations were discussed at length and the GB
found merit in the claim of Dr. A.K. Bisoi as he was rated best
among three Additional Professors recruited to the post under
direct recruitment with him in the year 2005….”
The petitioners have also relied upon a communication of the then Director, Dr
R C Deka, to the President of AIIMS on 27 June 2012 inter alia stating thus:
“…. I am forwarding his submission to the President for his
consideration as I believe that he has a claim as per the records
produced by him and the available records at AIIMS also
suggested him as the senior most among the three Additional
Professors selected at that time, if the grades given to him are
considered on merit as per Institute Body decision dated
15.01.97……..”
The Head of the CTVS Department demitted service on 31 December 2017.
The senior most would assume charge as Head of Department.
8 In pursuance of the order of this Court dated 11 December 2017, issuing
notice, the learned Attorney General for India has appeared on behalf of the
First, Second and Third respondents with Mr R Balasubramaniam. Mr Mukul
Rohatgi and Mr P S Patwalia, learned senior counsel have appeared on behalf
of the Fourth respondent. A counter affidavit has been filed on behalf of the
8
First, Second and Fourth respondents in these proceedings. Pleadings have
been completed with a rejoinder as well.
9 A preliminary objection has been raised to the maintainability of the Writ
Petition on the ground that the petitioners have an efficacious alternate remedy
to raise a dispute of inter se seniority before the Central Administrative Tribunal.
Hence, it was urged that a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution should
not be entertained. This submission has been countered on behalf of the
petitioners by Shri Vikas Singh, learned senior counsel, who adverted to a
decision of a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in Dr Dilip Kumar Parida
v All India Institute of Medical Sciences1
. Learned senior counsel urged that
the Delhi High Court has held that “the role of the experts co-opted in the
selection process is merely advisory” and that the members of the Standing
Selection Committee are not bound by the opinion of the experts. In view of this
statement of law, the correctness of which has been placed in issue, it has been
urged that the remedy of approaching the Tribunal is not efficacious, the
Tribunal being bound by the decision of the High Court. Hence, it was urged
that it would be appropriate for this Court to consider the position in law and to
exercise its jurisdiction under Article 32, especially having regard to the fact that
the First respondent is an institution of national importance. It was urged that a
1
LPA 360 of 2004, decided on 9 January 2012
9
dispute in regard to seniority ultimately affects the efficiency of personnel and
hence it is necessary for the court to resolve the question.
10 During the course of the hearing, affidavits have been filed on behalf of
the First, Second and Fourth respondents traversing the entire dispute on
merits. The learned Attorney General as well as the learned Senior Counsel
appearing for the contesting doctors have assisted this Court on the merits of
the matter. Since the issue has been argued on merits as well, we have in the
considered exercise of our judgment determined that it would be appropriate to
resolve the matter here rather than relegating the parties to a protracted
litigation before the Tribunal and the High Court. We have also borne in mind
the submission of the petitioners that in view of the judgment of the Delhi High
Court noted above, it would be necessary for this Court to set down the position.
11 While analysing the grievance of the petitioners, a striking aspect of the
matter which has emerged before the Court is that the fixation of the order of
seniority as between the petitioners and the Fourth respondent, pursuant to
their selection as Additional Professors on 23 September 2005 has been
examined on several occasions by the Governing Body of the First respondent.
They include the following:
(i) At the 147th meeting of the Governing Body on 14 April 2012, it was
resolved thus:
10
“The Governing Body considered the representation submitted by
Dr A K Bisoi and Dr U K Choudhary. It also considered the
judgment of the Delhi High Court of 9th February 2012 in the case
filed by Dr Dilip Kumar Parida. After examining all aspects
including the Institute Body’s Resolution dated 15.1.1997, the
advice of the Director, the representation submitted by Dr A K
Bisoi and Dr U K Choudhary, the Governing Body decided that
inter se seniority of Dr Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Dr U K Choudhary
and Dr A K Bisoi would be maintained as had been recommended
by the Standing Committee in the year 2005.;
(ii) The First petitioner continued to represent his grievance. On 22 October
2012, the Governing Body in its 148th meeting resolved that a Committee
consisting of (i) The Health Secretary; (ii) Director, AIIMS; and (iii) Dr S
P Agrawal would examine the facts/records and place its report before it.
Based on the report of the Committee, the Governing Body resolved at
its 149th meeting held on 19 July 2013 thus:
“It was accordingly decided not to make any changes nor to
redefine seniority of the 3 Professors which was decided by then
GB on the basis of the recommendations of SSC.”
(iii) On 12 May 2014, the Governing Body revisited the issue at its 151st
meeting and resolved thus:
“After discussion, the Governing Body reiterated its decision taken
in the 149th meeting of G.B. held on 19th July, 2013. It was
unanimously decided that, this matter need not be discussed
again,” ;
(iv) Subsequently, the Union Health Minister directed AIIMS administration
to once again bring the matter relating to the seniority of the first
petitioner before the ensuing meeting of the Governing Body. Following
this at the 153rd meeting of the General Body which was held on 22 June
11
2016, the earlier decisions were noted and the following decision was
taken:
“The Governing Body considered the issues involved in the
seniority among Professors in the Department of CTVS. The
Governing Body noted the earlier decisions. It was decided that
the matter may be explained through a communication by AIIMS
to the Ministry and be placed before HFM cum The President,
AIIMS for his consideration.”
Pursuant to the above decision, a communication was addressed to the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on 10 October 2016 stating thus:
“The Standing Selection Committee is the final arbitrator and
interpreter of the Institute Body guidelines in the matter of
selections. It implements the guidelines within the statutory
limitation taking into consideration not only the performance at the
time of interview but also overall assessment of the candidates
including the curriculum vitae submitted by the candidates in the
application form. The Standing Selection Committee, in this case,
has placed Prof. (Dr) Shiv Choudhary above Prof. (Dr.) A.K.
Bisoi.”
12 The above narration indicates that since April 2012, the consistent
position which has been maintained by the First respondent is in line with the
order of merit which was recommended by the Selection Committee by which
the Fourth respondent was placed above the petitioners when they were
selected for appointment as Additional Professors.
13 On 14 October 2014, a communication was addressed to the Director of
the First respondent by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in
exercise of its powers under Section 25 of the AIIMS Act, 1956. The directive
was in the following terms:
12
“3.In view of above, the institute is directed under Section 25 of
AIIMS Act 1956 to examine the issue of fixation of seniority
amongst the three professors in the Department of CTVS, AIIMS,
New Delhi who were appointed as direct recruits to the post of
Additional Professors in CTVS, AIIMS, New Delhi based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee meeting
held on 12.9.2005 and fix the seniority strictly in accordance with
the policy decision of Institute Body in 1997 in correct order.”
The above directive under Section 25 required the First respondent to examine
the issue of seniority amongst the three professors in the department of CTVS.
The directive refers to the appointment of the three professors based on the
recommendations of the Standing Selection Committee of 12 September 2005.
Seniority was required to be determined “strictly” in accordance with the policy
decision of the institute of 1997.
14 In compliance with the directive, the First respondent informed the Union
government by a letter dated 18 February 2015 thus:
“This issue had been placed before the governing body first in its
meeting held on 16.1.2012 and as desired by the GB, the issue
was again placed before it on 14.4.201. It was decided by the GB
that the inter se seniority among Dr S K Choudhary, Dr U K
Chowdhury and Dr A K Bisoi would be examined as had been
recommended by the Standing Selection Committee in the year
2005.
Further, the Governing Body in its meeting held on 22.10.2012
while considering action taken report on the recommendation of
previous GB meeting took place note of representations of Dr A K
Bisoi and decided that a committee consisting of Health Secretary,
Director AIIMS and Dr S P Agarwal would examine the
facts/records and place their report before the Governing Body.
Accordingly, the committee under the chairmanship of Sh P K
Pradhan, then Secretary, Health examined the issue but express
their inability to comment on the recommendations on the
Standing Selection Committee, stating that the committee does
not have the mandate to review the decision of the Standing
Selection Committee as per the guidelines approved by the
13
Institute Body in its meeting held on 18.9.1997. The committee
however, observed that the issue of seniority becomes relevant
only for becoming Head of the Department and therefore, they
have stressed the need to implement the decision of the
Governing Body in its meeting held on 16.1.2012 regarding
rotation of headship. The issue of rotating headship requires wider
consideration.
The recommendation of the committee under the Health Secretary
was placed before the Governing Body in its meeting held on
22.10.2012 where in it was decided neither to make any changes
nor to re-define seniority of the three professors which was
decided by the G.B. on the basis of recommendation on Standing
Selection Committee.
In pursuance of the Section 25, of AIIMS Act, 1956 directives to
fix inter se seniority among Dr S K Choudhary, Dr Ujjwal Kumar
Choudhary and Dr A K Bisoi stands decided as per the decision
of the Governing Body dated 23.9.2005, 14.4.2012 and
22.10.2012.”
15 In response to a further query of the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare dated 31 March 2015, the First respondent clarified the matter on 23
September 2015 in the following terms :
“The recommendations of the Selection Committee were
approved by the Governing Body in its meeting held on 23.9.2005
and thereafter these three faculties were appointed as Additional
Professor. The seniority of direct recruit faculty is determined in
the order of merit in which they are recommended by the Selection
Committee. As per the recommendations of the Selection
Committee as stated above, Dr S K Choudhary is senior to Dr U
K Chowdhury who is senior to Dr A K Bisoi...
Regarding the other two queries, it is informed that Dr S K
Choudhary, Dr U K Chowdhury and Dr A K Bisoi were initially
appointed as Assistant Professor at the Institute. All these were
promoted as Associate Professor under Assessment Promotion
Scheme before they were considered for the position of Additional
Professor under direct recruitment quota in 2005. The seniority
among these three faculties in the grades of Assistant Professor
and Associate Professor were in the same order as in the post of
Additional Professor i.e. Dr S K Choudhary is senior to Dr U K
Chowdhury who is senior to Dr A K Bisoi.”
14
16 The Union government had in terms of its directive dated 14 October
2014 required the First respondent to examine the issue of inter se seniority in
accordance with the policy decision of 1997. The directive did not mandate that
the First petitioner rank senior to the Fourth respondent. After due examination
of the matter, the Union government was informed that the order of selection
recommended by the Selection Committee in 2005 and approved by the
General Body was maintained.
17 The Court is confronted in the present case with a situation in which
recruitment to the post of Additional Professor was carried out in 2005. That
was well over 12 years ago. The petitioners have instituted these proceedings
under Article 32 in November 2017 to question the order of ranking made by
the Selection Committee on 12 September 2005. There is no cogent
explanation for this belated recourse to legal remedies. The petitioners cannot
legitimately explain the delay on their part merely by contending that they were
representing to the First respondent to remedy their grievances. The petitioners
may have believed in good faith that the AIIMS administration would pay heed
to their grievances. They had a sympathetic ear of the Union Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare. But twelve years is too long a period, by any means, to not
seek recourse to judicial remedies. As the narration of facts would indicate, the
Governing Body had on 14 April 2012 decided to maintain the order of merit in
terms of which the Fourth respondent was ranked first, above the two
petitioners. Even thereafter, a three member committee was constituted by the
15
Governing Body in October 2012 and a decision was once again taken on 19
July 2013 to maintain the order of seniority. This was reiterated on 12 May
2014 and 22 June 2016. The petitioners were thus aware of the consistent
position which was adopted by the First respondent. The delay on their part in
seeking recourse to their legal remedies must weigh against them. At this stage
it would be manifestly unfair to unsettle the inter se seniority between the three
Professors in the CTVS department by reopening the recommendation made
by the Selection Committee in 2005.
18 In holding that an unexpected delay on the part of the petitioners would
disentitle them to relief, we place reliance on a judgment of this Court in State
of Uttaranchal v Shiv Charan Singh Bhandari2
. The learned Chief Justice,
after adverting to the settled position of law in that regard, observed thus:
“27. We are absolutely conscious that in the case at hand the
seniority has not been disturbed in the promotional cadre and no
promotions may be unsettled..the respondents chose to sleep like
Rip Van Winkle and got up from their slumber at their own leisure,
for some reason which is fathomable to them only. But such
fathoming of reasons by oneself is not countenanced in law.
Anyone who sleeps over his right is bound to suffer.”
(Id at page 185)
“28. Remaining oblivious to the factum of delay and laches and
granting relief is contrary to all settled principles and even would
not remotely attract the concept of discretion. We may hasten to
add that the same may not be applicable in all circumstances
where certain categories of fundamental rights are infringed. But,
a stale claim of getting promotional benefits definitely should not
have been entertained by the Tribunal and accepted by the High
Court.” (Id at page 186)
2
(2013) 12 SCC 179
16
There has to be an element of repose and a stale claim cannot be resuscitated.
19 The issue of making selections “transparent and more participatory” at
AIIMS was entrusted to a sub-committee formed for that purpose in 1997. The
suggestions of the sub-committee, together with administrative comments,
were placed before a meeting of the Institute body as Agenda Item 5 on 15
January 1997. The agenda note inter alia contain the following proposal:
“In order to make the selections transparent and more
participatory, it is proposed that all the members of the Selection
Committee as well as the technical experts should be asked to
give confidentially gradings/markings of each candidate in the
following manner
1) A+
2) A
3) B+
4) B
5) C
The gradings given by all the members of the Selection
Committee and technical experts should be placed before the
Chairman of the Selection Committee and final selection of
the candidate will be made on the basis of gradings/markings
given by the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts as mentioned above. In case, there is a tie
in the gradings in respect of any candidate, the final decision
for the selection of the candidate, should rest with the
Chairman of the Selection Committee after discussion with
other members of the Selection Committee.
If the above method is applied for making the final selection of the
candidates, then there is no need for the technical experts to
continue to sit in the Selection till a final decision is mad. In this
way, the confidentiality of the selected candidate will be
maintained. The members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts will specifically be asked to give the gradings in
respect of each and every candidate as mentioned above. The
same procedure should be applied in case of candidates who are
appearing under the Assessment Promotion Scheme.”
(emphasis supplied)
The suggestions of the sub-committee and the administrative comments were
approved. Subsequently on 15 April 1997, it was found that there was a
17
disparity between the recommendations of the sub-committee and the
administrative comments. On 18 September 1997 a modified set of
administrative comments was brought before the Institute body. The modified
comments inter alia stated thus:
“(i) All the members of the Selection Committee as well as the
Technical Experts may be asked to give, confidentially,
gradings/markings to each candidate in the following manner :-
a) A+
b) A
c) B+
d) B
e) C
(ii) The gradings given by all the members of the
Selection Committee and the Technical Experts, may be
placed before the Chairman, Selection Committee and final
selection of the candidates may be made on the basis of the
gradings/markings given by the Members of the Selection
Committee and the Technical Experts as mentioned above. In
case, there is a ‘tie’ in the gradings in respect of any
candidate, the final decision for the selection in case of such
a candidate may rest with the Chairman of the Selection
Committee after discussions with other Members of the
Selection Committee.” (emphasis supplied)
The minutes of 18 September 1997 were approved in a meeting held on 17
June 1998.
20 The above extract indicates that the gradings allocated by the members
of the Selection Committee and the technical experts are to be placed before
the Chairman of the Selection Committee and the final selection of the
candidates “may be made” on the basis of the gradings/markings of the
members of the committee and the technical experts. The expression “may be
made” has been approved in place of “will be made” as recorded earlier.
18
21 The judgment of the Delhi High Court in Dr Dilip Kumar Parida v AIIMS
(supra) holds that the view of the experts who are co-opted in the selection
process is only advisory and that the members of the Standing Selection
Committee of AIIMS are not bound by their opinion:
“21. AIIMS besides being a statutory body is a specialized body
and having provided for a constitution of a Standing Selection
Committee, we are in agreement with the contentions on behalf of
the respondent No. 5 that the role of the experts co-opted in the
section process is merely advisory and the members of the
Standing Selection Committee are not bound by the opinion of the
experts and are entitled to evaluate the applicants for the various
posts independently of the same.
23. We may mention that the experts co-opted in the selection
process are intended to evaluate the academic aspects of the
candidates while on the other hand the Standing Selection
Committee is concerned not only with the academic aspect but
also with the other parameters viz. of suitability, demeanour,
adaptability etc.”
The above statement of position in the judgment of the Delhi High Court should
not be read to suggest that the experts who are co-opted as part of the Selection
Committee have no role and that the other members have to decide on the
selection, independently of their views. Experts are co-opted in order to ensure
that the Selection Committee is broad-based; that the selection is objective; and
that the experience and knowledge of experts drawn from outside provides a
valuable input in the ultimate decision. The policy adopted in 1997 indicates that
the final selection may be made on the basis of the grading/marking given by
the Members of the Selection Committee and the technical experts. Where
there is a tie, the decision rests with the Chairperson, after discussion with other
19
members of the Selection Committee. We cannot subscribe to the contention
of the petitioners that it is only a tie which can be resolved by the Chairperson
and in all other cases, the Committee is obliged to make its selection on a
mathematical summation of grades. The fact that selection ‘may be made’ (this
expression being in substitution of ‘will be made’) on the basis of the grading
given by the members of the Selection Committee and the technical experts
suggests that the determination of merit is not merely a mechanical totalling of
grades allotted. The Selection Committee has to act objectively. This
undoubtedly requires giving due credence to the view of the experts. But while
doing so, it must have due regard to all relevant aspects bearing on the interest
of the institution. The Selection Committee has to assess the credentials of the
candidates which would include the service profile of the candidate. It is in this
sense that the Delhi High Court has to be construed to mean that while the
views of the experts co-opted to the Selection Committee constitute a valuable
perspective and input, they cannot be regarded as binding. The members of
the Selection Committee would have to consider the views of the experts and
to evaluate them together with all other relevant circumstances.
22 In the present case, the record of the court indicates that while making
its recommendations for appointment to the post of Additional Professor, the
Selection Committee had borne in mind the performance of the candidates, their
records as well as the opinion of the technical experts. The minutes of the
meeting of 12 September 2005 indicate that the views of the technical experts
20
were considered. To re-evaluate what took place well over twelve years ago
would neither be feasible nor appropriate. The policy decision of 1997 indicates
that the gradings given by all the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts are to be placed before the Chairman of the Selection
Committee and the final selection “may be made” on the basis of the
gradings/markings given by the members of the Selection Committee and the
technical experts. The Selection Committee which was constituted in 2005
considered the issue of selection and inter se ranking of the selected
candidates. In making its final recommendation in regard to their order of merit,
upon appointment as Additional Professors, the Selection Committee had due
regard to relevant matters including the performance of the candidates, their
records and the opinion of the experts. Hence, the ranking which has been
assigned cannot be regarded as being in breach of the policy decision of 1997.
It would be iniquitous to unsettle the position of seniority, over twelve years after
the petitioners and the Fourth respondent were selected as Additional
Professors. Even thereafter, when each of them has been promoted as a
Professor, it is the Fourth respondent who has been ranked higher than the
petitioners.
23 For the above reasons, we have come to the conclusion that the grant of
relief would unsettle the inter se seniority between the petitioners and the
Fourth respondent well over twelve years since the recommendation of the
Selection Committee for appointment as Additional Professors. This cannot be
21
done. Some expressions of opinion in favour of the First petitioner in the
departmental processes may have engendered a sense of hope. But that
cannot furnish a legal ground to unsettle something that has held the field for
long years. We close the proceedings with the expectation that these
distinguished doctors will pursue their avocations at AIIMS without rancour. Our
decision on seniority is no reflection upon their distinguished service to a
premier national institution.
24 The Writ Petition shall accordingly stand dismissed. There shall be no
order as to costs.
….........................................CJI
[DIPAK MISRA]
................................................J
[A M KHANWILKAR]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi;
February 06, 2018
