REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 937 of 2005
State of Rajasthan ...Appellant
Versus
Talevar & Anr. ...Respondents
J U D G M E N T
Dr. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.
1. This appeal has been preferred by the State of Rajasthan against
the judgment and order dated 27.10.2004 passed by the High Court of
Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench, in Criminal Appeal No. 1579
of 2002 acquitting the respondents, setting aside their conviction and
the sentence passed by Additional District and Sessions Judge, (Fast
Track), Laxmangarh, Alwar, dated 2.11.2002 in Sessions Case No. 4
of 2002 (14/2000) for the offences punishable under Sections 395,
396 and 397 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter called the
IPC).
2. The facts and circumstances giving rise to this case are as
under:
A. Santosh Jagwayan (PW.13) lodged an FIR on 17.12.1996 at
8.30 A.M., that in the intervening night between 16th and 17th
December, 1996 on hearing the noise, he sent his Chowkidar Gopal
Nepali (deceased) to the roof of his house. Gopal Nepali went
upstairs and opened the gate of the roof and found that 8 to 10 accused
persons were trying to enter into the house by breaking upon the door
of the roof. They immediately fired shot at Gopal Nepali (deceased)
and entered into the house. The accused persons locked Shashi Devi
(PW.12) wife of complainant, Preeti (PW.14) and Sandhya (PW.15),
his daughters, in the bathroom and started looting the moveable
properties. In the meanwhile, his neighbours raised their voice. Thus,
the accused immediately fired a shot at Mrs. Anita Yadav, as a result
of which, she died on the spot. Kripa Dayal Yadav (PW.2), husband
of Anita Yadav (deceased) caught hold of one of the accused but he
was beaten with the butt of the gun by the other accused persons and
they got the accused released from his clutches. The accused
decamped with cash, jewellery and silver wares etc.
B. On the basis of the said complaint, an FIR No. 240 of 1996
(Ex.P-30) was registered under Sections 395, 396, 397 and 398 IPC
and investigation ensued. The dead bodies of Gopal Nepali and Anita
2
Yadav were recovered and sent for post-mortem examination. Kuniya
- accused/respondent was arrested on 24.12.1996. He made a
disclosure statement (Ex.P-76) on 29.12.1996 on the basis of which a
silver glass and one thousand rupees were recovered vide recovery
memo (Ex.P-53). Further, on his disclosure statement, a scooter
bearing No. RJ-05-0678 was recovered vide recovery memo (Ex.P-
52) on 2.1.1997.
C. Another accused Talevar - respondent, was arrested on
19.1.1997 and on his disclosure statement made on 26.1.1997, two
thousand rupees, a silver key ring and a key of Ambassador car was
recovered vide seizure memo (Ex.P-45).
D. Some more recoveries were made from the other accused
persons. After completing the investigation chargesheet was filed
against 9 accused persons including the two respondents. As all of
them pleaded not guilty, they were put to trial for the offences
punishable under Sections 395, 396 and 398 IPC.
E. In the Sessions trial prosecution examined 34 witnesses in
support of its case. The ornaments and stolen articles were identified
by Shashi Devi (PW.12) and Santosh Jagwayan (PW.13). The trial
3
court vide judgment and order dated 2.11.2002 convicted 8 accused
including the two respondents. One accused named Ram Krishan,
died during the trial. All of them stood convicted under the provisions
of Sections 395, 396 and 397 IPC. All the accused were awarded
punishment to undergo life imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1,000/- and
in default of payment of fine, to further undergo six months rigorous
imprisonment under Section 396 IPC. All of them were convicted for
the offence punishable under Section 397 IPC and a sentence to
undergo rigorous imprisonment for seven years and a fine of Rs.500/-
and in default of payment of fine, to further undergo three months
rigorous imprisonment. They were further convicted under Section
395 IPC, awarded life imprisonment and fine of Rs. 1,000/- and in
default of payment of fine, to further undergo six months rigorous
imprisonment. Accused namely, Ghurelal, Chunchu @ Bhagwan
Singh, Kallu, Rajpal and Samay Singh were further convicted under
Sections 3/25 and 3/27 of the Arms Act and sentence was awarded to
undergo three years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 500/-
each of them, in default of payment of fine, to further undergo three
months rigorous imprisonment.
4
F. Being aggrieved by the said decision, all the accused including
the two respondents preferred Criminal Appeal No. 1579 of 2002,
which has been decided by the High Court vide judgment and order
dated 27.10.2004 acquitting the two respondents/accused though
maintaining the conviction and sentence in respect of other accused.
Hence, this appeal by the State against their acquittal.
3. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned Additional Advocate General for
the State of Rajasthan, has submitted that recovery of some of the
looted property had been made on the basis of the disclosure
statements made by the said respondents. The law provides for a
presumption that they had participated in the crime and, therefore, the
High Court has wrongly acquitted the said accused and thus, the
appeal deserves to be allowed.
4. On the contrary, Shri Altaf Hussain, learned counsel appearing
for the said two accused, has vehemently opposed the appeal
contending that mere recovery of looted property on the disclosure
statement of the accused, is not enough to bring home the charges of
offence of loot or dacoity, when the recovery is made after expiry of
a considerable period from the date of incident and particularly when
the nature of the looted property is such which can change hands
5
easily. Thus, no inference can be drawn against the respondents. The
order of acquittal made by the High Court has been passed on proper
appreciation of facts and application of law. The appeal lacks merit
and is liable to be dismissed.
5. We have considered the rival submissions made by the learned
counsel for the parties and perused the record.
6. Admitted facts remained so far as the two respondents/accused
are concerned, that no test identification parade was held at all.
Further none of the eye witnesses, particularly, Shashi Devi (PW.12),
Santosh Jagwayan (PW.13), Kripa Dayal Yadav (PW.2), Preeti
(PW.14) and Sandhya (PW.15), identified either of the said
respondents in the court. Therefore, there is no evidence so far as
their identification is concerned.
7. Thus, the sole question remains to be decided whether adverse
inference could be drawn against the accused merely on the basis of
recoveries made on their disclosure statements.
7.1. In Gulab Chand v. State of M.P., AIR 1995 SC 1598, this
Court upheld the conviction for committing dacoity on the basis of
recovery of ornaments of the deceased from the possession of the
6
person accused of robbery and murder immediately after the
occurrence.
7.2. In Geejaganda Somaiah v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2007
SC 1355, this Court relied on the judgment in Gulab Chand (supra)
and observed that simply on the recovery of stolen articles, no
inference can be drawn that a person in possession of the stolen
articles is guilty of the offence of murder and robbery. But culpability
for the aforesaid offences will depend on the facts and circumstances
of the case and the nature of evidence adduced.
It has been indicated by this Court in Sanwat Khan v. State of
Rajasthan, AIR 1956 SC 54, that no hard and fast rule can be laid
down as to what inference should be drawn from certain
circumstances.
7.3. In Tulsiram Kanu v. State, AIR 1954 SC 1, this Court has
indicated that the presumption permitted to be drawn under Section
114, Illustration (a) of the Evidence Act 1872 has to be drawn under
the 'important time factor'. If the ornaments in possession of the
deceased are found in possession of a person soon after the murder,
a presumption of guilt may be permitted. But if a long period has
7
expired in the interval, the presumption cannot be drawn having
regard to the circumstances of the case.
7.4. In Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka AIR 1983 SC 446,
this Court held that the nature of the presumption under Illustration (a)
of Section 114 of the Evidence Act must depend upon the nature of
evidence adduced. No fixed time-limit can be laid down to determine
whether possession is recent or otherwise. Each case must be judged
on its own facts. The question as to what amounts to recent possession
sufficient to justify the presumption of guilt varies according "as the
stolen article is or is not calculated to pass readily from hand to hand".
If the stolen articles were such as were not likely to pass readily from
hand to hand, the period of one year that elapsed could not be said to
be too long particularly when the appellant had been absconding
during that period.
7.5. Following such a reasoning, in Sanjay @ Kaka etc. etc. v. The
State (NCT of Delhi), AIR 2001 SC 979, this Court upheld the
conviction by the trial court since disclosure statements were made by
the accused persons on the next day of the commission of the offence
and the property of the deceased was recovered at their instance from
the places where they had kept such properties, on the same day. The
8
Court found that the trial Court was justified in holding that the
disclosure statements of the accused persons and huge recoveries from
them at their instance by itself was a sufficient circumstance on the
very next day of the incident which clearly went to show that the
accused persons had joined hands to commit the offence of robbery.
Therefore, recent and unexplained possession of stolen properties will
be taken to be presumptive evidence of the charge of murder as well.
7.6. In Ronny Alias Ronald James Alwaris & Ors. v. State of
Maharashtra, AIR 1998 SC 1251, this Court held that apropos the
recovery of articles belonging to the family of the deceased from the
possession of the appellants soon after the robbery and the murder of
the deceased remained unexplained by the accused, and so the
presumption under Illustration (a) of Section 114 of the Evidence Act
would be attracted :
"It needs no discussion to conclude that the murder and the
robbery of the articles were found to be part of the same
transaction. The irresistible conclusion would therefore, be
that the appellants and no one else had committed the three
murders and the robbery."
(See also: Baijur v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1978 SC 522;
and Mukund alias Kundu Mishra & Anr. v. State of Madhya
Pradesh, AIR 1997 SC 2622).
9
7.7. Thus, the law on this issue can be summarized to the effect that
where only evidence against the accused is recovery of stolen
properties, then although the circumstances may indicate that the theft
and murder might have been committed at the same time, it is not safe
to draw an inference that the person in possession of the stolen
property had committed the murder. It also depends on the nature of
the property so recovered, whether it was likely to pass readily from
hand to hand. Suspicion should not take the place of proof.
8. In the instant case, accused Kuniya was arrested on 24.12.1996
and a silver glass and one thousand rupees were alleged to have been
recovered on his disclosure statement on 29.12.1996. Again on
disclosure statement dated 2.1.1997, a scooter alleged to have been
used in the dacoity, was recovered. Similarly, another accused
Talevar was arrested on 19.1.1997 and on his disclosure statement on
26.1.1997, two thousand rupees, a silver key ring and a key of
Ambassador car alleged to have been used in the crime were
recovered. Thus, it is evident that recovery on the disclosure
statements of either of the respondents/accused persons was not in
close proximity of time from the date of incident. More so, recovery
is either of cash, small things or vehicles which can be passed from
10
one person to another without any difficulty. In such a fact situation,
we reach the inescapable conclusion that no presumption can be
drawn against the said two respondents/accused under Section 114
Illustration (a) of the Evidence Act. No adverse inference can be
drawn on the basis of recoveries made on their disclosure statements
to connect them with the commission of the crime.
9. The instant appeal has been prepared by the State against the
judgment and order of acquittal of the respondents by the High Court.
The law on the issue is settled to the effect that only in exceptional
cases where there are compelling circumstances and the judgment
under appeal is found to be perverse, the appellate court can interfere
with the order of acquittal. The appellate court should bear in mind
the presumption of innocence of the accused and further that the trial
Court's acquittal bolsters the presumption of his innocence.
Interference in a routine manner where the other view is possible
should be avoided, unless there are good reasons for interference.
(See : Brahm Swaroop & Anr. v. State of U.P., AIR 2011 SC 280;
V.S. Achuthanandan v. R. Balakrishna Pillai & Ors., (2011) 3
SCC 317; and Rukia Begum & Ors. v. State of Karnataka, (2011)
4 SCC 779).
11
10. In view of the above, we do not find any reason to interfere
with the well reasoned judgment and order of the High Court
acquitting the said respondents. The appeal lacks merit and is
accordingly dismissed.
....................................
J.
(Dr. B.S. CHAUHAN)
.....................................J.
(SWATANTER KUMAR)
New Delhi,
June 17, 2011
12
