1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 630 OF 2009
GANPAT SINGH .....APPELLANT
Versus
THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH .....RESPONDENT
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 This appeal arises from a judgment of a Division Bench of the Madhya
Pradesh High Court in its bench at Indore, rendered on 22 March 2007. The High
Court affirmed the conviction of the Appellant under Section 302 of the Indian
Penal Code (“IPC”).
2
2 Shantabai was a widow. Her husband Mangilal had died about a decade
earlier. She resided together with her son Rakesh, who was a minor. The
prosecution alleges that the Appellant would visit her frequently.
3 The case of the prosecution is that on 8 July 1996, the police station at
Doraha received information of a dead body being found in a dry well. A ‘missing
report’ had been lodged by Rakesh. Rakesh had alleged that the Appellant used
to frequently visit the house where Shantabai resided and had started to live
there. Rakesh informed the police that a few days earlier, the Appellant had come
to the house and had left the next morning with his mother for Sihore soon
thereafter. On the next day, when the Appellant returned alone, Rakesh enquired
of the whereabouts of his mother. The Appellant allegedly informed him that she
had stayed back at the home of Rakesh’s maternal aunt. A First Information
Report was registered. A post-mortem was conducted on the body which had
been recovered from the dry well, which was identified to be that of Shantabai.
The body was decomposed and there was a piece of cloth loosely tied around the
neck. The period of death was estimated to be between two to four weeks prior to
the recovery of the dead body. The Appellant is stated to have absconded
immediately after the incident. He was arrested on 12 December 1997. The
appellant was tried on the charge of murder.
4 The prosecution examined fifteen eye-witnesses. Among them were
Rakesh- PW4 and Rekha-PW5, the married daughter of the deceased. PW1-
Kamlabai and PW2-Dhankunwarbai deposed that Shantabai had visited their
3
homes with a request to lend certain silver ornaments to her since she intended
to arrange the engagement of her son, PW4- Rakesh. The evidence of these two
witnesses was sought to be buttressed by a recovery of silver ornaments from the
house of the Appellant. PW3- Phool Singh was a witness for the prosecution in
support of the seizure memo. PW4- Rakesh deposed that the Appellant had
taken his mother along with him under the pretext of getting Rakesh engaged.
PW4 stated that on the next day, when the Appellant returned alone, he enquired
about the whereabouts of his mother when the Appellant informed him that she
had stayed back with her sister. PW4 stated that he made inquiries with his
maternal aunt who informed him that his mother had not visited her.
5 The Additional Sessions Judge by a judgment dated 23 June 1998 found
the Appellant guilty of an offence under Section 302 of the IPC and sentenced
him to imprisonment for life. The case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence.
The circumstances which weighed with the trial court were that : (i) the deceased
was last seen accompanying the Appellant; (ii) the deceased had taken with her
the jewellery of PW1 and PW2 which was recovered from the Appellant; and (iii)
the Appellant had no explanation of how the articles were found in his
possession.
6 In appeal, the High Court by its judgment dated 22 March 2007,
disbelieved the case of the prosecution on the recovery of the silver ornaments
from the house of the Appellant. The High Court noticed that only three silver
ornaments had been recovered which were identified by Rekha, PW5 who was
4
the daughter of the deceased. Significantly, as the High Court noted, the
prosecution had no explanation as to why there was no identification of the silver
ornaments by PW1-Kamlabai and PW2- Dhankunwarbai who were alleged to
have lent their ornaments to the deceased. The ornaments had no special marks
of identification and were commonly available in the market. The High Court
observed that Rekha, PW5 had no occasion to observe the ornaments since her
mother had only visited briefly. PW5, in the course of her deposition, stated for
the first time that one of the ornaments belonged to her but then changed her
statement and stated that it belonged to her mother. The High Court noticed a
clear contradiction with her statement under Section 161 of the CrPC. The
recovery of the ornaments from the house of the Appellant has hence been
disbelieved. The High Court also noted in the course of the judgment that
Rakesh, PW4 had exaggerated what he claimed to know, in the course of his
deposition. PW4 stated that the Appellant had admitted to him that he had killed
Shantabai but no such statement was made under Section 161 of the CrPC.
7 In the above background, the High Court did not rely upon the alleged
recovery of the silver ornaments which was a material circumstance which the
Additional Sessions Judge had found to link the Appellant with the murder of
Shantabai. Nonetheless, three circumstances weighed with the High Court in
affirming the conviction of the Appellant. These are summarized in the following
extracts of the judgment of the High Court :
“Thus, to summarize the facts :-
(i) The deceased was last seen in the company of the accused.
5
(ii) The accused made false statement to the son of the deceased
Rakesh (PW-4) that her mother had gone to the maternal aunt.
(iii) That the body of the deceased was recovered at the instance of the
accused.”
8 During the course of the hearing of the appeal, it has been submitted on
behalf of the Appellant that the third circumstance noted above reveals a clear
error by the High Court since the body of the deceased was recovered on 8 July
1996 whereas the Appellant was arrested on 12 December 1997. This aspect
has not been disputed by learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the
respondent-state. Hence, there is a manifest error on the part of the High Court in
holding that the body of the deceased was recovered at the instance of the
Appellant. The Appellant was arrested several months after the recovery of the
body. Hence, the recovery of the body could not have been (and was not) at his
instance. That essentially leaves the court only with the first two circumstances
which have been relied upon by the High Court.
9 There are no eye-witnesses to the crime. In a case which rests on
circumstantial evidence, the law postulates a two-fold requirement. First, every
link in the chain of circumstances necessary to establish the guilt of the accused
must be established by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. Second, all
the circumstances must be consistent only with the guilt of the accused. The
principle has been consistently formulated thus :
“The normal principle in a case based on circumstantial evidence is
that the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to
be drawn must be cogently and firmly established; that those
circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing
towards the guilt of the accused; that the circumstances taken
6
cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape
from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was
committed by the accused and they should be incapable of
explanation on any hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the
accused and inconsistent with his innocence”.1
10 Evidence that the accused was last seen in the company of the deceased
assumes significance when the lapse of time between the point when the
accused and the deceased were seen together and when the deceased is found
dead is so minimal as to exclude the possibility of a supervening event involving
the death at the hands of another. The settled formulation of law is as follows :
“The last seen theory comes into play where the time gap between
the point of time when the accused and deceased were seen last
alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility
of any person other than the accused being the author of crime
becomes impossible. It would be difficult in some cases to positively
establish that the deceased was last seen with the accused when
there is a long gap and possibility of other persons coming in
between exists. In the absence of any other positive evidence to
conclude that accused and deceased were last seen together, it
would be hazardous to come to a conclusion of guilt in those cases”.2
11 The case of the prosecution is riddled with unexplained contradictions,
PW1-Kamlabai and PW2-Dhankunwarbai were crucial to the case of the
prosecution for establishing that the deceased had visited them and that they had
lent her silver ornaments ostensibly because she intended to arrange the
1
See Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (1984) 4 SCC 116; Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy
v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2006) 10 SCC 172; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra, (2006) 10 SCC
681; Venkatesan v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2008) 8 SCC 456; Sanjay Kumar Jain v. State of Delhi, (2011) 11 SCC
733; Madhu v. State of Kerala, (2012) 2 SCC 399; Munna Kumar Upadhyaya @ Munna Upadhyaya v. State of
Andhra Pradesh, (2012) 6 SCC 174; Vivek Kalra v. State of Rajasthan, (2014) 12 SCC 439.”
2
See Bodh Raj @ Bodha v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, (2002) 8 SCC 45; Jaswant Gir v. State of Punjab
(2005) 12 SCC 438; Tipparam Prabhakar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2009) 13 SCC 534; Rishi Pal v. State of
Uttarakhand, (2013) 12 SCC 551; Krishnan v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2014) 12 SCC 279; Kiriti Pal v. State of
West Bengal, (2015) 11 SCC 178; State of Karnataka v. Chand Basha, (2016) 1 SCC 501; Rambraksh v. State
of Chhattisgarh, (2016) 12 SCC 251; Anjan Kumar Sharma v. State of Assam, 2017 (6) SCALE 556.”
7
engagement of her son Rakesh-PW4. Admittedly, neither PW1 nor PW2 were
called upon to identify the jewellery alleged to have been recovered from the
house of the Appellant. PW1 stated that the jewellery which she had lent weighed
more than half a kg. PW2 deposed that the ornaments which she had lent
weighed about 1.25 kgs. In the course of her cross-examination, PW1 stated that
it was true that the ornaments which she had lent were commonly worn by
women in the villages. PW2 also admitted that there were no identification marks
on the ornaments and they were of a nature that is commonly used. PW5-Rekha,
the daughter of the deceased, had (as the High Court observed) no opportunity
to observe the ornaments on the person of the deceased. The ornaments had no
special marks of identification. PW5 materially improved upon her version during
the course of the examination. On this state of the evidence, the recovery of the
silver ornaments (which was an important link in the chain of circumstances
relied upon by the Additional Sessions Judge) has been correctly disbelieved by
the High Court.
12 An important circumstance which weighed with the High Court was that the
body of the deceased was recovered at the behest of the Appellant. There is a
manifest error on the part of the High Court in arriving at this conclusion since the
record would indicate that the body of the deceased was recovered several
months before the arrest of the Appellant. The mere circumstance that the
Appellant was last seen with the deceased is an unsafe hypothesis to found a
conviction on a charge of murder in this case. The lapse of time between the
point when the Appellant was last seen with the deceased and the time of death
8
is not minimal. The time of death was estimated to be between two to four weeks
prior to the recovery of the body.
13 We must also place in balance the testimony of PW4 that when he
enquired regarding whereabouts of his mother, the Appellant informed him that
she had stayed back at the house of her sister. This, coupled with the fact that
the Appellant had absconded after the date of the incident is a pointer to a strong
suspicion that the Appellant was responsible for the death of Shantabai.
However, a strong suspicion in itself is not sufficient to lead to the conclusion that
the guilt of the Appellant stands established beyond reasonable doubt. There are
material contradictions in the case of the prosecution. These have been noticed
in the earlier part of its judgment and are sufficient in our view to entitle the
Appellant to the benefit of doubt. The prosecution failed to establish a complete
chain of circumstances and to exclude every hypothesis other than the guilt of
the Appellant.
14 We accordingly allow the appeal and set aside the conviction of the
Appellant under Section 302 of the IPC. The appellant is on bail. His bail bonds
are discharged.
……........................................J
[N V RAMANA]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi;
September 19, 2017
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 630 OF 2009
GANPAT SINGH .....APPELLANT
Versus
THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH .....RESPONDENT
J U D G M E N T
Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD, J
1 This appeal arises from a judgment of a Division Bench of the Madhya
Pradesh High Court in its bench at Indore, rendered on 22 March 2007. The High
Court affirmed the conviction of the Appellant under Section 302 of the Indian
Penal Code (“IPC”).
2
2 Shantabai was a widow. Her husband Mangilal had died about a decade
earlier. She resided together with her son Rakesh, who was a minor. The
prosecution alleges that the Appellant would visit her frequently.
3 The case of the prosecution is that on 8 July 1996, the police station at
Doraha received information of a dead body being found in a dry well. A ‘missing
report’ had been lodged by Rakesh. Rakesh had alleged that the Appellant used
to frequently visit the house where Shantabai resided and had started to live
there. Rakesh informed the police that a few days earlier, the Appellant had come
to the house and had left the next morning with his mother for Sihore soon
thereafter. On the next day, when the Appellant returned alone, Rakesh enquired
of the whereabouts of his mother. The Appellant allegedly informed him that she
had stayed back at the home of Rakesh’s maternal aunt. A First Information
Report was registered. A post-mortem was conducted on the body which had
been recovered from the dry well, which was identified to be that of Shantabai.
The body was decomposed and there was a piece of cloth loosely tied around the
neck. The period of death was estimated to be between two to four weeks prior to
the recovery of the dead body. The Appellant is stated to have absconded
immediately after the incident. He was arrested on 12 December 1997. The
appellant was tried on the charge of murder.
4 The prosecution examined fifteen eye-witnesses. Among them were
Rakesh- PW4 and Rekha-PW5, the married daughter of the deceased. PW1-
Kamlabai and PW2-Dhankunwarbai deposed that Shantabai had visited their
3
homes with a request to lend certain silver ornaments to her since she intended
to arrange the engagement of her son, PW4- Rakesh. The evidence of these two
witnesses was sought to be buttressed by a recovery of silver ornaments from the
house of the Appellant. PW3- Phool Singh was a witness for the prosecution in
support of the seizure memo. PW4- Rakesh deposed that the Appellant had
taken his mother along with him under the pretext of getting Rakesh engaged.
PW4 stated that on the next day, when the Appellant returned alone, he enquired
about the whereabouts of his mother when the Appellant informed him that she
had stayed back with her sister. PW4 stated that he made inquiries with his
maternal aunt who informed him that his mother had not visited her.
5 The Additional Sessions Judge by a judgment dated 23 June 1998 found
the Appellant guilty of an offence under Section 302 of the IPC and sentenced
him to imprisonment for life. The case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence.
The circumstances which weighed with the trial court were that : (i) the deceased
was last seen accompanying the Appellant; (ii) the deceased had taken with her
the jewellery of PW1 and PW2 which was recovered from the Appellant; and (iii)
the Appellant had no explanation of how the articles were found in his
possession.
6 In appeal, the High Court by its judgment dated 22 March 2007,
disbelieved the case of the prosecution on the recovery of the silver ornaments
from the house of the Appellant. The High Court noticed that only three silver
ornaments had been recovered which were identified by Rekha, PW5 who was
4
the daughter of the deceased. Significantly, as the High Court noted, the
prosecution had no explanation as to why there was no identification of the silver
ornaments by PW1-Kamlabai and PW2- Dhankunwarbai who were alleged to
have lent their ornaments to the deceased. The ornaments had no special marks
of identification and were commonly available in the market. The High Court
observed that Rekha, PW5 had no occasion to observe the ornaments since her
mother had only visited briefly. PW5, in the course of her deposition, stated for
the first time that one of the ornaments belonged to her but then changed her
statement and stated that it belonged to her mother. The High Court noticed a
clear contradiction with her statement under Section 161 of the CrPC. The
recovery of the ornaments from the house of the Appellant has hence been
disbelieved. The High Court also noted in the course of the judgment that
Rakesh, PW4 had exaggerated what he claimed to know, in the course of his
deposition. PW4 stated that the Appellant had admitted to him that he had killed
Shantabai but no such statement was made under Section 161 of the CrPC.
7 In the above background, the High Court did not rely upon the alleged
recovery of the silver ornaments which was a material circumstance which the
Additional Sessions Judge had found to link the Appellant with the murder of
Shantabai. Nonetheless, three circumstances weighed with the High Court in
affirming the conviction of the Appellant. These are summarized in the following
extracts of the judgment of the High Court :
“Thus, to summarize the facts :-
(i) The deceased was last seen in the company of the accused.
5
(ii) The accused made false statement to the son of the deceased
Rakesh (PW-4) that her mother had gone to the maternal aunt.
(iii) That the body of the deceased was recovered at the instance of the
accused.”
8 During the course of the hearing of the appeal, it has been submitted on
behalf of the Appellant that the third circumstance noted above reveals a clear
error by the High Court since the body of the deceased was recovered on 8 July
1996 whereas the Appellant was arrested on 12 December 1997. This aspect
has not been disputed by learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the
respondent-state. Hence, there is a manifest error on the part of the High Court in
holding that the body of the deceased was recovered at the instance of the
Appellant. The Appellant was arrested several months after the recovery of the
body. Hence, the recovery of the body could not have been (and was not) at his
instance. That essentially leaves the court only with the first two circumstances
which have been relied upon by the High Court.
9 There are no eye-witnesses to the crime. In a case which rests on
circumstantial evidence, the law postulates a two-fold requirement. First, every
link in the chain of circumstances necessary to establish the guilt of the accused
must be established by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. Second, all
the circumstances must be consistent only with the guilt of the accused. The
principle has been consistently formulated thus :
“The normal principle in a case based on circumstantial evidence is
that the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to
be drawn must be cogently and firmly established; that those
circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing
towards the guilt of the accused; that the circumstances taken
6
cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape
from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was
committed by the accused and they should be incapable of
explanation on any hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the
accused and inconsistent with his innocence”.1
10 Evidence that the accused was last seen in the company of the deceased
assumes significance when the lapse of time between the point when the
accused and the deceased were seen together and when the deceased is found
dead is so minimal as to exclude the possibility of a supervening event involving
the death at the hands of another. The settled formulation of law is as follows :
“The last seen theory comes into play where the time gap between
the point of time when the accused and deceased were seen last
alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility
of any person other than the accused being the author of crime
becomes impossible. It would be difficult in some cases to positively
establish that the deceased was last seen with the accused when
there is a long gap and possibility of other persons coming in
between exists. In the absence of any other positive evidence to
conclude that accused and deceased were last seen together, it
would be hazardous to come to a conclusion of guilt in those cases”.2
11 The case of the prosecution is riddled with unexplained contradictions,
PW1-Kamlabai and PW2-Dhankunwarbai were crucial to the case of the
prosecution for establishing that the deceased had visited them and that they had
lent her silver ornaments ostensibly because she intended to arrange the
1
See Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (1984) 4 SCC 116; Ramreddy Rajeshkhanna Reddy
v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2006) 10 SCC 172; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra, (2006) 10 SCC
681; Venkatesan v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2008) 8 SCC 456; Sanjay Kumar Jain v. State of Delhi, (2011) 11 SCC
733; Madhu v. State of Kerala, (2012) 2 SCC 399; Munna Kumar Upadhyaya @ Munna Upadhyaya v. State of
Andhra Pradesh, (2012) 6 SCC 174; Vivek Kalra v. State of Rajasthan, (2014) 12 SCC 439.”
2
See Bodh Raj @ Bodha v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, (2002) 8 SCC 45; Jaswant Gir v. State of Punjab
(2005) 12 SCC 438; Tipparam Prabhakar v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2009) 13 SCC 534; Rishi Pal v. State of
Uttarakhand, (2013) 12 SCC 551; Krishnan v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2014) 12 SCC 279; Kiriti Pal v. State of
West Bengal, (2015) 11 SCC 178; State of Karnataka v. Chand Basha, (2016) 1 SCC 501; Rambraksh v. State
of Chhattisgarh, (2016) 12 SCC 251; Anjan Kumar Sharma v. State of Assam, 2017 (6) SCALE 556.”
7
engagement of her son Rakesh-PW4. Admittedly, neither PW1 nor PW2 were
called upon to identify the jewellery alleged to have been recovered from the
house of the Appellant. PW1 stated that the jewellery which she had lent weighed
more than half a kg. PW2 deposed that the ornaments which she had lent
weighed about 1.25 kgs. In the course of her cross-examination, PW1 stated that
it was true that the ornaments which she had lent were commonly worn by
women in the villages. PW2 also admitted that there were no identification marks
on the ornaments and they were of a nature that is commonly used. PW5-Rekha,
the daughter of the deceased, had (as the High Court observed) no opportunity
to observe the ornaments on the person of the deceased. The ornaments had no
special marks of identification. PW5 materially improved upon her version during
the course of the examination. On this state of the evidence, the recovery of the
silver ornaments (which was an important link in the chain of circumstances
relied upon by the Additional Sessions Judge) has been correctly disbelieved by
the High Court.
12 An important circumstance which weighed with the High Court was that the
body of the deceased was recovered at the behest of the Appellant. There is a
manifest error on the part of the High Court in arriving at this conclusion since the
record would indicate that the body of the deceased was recovered several
months before the arrest of the Appellant. The mere circumstance that the
Appellant was last seen with the deceased is an unsafe hypothesis to found a
conviction on a charge of murder in this case. The lapse of time between the
point when the Appellant was last seen with the deceased and the time of death
8
is not minimal. The time of death was estimated to be between two to four weeks
prior to the recovery of the body.
13 We must also place in balance the testimony of PW4 that when he
enquired regarding whereabouts of his mother, the Appellant informed him that
she had stayed back at the house of her sister. This, coupled with the fact that
the Appellant had absconded after the date of the incident is a pointer to a strong
suspicion that the Appellant was responsible for the death of Shantabai.
However, a strong suspicion in itself is not sufficient to lead to the conclusion that
the guilt of the Appellant stands established beyond reasonable doubt. There are
material contradictions in the case of the prosecution. These have been noticed
in the earlier part of its judgment and are sufficient in our view to entitle the
Appellant to the benefit of doubt. The prosecution failed to establish a complete
chain of circumstances and to exclude every hypothesis other than the guilt of
the Appellant.
14 We accordingly allow the appeal and set aside the conviction of the
Appellant under Section 302 of the IPC. The appellant is on bail. His bail bonds
are discharged.
……........................................J
[N V RAMANA]
................................................J
[Dr D Y CHANDRACHUD]
New Delhi;
September 19, 2017
