1
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.8225 OF 2012
Gopal Prasad … Appellant
versus
Bihar School Examination
Board & Others … Respondent
J U D G M E N T
Indira Banerjee, J.
I have gone through the draft judgment prepared by my
esteemed brother, but have unfortunately not been able to
agree that the appeal should be dismissed.
2. The appeal is against an order dated 3.8.2012, passed by a
Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Patna,
dismissing Letters Patent Appeal No.1090 of 2012 and affirming
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the order of the Single Bench dated 24.4.2017 dismissing the
Writ Petition CWJC No. 7718 of 2012, filed by the Appellant.
3. The Appellant was appointed as Calligraphist-cum-Assistant
of the Bihar School Examination Board on 20th May 1970, at
about 15½ years of age . It is not in dispute, that on the date of
appointment of the Appellant, that is, 20th May 1970 there was
no minimum age prescribed for appointment to the post of
Calligraphist-cum-Assistant. However, the minimum age of entry
into pensionable service was 16 years. This meant that the
period of service of an employee before attaining the age of 16
years, would not count towards pension.
4. By a Government circular dated 15th January 1998 issued
by the Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department of the
State of Bihar, the minimum age for appointment to an inferior
service under the Government of Bihar was fixed at 18 years.
The said circular, fixing the minimum age for appointment at 18
years, which was issued almost 18 years after the appointment
of the petitioner, was prospective and applied only to
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appointments made after issuance of the said circular.
5. The terms and conditions of service of employees of the
Bihar School Examination Board are governed by the Bihar
Service Code. Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code inter alia
provides that “The date of compulsory retirement of a
Government Servant is the date on which he attains the age of
58 years. He may be retained in service after the date of
compulsory retirement with the sanction of State Government
on public grounds, which must be recorded in writing.”
6. On 15th January 2004, the Bihar School Examination Board
resolved to treat the age of entry into service, of those
incumbents who were below 18 years at the time of joining
service, as 18 years at the time of their appointment.
7. The relevant extract of the resolution, as translated in
English, is extracted hereinbelow for convenience:-
“Today dated 15
th
January, 2004 meeting of Board of
Bihar Schools Examination Committee held in the
Room of the Chairman. In which Dr. Jitender Singh,
Chancellor, Patna University, Patna and Shri Subhash
Chander Chaudhary, Assistant Teacher, C.M. High
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School, Siwan participated as Members in addition to
the Chairman.
Proceedings
Agenda No. 1 : …………
Agenda No.2 :
Regarding employees
having age less than 18
years appointed in the
Committee
After analysis of the legal advice received
in the light of the judgment taken in the
meeting of the Committee held on
18.11.2003 about the employees having
age less than 18 years appointed in the
Committee, Hon’ble Member Dr. Jitender
Singh, chancellor Patna University, Patna
informed that proceedings should be
initiated in Committee also under the letter
No.1961 dated 12.11.1995 from the
Secretary, Higher Education Department,
Bihar Patna. According to the provision of
the said letter, decision was taken
unanimously that employees who have
been appointed in the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee at the age below
18 years, taking their age at 18 years as on
the date of their appointment, they be
superannuated on completion of age of 60
years in the case of Category-4 and on
completion of age of 58 years in case of
Category-3.
8. On a bare reading of the said resolution, it is patently clear
that employees who had been appointed before attaining the
age of 18 years, were to be deemed to have attained the age of
18 years on the date of their appointment and that they would
superannuate on completion of 60 years of age if they were
Category-4 employees and on completion of 58 years of age in
case they were Category-3 employees. The age of 58 years for
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category-3 employees was, later, during the tenure of service of
the Appellant, increased to 60 years.
9. The resolution may not have perfectly been worded. In my
view, the resolution was a beneficial one in the interest of those
employees who would otherwise have been deprived of
pensionary benefits for the period of service rendered by them
before attaining the age of 18 years. Such employees were to
be deemed to be 18 years on the date of their appointment, so
that they were not deprived of pensionary benefits for part of
their service period, but were to retire on attaining the age of
retirement as prescribed in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code.
The resolution might also have been necessitated by reason of
irregular appointments after the Circular dated 15th January
1998 of persons who had not attained 18 years of age, to put all
disputes with regard to the legality of their appointment to rest.
It does not appear that the resolution was intended to retire
employees who had joined service before attaining the age of
18 years, before completion of their actual age of retirement,
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as per the Rules.
10. If it were the intent of the resolution, that employees
appointed before attaining the age of 18 years, would retire
before attaining the actual age of retirement, as per Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, the language and/or wording of the
resolution would have been different. The resolution would then
have expressly stated that, the date of birth of employees,
appointed before attaining the age of 18 years, would, for the
purpose of retirement, be deemed to be the date on which the
concerned employee would have been born, if he/she were to
complete 18 years of age on the date of appointment. The
Resolution would clearly have stated that such employees
would retire on attaining the age of retirement prescribed in the
Bihar Service Code on the basis of their deemed date of birth,
notwithstanding the fact that they may not have attained the
age of retirement as per the Bihar Service Code as per their
date of birth as recorded by the Bihar School Examination
Board.
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11. As observed above the date of retirement of the employees
of the Bihar School Examination Board is governed by Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code. No decision to decrease the age of
retirement of employees who had joined service before
attaining the age of 18 years, could in my view, have been
taken without amending Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code in
accordance with law. There could be no question of amendment
of any provision of the Bihar Service code merely by a resolution
of the Bihar School Examination Board.
12. On 14th February 2004 an Office Order was issued to the
Appellant, the contents of which, as translated, are extracted
hereinbelow:-
“Shri Gopal Prasad, Assistant got appointment in
Bihar School Examination Committee in the age
less than 18 years, The minimum age for
appointment in service in any of the Government
(Semi-Government) Autonomous Institutions has
been prescribed at 18 years. Decision has been
taken in the meeting of the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee held on 15.01.2004 that
taking their age at 18 years as on the date of their
appointment, they be superannuated on
completion of age of 60 years in the case of
Category-4 and on completion of age of 58 years in
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case of Category-3.
Therefore, treating the age of Shri Gopal Prasad,
Assistant at 18 years as on the date of his
appointment i.e. 27.05.1970, as per the directions,
orders are issued to record his date of retirement in
Service books as 31.05.2010.”
13. The order dated 14th February 2004 in so far as the same
purports to record the date of retirement of the Appellant as 31st
May 2010 in his Service Book, is contrary to Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code and also beyond the scope and ambit of the
resolution taken on 15th January 2004. Any prescription of
minimum age for appointment, subsequent to the appointment
of the Appellant, could not retrospectively be applied to the
Appellant.
14. From the pleadings filed in connection with this appeal, it is
not clear whether the Appellant objected to the said Office Order
dated 14th February 2004. In any case, an office order which is
patently illegal and entails adverse civil consequence is not
precluded from challenge on the ground that the aggrieved
employee may not have objected to the office order, and more
so, when the legality of similar orders was awaiting adjudication
in Courts of law. There were various writ petitions pending in the
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High Court, on the question of whether persons who had joined
service before attaining the age of 18 years could unilaterally be
retired before they actually attained the age of retirement
stipulated in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Rules, because they
were to be deemed to have completed 18 years of age on the
date of their appointment. It is also a matter of record that many
of these writ petitions were decided in favour of the employees,
instances of which have been given later in this judgment.
15. It is not in dispute that the Appellant’s date of birth is 19th
November 1954 as per the records of the Bihar School
Examination Board. It is nobody’s case that the date of birth of
the Appellant as recorded, that is 19th November 1954, is not his
correct date of birth.
16. The Appellant’s date of birth being 19th November 1954 he
was to complete 58 years of age on 19th November 2012. The
age of retirement was, however increased to 60 from 58 years,
before 18th November 2012. The Appellant’s date of birth being
19th November 1954, he was to complete sixty years of age on
18th November 2014.
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17. As observed above, long before the Appellant was
appointed in service of the Bihar School Examination Board,
Rule 5 in Appendix-5 of the Bihar Pension Rules was amended.
The qualifying age of government servants for consideration of
pensionary benefits was raised from 16 to 18 years.
Governmental authorities, however, continued to appoint
employees who had not attained eighteen years of age.
18. On or about 16th February 2012, the Appellant’s son filed
an application under the Right to Information Act, enquiring
about the date of superannuation fixed by the Board for his
father’s retirement.
19. By a letter dated 26th March 2012 the Board informed the
Appellant’s son that in view of the decision dated 14th February
2004, the Appellant’s age as on 27th May, 1970 was to be
considered 18 years and therefore his retirement was to be on
31st May 2010, on completion of 58 years, which age had later
been increased to completion of 60 years. The date of
retirement would therefore be 31st May 2012.
20. Thereafter, the Appellant filed the writ petition CWJC
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No.7718 of 2012 in the High Court of Patna challenging the
communication dated 20th March 2012 under the Right to
Information Act and also the order dated 14th February 2004.
21. By an order dated 24th April 2012, the Single Bench
dismissed the writ petition, relying upon the Full Bench judgment
of the Patna High Court In Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and
Another vs. Chief Executive Officer, Bihar Rajya Khadi
Gramoudyog Board and Ors.
1
. The Full Bench of Patna High
Court had held:-
“16. Be that as it may, one thing is certain that admittedly
both the petitioners when they entered into the contract with
the respondent Board they had not attained the age of
majority. Apart from its legal impact and effect, the
ramifications and end result on the status of a contract, in
terms of the service relationship, a person could be said to
have entered into a valid service, only, when he has attained
the age of majority. So the minimum age prescribed at the
entry point in the Government service has been 18 years. The
maximum age prescribed for the exit point is 58 years. In
other words, the total length of period of Government service
in any case for pensionary benefits would not exceed 40
years. It is In this context, the Government Circular
mentioned herein above needs to be considered. When there
is a clear Rule provision anything contrary to or inconsistent
with or incompatible to it, any circular or resolution or order,
will not have any legal and valid effect to abridge the right
enshrined in the Rule Provision. Even if the said circular of
1998 as relied upon by the petitioners is considered to be
beneficial to them then, also, it cannot be read at this
1 . 2006 (1) PLJR 410
12
juncture with the existing statutory provision incorporated in
the Bihar Pension Rules, as well as, the Bihar Service Code.
Therefore, from that point of view also the petitioners cannot
be allowed to contend that they have right to continue even
beyond the age of 58 years though provided in Rule 73 of the
Bihar Service Code which prescribes the superannuation age
of 58 years.
17. Thirdly, it is settled and established proposition of law and
principles of jurisprudence that a person who takes undue
advantage by one or other reasons at the entry point in the
service cannot be allowed to urge that he be given higher
benefit and if it Is urged then clearly, it goes to show that
something wrong or irregular has been done, at the entry
point, in service. So the settled principle, also, creates a very
strong impediment in getting the relief from this Court which
is exercising extraordinary, prerogative, equitable and
discretionary writ jurisdiction by invocation of the provision of
Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
18. In our opinion, therefore, the impugned orders questioned
in both the writ petitions, obviously, cannot be interfered with
from any point of view as discussed hereinabove. The
proposition of law, therefore, is made evidence and
unambiguous that the superannuation age prescribed in Rule
73 of the Bihar Service Code will apply for retirement purpose
and a person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 40 years in service. It is, therefore, evidently,
clear that a Government servant who has completed 40 years
of service or has attained the age of 58 years has to be
superannuated in terms of the existing Rule provision. Our
answer, therefore, is very clear and we answer this reference
accordingly. The contradictory view in the aforesaid decisions
referred to hereinbefore, shall not be a good law.”
22. The mere fact that an employee may have been a
minor at the time of his initial appointment is inconsequential
in the absence of any law at the material time of his
appointment, prohibiting appointment of 15/16 year old
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minors. The Appellant who was 15½ years old may have
been a minor, but certainly not a toddler. It is absurd that any
rational employer, far less a statutory body, would appoint a
toddler. The hypothesis of appointment of a toddler is far
fetched and unrealistic. The apprehension of claims in future
to appointment from persons less than 18 years of age is also
baseless in view of the circular dated 15th January 1998 which
fixes 18 years as the minimum age of retirement. The
circular would govern subsequent appointments.
23. It may be true that a minor is incompetent to enter
into a contract, as observed by my esteemed brother. A
contract may not be enforceable against a minor. A contract
executed by a minor may be voidable at the option of the
minor. The minor may, on attaining majority, repudiate or
ratify and accept the contract.
24. It is nobody’s case that any of the concerned
employees repudiated their contract of appointment on
attaining majority. An employer who knowingly appoints
minors with impunity, with its eyes open, cannot evade its
obligations under the contract of employment, and that too
after the employee has rendered service for almost two
decades after attaining majority. The contracts can be said
to have been ratified by the employees concerned, on
attaining majority. It cannot, also be said, that an employee
appointed when he was 15½ years old, attained any undue
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advantage, when there was no minimum age for appointment
at the material time.
25. The learned Single Judge dismissed the writ petition
relying on the decision of the Full Bench in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra (supra), and the Division Bench dismissed the appeal
from the decision of the learned Single Judge. The learned
Single Bench, as well as the learned Division Bench, had no
option but to follow Ragjawa Narayan Mishra (supra), since
judicial discipline required the Benches of lesser strength to
follow the decision of the Full Bench.
26. In my view, the interpretation of the Full Bench of
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra (supra) is misconceived and erroneous. Counsel
appearing on behalf of the Appellant has rightly argued that
there is no rule which prescribes the length of service as a
criteria for superannuation. Neither Rule 73 of the Bihar
School Code, nor Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950
prescribed any limit to the length of service.
27. The Full Bench fell in error in proceeding on the basis
of the length of service, when Rule 73 of the Bihar Service
15
Code prescribes a specific age of superannuation. As argued
on behalf of the Appellant, Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code
prescribes an age of retirement. The said Rule does not make
length of service a criteria for retirement.
28. The raising of the minimum qualifying age of the
government servant for pensionable service, from 16 to 18
years, meant that if an employee entered service before
attaining the age of 18 years, the period of service from the
actual date of appointment till attainment of the qualifying
age for pensionable service, would not count for the purpose
of computation of pension/pensionary benefits.
29. In Ragjawa Narayan Mishra (supra), the Full
Bench failed to appreciate that the circular of 1998 could have
no manner of application to appointments that had already
been made before the said circular was issued, and certainly
not to appointments made almost two decades before
issuance of the aforesaid circular, at a time when admittedly
there was no minimum age for appointment to government
service. Even assuming that the total length of Government
16
service for pensionary benefits cannot exceed the length of
time between the date of attaining of 18 years and the
attainment of age of 58/60 years as per Rule 73, that would
mean that pensionary benefits would have to be computed on
the basis of the length of service after completion of 18 years
of age. In no case can an employee be retired before
attaining 58 and/or 60 years of age, as prescribed in Rule 73
of the Bihar Service Code.
30. The finding of the Full Bench in Ragjawa Narayan Mishra
(surpa), that the superannuation age prescribed in Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code would apply for retirement purpose and
a person could not be continued after completion of the
retirement age is unexceptionable. In no circumstances could
a government servant claim any right to continue in service
after competion of the age of retirement prescribed in Rule 73
of the Bihar Service Code. However, since length of service is
not a criteria for retirement under the applicable rule, that is
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, a government servant who
had not completed the age of retirement as per his/her actual
17
date of birth recorded in the service records, cannot be made
to retire on the ground of completion of 40 years of service or
service in excess of 40 years. At best, the length of service
would be deemed to be forty years for computation of
pensionary benefits.
31. With the greatest of respect to the Full Bench, I am
unable to agree that Rule 5 in Appendix-5 of the Bihar Pension
Rules prescribing the qualifying age of the government servant
for consideration of pensionary benefits and/or raising of such
age from 16 years to 18 years makes any difference to the age
of retirement prescribed under the Rule 73 of the Bihar Service
Code.
32. The age of retirement and qualifying service for the
purpose of retirement benefits are not one and the same.
Qualifying service for retirement means that the length of
service for the purpose of computation of retiral benefits would
commence from attainment of the age of qualifying service of
pension.
33. Thus, if the age of qualifying service for pension is 18
18
years, the length of service for computation of pensionary
benefits would have to be computed from the date of
attainment of 18 years of age. However, if the prescribed
age of retirement is completion of 60 years, an employee
cannot be forced to retire before attaining that age except on
grounds provided in Service Rules. For example, an employee
may prematurely be retired by way of disciplinary action, if
the rules so provide.
34. When the age of retirement is governed by express
rules, which do not prescribe length of service as a criteria of
retirement, but provide for retirement upon attainment of age,
an employee cannot be made to retire before attaining that
age of retirement, only because he/she has served for a
certain length of time, by a convoluted process of logical
reasoning. My judicial conscience, also does not permit me to
uphold the judgment under appeal, only because the High
Court has, for a while, followed the Full Bench decision of that
Court which has held the field for a while. The Full Bench
decision was, in my opinion, erroneous. This Court has time
19
and again reversed its own decisions including those of
Constitutional Benches, which have held the field for decades.
To cite an example, the Constitution Bench Judgment of this
Court in Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam2 which
held the field for almost half century was overruled by a
judgment of nine-Judge Bench judgment n Jindal Stainless
Ltd v. State of Haryana
3
. I see no reason why the judgment
and order impugned should not be set aside.
35. The issues of whether a government servant could be
superannuated from service on completion of 40 years of
service even in the absence of any such rule, taking aid of
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, which only prescribed the
age of superannuation and whether after completion of 40
years of service, a person could be retired from service,
treating his age as 18 years at the time of entry in service,
were considered by a Division Bench of the High Court of
Jharkhand presided over by S.J. Mukhopadhaya, J. in Ganesh
Ram vs. State of Jharkhand and Ors. numbered W.P.(S)
2 AIR 1961 SC 232
3 2016 SCC Online 1260 decided on 11.11.2016
20
No.1210 of 2003, reported in 2006(2) FLR 156 in the context
of Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code. The Bihar Service Code
is applicable in the State of Jharkhand created pursuant to the
Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000, and comprising areas that
were earlier in the State of Bihar. The issues were answered
in the negative in favour of the employees and against the
State of Jharkhand and others. A copy of the judgment in
Ganesh Ram (supra) is also annexed to the Paper Book as
Annexure P-5.
36. In Ganesh Ram (supra) the Court found, and rightly,
that there was no common minimum age of 18 years
prescribed by the State of Bihar for appointment to service of
the State, or in the State of Jharkhand. The minimum
eligibility age varied from job to job. The Court observed
and held:-
“7…..The definition of 'employee', as laid down
under Section 2(i) of the Act, means any person,
who is employed for hire or reward or to do any
work, skilled or unskilled, etc. and also includes an
employee, employed by the appropriate
Government i.e. State Government or Central
Government. Clause (a) to Section 2 defines
21
"adolescent" means a person, who has completed
his fourteenth year of age but has been completed
his eighteenth year. "Adult" has been defined under
Clause (aa) of Section 2, which means a person,
who has completed his eighteenth year of age and
"child", as defined under Clause (bb) of Section 2,
means a person, who has not completed his
fourteenth year of age. Section 3 of Minimum Wages
Act, 1948 while prescribes the manner in which the
appropriate Government will fix the minimum rates
of wages, under Sub-section (3) appropriate
Government is empowered to fix different minimum
rates of wages for "adults", "adolescent", "children"
and "apprentices". This simply shows that even in
the Government employment, an "adolescent",
though minor, can be appointed for whom different
wages may be fixed.”
The High Court further noted:-
“8. The State of Bihar has issued Police Order No.
209-82, circulated vide Memo No. 6568/P2/43-271-
88, dated 11th August, 1988. This Police Order is
also applicable in the State of Jharkhand, in view of
Section 84 of the Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000. As
per this Order, in every distinct, out of the
sanctioned strength of police force, two posts can
be reserved in which dependent children of police
force, below 18 years of age, can be appointed on
compassionate ground, if the police personnel dies
while on duty. Those children, so appointed, are
commonly known "as Bal-Arakshi" and are paid
minimum of the scale of pay of the post, without
annual increment, till they attain majority. It is only
on attaining majority, if the "Bal-Arakshi" so wishes
and is qualified, they are appointed as Constable
against such posts. The children, on appointment,
are provided with two half-pants, two shirts two-sets
of socks, one pair of shoes etc. This simply goes to
show that there is no bar on appointment of a minor
in the services of the State.”
37. Of Course, as noted in the judgment in Ganesh Ram
22
(supra) after the enactment and enforcement of the Child Labour
(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 employment of a child
which means a person who has not completed 14 years of age is
prohibited for certain types of work. However, the said Child
Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 is of no application
in this case, because the petitioner was appointed long before
the enactment and enforcement of the said Act and in any case
he was above 14 years of age at the time of appointment.
38. The issue of whether an employee could be made to retire
before completion of actual age of retirement as prescribed in
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code on the basis of a deemed age
was answered in the negative, against an employer and in
favour of the employee in the following cases referred to in
Ganesh Ram (supra):-
1. Mokhtar Ahmad v. B.S.R.T.C. and Ors. (1995(1) PLJR 183(DB)
2. Mantu v. C.C.L. (2001 (1) JCR 181)
3. Kalanand Jha v. State of Jharkhand and Ors. (2001 (3) JCR 228)
4. Balkeshwar v. Central Coalfields Ltd. (2002 (1) JCR 175
5. Pranadhar Prasad v. State of Jharkhand and Ors.
(MANU/JH/1137/2002.
39. I am of the view that the law has correctly been interpreted
by the Division Bench of the High Court of Jharkhand in Ganesh
Ram (supra). A person can only be retired on attainment of the
prescribed age of retirement unless the rules expressly make
length of service a criteria of retirement, as in the case of
employees of the Bihar State Electricity Board, governed by
23
Notification dated 9th September 1997, issued under Section 79
(c) of the Electricity Supply Act, 1948, under which the date of
superannuation prescribed was completion of 60 years of age or
completion of 42 years of service, whichever is earlier.
40. The judgment in Nagaland Senior Government
Employees Welfare Association and others (supra) referred
to by my esteemed brother is in my view clearly distinguishable.
39. In the aforesaid case the applicable Rules expressly made
completion of the length of service prescribed, a criteria for
retirement.
41. This Court upheld the validity of Section 3 of the Nagaland
Retirement from Public Employment Act, 1991 which provided:-
"S.-3. Retirement from public employment: (1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in any rule or orders for the time being in force,
a person in public employment shall hold office for a term of thirtythree years from the date of his joining public employment or until
he attains the age of fifty-seven years whichever is earlier :
Provided that in special circumstances, a person under public
employment may be granted extension by the State Government
upto a maximum of one year;
Provided further that the Government may have the cases of all
persons under public employment screened from time to time to
determine their suitability for continuation in public employment
after the attainment of the age of fifty years.
(2) All persons under public employment shall retire on the
afternoon of the last day of the month in which he attains the age
of fifty-seven years or on completion of thirty-three years of public
employment whichever is earlier.”
24
42. By the Nagaland Retirement from Public Employment
(Amendment) Act, 2007 (the First Amendment Act, 2007) the
age of retirement was enhanced to 60 years from 57 years. By
the Nagaland Retirement from Public Employment (Second
Amendment) Act, 2009 (the Second Amendment Act, 2009) the
length of service of the State Government employees was
increased to 35 years instead of 33 years. This Court held :-
“a provision such as that at issue which prescribes
retiring the persons from public employment in the
State of Nagaland on completion of 35 years’ service
from the date of joining or until attaining the age of 60
years, whichever is earlier, does not suffer from the
vice of arbitrariness or irrationality and is not violative
of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The appeal
has no merit and is dismissed with no order as to
costs.”
43. As observed above, in this case Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code does not prescribe any length of service as criteria
for retirement. The prescribed age of retirement for employees
of the category to which the Appellant belonged was 58 years,
later increased to 60 years. The decision of the respondents to
retire the Appellant before he attained the age of 60 years as
per his actual date of birth, as recorded in the service records
cannot be sustained.
44. I am of the view that the appeal should be allowed and
the judgment and order of the Division Bench and the Single
25
Bench be set aside. The Appellant is entitled to a declaration
that the Appellant was entitled to continue in service till 18th
November 2014, being the date on which he completed 60
years of age, as per his service records, and shall be entitled to
all consequential benefits including arrears of pay, if any,
pensionary benefits etc.
45. Since we have not agreed, let the matter be placed before
Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for assignment to a larger
Bench.
.................................J
(INDIRA BANERJEE)
MAY 28, 2020
NEW DELHI
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 8225 OF 2012
GOPAL PRASAD ….APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
BIHAR SCHOOL EXAMINATION BOARD
AND OTHERS ….RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
Rastogi, J.
1. The present appeal is directed against the judgment dated
3
rd August, 2012 passed by the Division Bench of the High Court
of Judicature at Patna in Letters Patent Appeal No. 1090 of 2012
confirming the judgment of the Single Bench of the High Court
dated 24th April, 2012 upholding that the appellant has rightly
been retired from service on attaining the age of superannuation.
1
2. The brief facts relevant for the present purpose which
manifest from the record are that the appellant was an employee
of Bihar School Examination Board(hereinafter being referred to
as “Board”) and was initially appointed as a Calligraphist cum
Assistant vide order dated 20th May, 1970 pursuant to which he
joined service on 27th May, 1970. Although the date of birth of
the appellant as per school records was 19th November, 1954 and
at the time of entering into service on 27th May, 1970, he was 15
years 6 months and 8 days old. At the time of his entry into
service, the retirement age of the employees of the Board was 58
years but at a later stage, the age of retirement was extended by
the Government of Bihar from 58 years to 60 years, in
consequence the Board also in its meeting held on 30th March,
2005 decided to extend the age of retirement of its employees
from 58 years to 60 years and pursuant thereto, the date of
compulsory retirement of the Board employee became the date on
which one attained the age of 60 years.
3. Before the matter is examined on merits, it will be apposite
to take note of the material projection of the rules relevant for the
purpose. The services of the State Government employees are
2
governed by Bihar Service Code, 1952, Bihar Pension Rules,
1950. The age of superannuation has been prescribed under
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952. At the same time, Rule
57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950 effective from 20th January,
1950 prescribes the qualifying service, and further amended by
Rule 5 of Section IV(Qualifying service) of the Pension Rules
amended with effect from 23rd August, 1950. The rules relevant
for the purpose are extracted hereunder.
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952
“The date of compulsory retirement of a Government
servant is the date on which he attains the age of 58
years. He may be retained in service after the date of
compulsory retirement with the sanction of the State
Government on public grounds, which must be
recorded in writing.”
Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950 effective from 20th
January, 1950
“For a Government servant in inferior service,
qualifying service, shall not begin until the
Government servant concerned attained the age of 16
years.”
Rule 5 of Section IV(Qualifying Service) of the Pension Rules
effective from 23rd
August, 1950
“The minimum age after which service for pension is
raised from 16 to 18 years in the case of Government
servant belonging to an inferior service (1) who enters
service of the Government of Bihar, after the date on
which this order came into force or (2) who, having
entered such service on or before that date did not
hold a lien or suspended lien on a permanent
pensionable post under the Government of Bihar on
that date.”
3
4. The reliance has also been placed by a Government Circular
dated 15th January, 1998 issued by Personnel and Administrative
reforms Department of the State of Bihar.
5. On a careful scanning of the aforesaid provisions, it clearly
manifest that the pension rules were introduced in 1950 and
after amendment was made under Rule 5 of the Pension Rules,
1950 effective from 23rd August, 1950, the minimum age of the
qualifying service for pension became 18 years. It is not disputed
that minimum age for entering into service under Bihar Service
Code, 1952 has not been prescribed but still there cannot be any
entry into service before one has attained the age of majority, i.e.
18 years as prescribed under the Rules, 1950 unless there is a
specific rule to the contrary. Keeping in view the age of
retirement, as in the instant case is of 60 years, the maximum
qualifying service which one could render would be of 42 years.
6. The Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 took a
decision that those who have entered into service prior to
attaining the age of 18 years, taking their age as 18 years as on
the date of their appointment, they will be superannuated on
competition of 60 years in the case of category4 and on
4
competition of age of 58 years in the case of category3. The
extract of the Resolution of the Board meeting held on 15th
January, 2004 placed at Annexure P2 of the paper book,
relevant for the purpose is extracted hereunder:
“….
Agenda no. 2
Regarding employees having age
less than 18 years appointed in the
Committee.
After analysis of the legal advice
received in the light of the judgment
taken in the meeting of the
Committee held on 18.11.03 about
the employees having age less than
18 year appointed in the
Committee, Hon’ble Member Dr.
Jitender Singh, Chancellor Patna
University, Patna informed that
proceedings should be initiated in
Committee also under the letter No.
1961 dated 12.11.1995 from the
Secretary, High Education
Department, Patna. According to
the provision of the said letter,
decision was taken unanimously
that employees who have been
appointed in the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee at the age
below 18 years, taking their age at
18 years as on the date of their
appointment, they be
superannuated on competition of
age of 60 years in the case of
Category4 and on completion of age
of 58 years in case of Category3.
7. Taking note of its resolution dated 15th January, 2004, the
appellant was informed vide communication dated 26th March,
2012 that he has completed 42 years of qualifying service which
5
an employee could render and accordingly he stood retired from
service on 31st May, 2012 after completing 42 years of qualifying
service.
8. The claim of the appellant was that he should be retired
from service on completing 60 years on the basis of his age
recorded in the Board as well as in his service book, i.e., 19th
November, 1954. It appears from the record that the controversy
and conflict of opinion of the Division Bench of the High Court of
Bihar was resolved by the Full Bench vide Judgment dated 5th
January, 2005 by the High Court of Patna in the case of
Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and Ors. Vs. Chief Executive
Officer, Bihar Rajya Khadi Gramoudyog Board and Ors.1
which was noticed by the Single Bench of the High Court and
confirmed by the Division Bench in its impugned judgment while
repudiating the claim of the appellant for continuation in service
until he completes the age of 60 years on the basis of his age
recorded in the Board, i.e. 19th November, 1954.
9. Learned counsel for the appellant submits that a person
cannot be superannuated prior to his attaining the age of 60
1 2006(1) PLJR 410
6
years merely because he completes 42 years of qualifying service,
in the absence of any such rule to the contrary. The aforesaid
decision was in teeth of Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952
which merely prescribes the age as the criteria for
superannuation. There is no rule prescribing length of service as
a criteria for superannuation and this has not been considered
by the Full Bench which has been relied upon by the High Court
in the impugned judgment in repelling the contention of the
appellant.
10. Learned counsel for the respondents, on the other hand,
while supporting the findings recorded by the Division Bench of
the High Court in the impugned judgment submits that there
was difference of opinion between the two Division Benches of the
High Court and that has been resolved by the Full Bench in
Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and Ors. case(supra) and this has
been followed consistently by the High Court and further submits
that the entry into public employment could not be offered before
one attains the age of majority i.e. 18 years as per Section 3 of
The Majority Act, 1875, the age of superannuation would be 58
years/60 years, as the case may be, the total service which
7
logically one could render may not exceed in any case beyond
40/42 years of service and this what has been resolved by the
Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 and this was
never the subject matter of challenge even by the appellant when
he was communicated by letter dated 26th March, 2012 that he
would be attaining the age of superannuation on 31st May, 2012
on completing 42 years of service.
11. Learned counsel further submits that Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code, 1952 read with Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules,
1950 and Rule 5 of Section IV of the Pension Rules makes it clear
that there could not be any entry in the Government service
before the person attains the age of 18 years even in the year
1970 when the appellant was appointed and if the age at the
entry level and the exit level has been prescribed by the rule
making authority, by no stretch, one could go ahead more than
40/42 years of service. In the given circumstances, when the
appellant indisputedly had completed 42 years of service in May
2012, the decision of the respondent to retire him on
superannuation cannot be said to be faulted with and it may not
be revisited at this stage more so when it has been consistently
8
followed by the High Court for almost more than one and half
decade and needs no interference.
12. The provisions of the aforesaid statutory rules which has
been referred to supra envisage that the Government, by virtue of
an amendment inserted rule 5 to the Bihar Pension Rules which
came into effect w.e.f. 23rd August, 1950, much before the
appellant entered into service of the Board, the qualifying age of a
Government servant for consideration of pensionary benefits
came to be 18 years in the Government service which came to be
clarified by the Government by its order dated 15th January, 1998
making its intention clear to all its subordinates that 18 years
shall be the age of Government servant entering into service.
13. There is no dispute that the service conditions of the
employees are ordinarily governed by the statutory rules or in its
absence, under regulations or administrative decisions having a
binding force but the person who attains the age of majority
alone be competent enough to enter into valid contract of service.
Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines as to who is
competent to contract.
“Who are competent to contract – Every person is
competent to contract who is of the age of majority
9
according to the law to which he is subject, and who is
of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting
by any law to which he is subject.”
14. The provision clearly manifests that for entering into valid
contract of service, one has to attain the age of majority in terms
of The Majority Act, 1875 and what could be the age of majority
has been defined under Section 3 of The Majority Act, 1875
which is as under:
“3. Age of Majority of persons domiciled in India(1)
Every person domiciled in India shall attain the age of
majority on his completing the age of eighteen years
and not before.
(2) In computing the age of any person, the date on
which he was born is to be included as a whole day
and he shall be deemed to have attained majority at
the beginning of the eighteenth anniversary of that
day.”
15. Indisputedly, the appellant, in the instant case, was minor
on the date of entry into service in May 1970 and unless there is
a specific rule to the contrary, minor is not eligible/qualified to
seek public employment. It is true that the minimum age at the
entry level shall always be prescribed by the rule making
authority. In the instant case, the State authority under its
Pension Rules, 1950 prescribes the qualifying service of
Government servant which was raised to 18 years by an
10
amendment made effective from 23rd August, 1950. If the
minimum age at the relevant time was not prescribed under the
Bihar Service Code, 1952, at least the Government is justified in
taking assistance of the Pension Rules, 1950 to hold that the
minimum age at the entry point shall be 18 years for all practical
purposes. That apart, if the age at the entry level is left open
ended, the minor of whatever age, can seek his eligibility for
public employment leaving no lifetime of service one could render
which is manifestly illogical and can never be the intention of the
rule making authority.
16. Admittedly, in the instant case, when the appellant entered
into service, he was 15 years and 6 months old and had not
attained the age of majority and the minimum age at the entry
point in terms of the Pension Rules, 1950 is 18 years and
maximum age prescribed for exit point is 60 years as a logical
consequence, the total length of service which one could render
in the Government service may not exceed 42 years and when
there is an unambiguous selfexplicit provision, anything
contrary to or inconsistent with or incompatible to it, any circular
or resolution or order, will not have any legal and valid effect to
11
abridge the right enshrined in the scheme of Rules and this what
has been considered by the Full Bench of the Patna High Court
which was relied upon by the single Judge of the High Court
while repudiating claim of the appellant in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra and Ors.(supra) as follows:
“16. Be that as it may, one thing is certain that
admittedly both the petitioners when they entered into
the contract with the respondent Board they had not
attained the age of majority. Apart from its legal
impact and effect, the ramifications and end result on
the status of a contract, in terms of the service
relationship, a person could be said to have entered
into a valid service, only, when he has attained the age
of majority. So the minimum age prescribed at the
entry point in the Government service has been 18
years. The maximum age prescribed for the exit point
is 58 years. In other words, the total length of period of
Government service in any case for pensionary
benefits would not exceed 40 years. It is in this
context, the Government Circular mentioned herein
above needs to be considered. When there is a clear
Rule provision anything contrary to or inconsistent
with or incompatible to it, any circular or resolution or
order, will not have any legal and valid effect to
abridge the right enshrined in the Rule Provision. Even
if the said circular of 1998 as relied upon by the
petitioners is considered to be beneficial to them then,
also, it cannot be read at this juncture with the
existing statutory provision incorporated in the Bihar
Pension Rules, as well as, the Bihar Service Code.
Therefore, from that point of view also the petitioners
cannot be allowed to contend that they have right to
continue even beyond the age of 58 years though
provided in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code which
prescribes the superannuation age of 58 years.
17. Thirdly, it is settled and established proposition of
law and principles of jurisprudence that a person who
takes undue advantage by one or other reasons at the
12
entry point in the service cannot be allowed to urge
that he be given higher benefit and if it Is urged then
clearly, it goes to show that something wrong or
irregular has been done, at the entry point, in service.
So the settled principle, also, creates a very strong
impediment in getting the relief from this Court which
is exercising extraordinary, prerogative, equitable and
discretionary writ jurisdiction by invocation of the
provision of Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
18. In our opinion, therefore, the impugned orders
questioned in both the writ petitions, obviously,
cannot be interfered with from any point of view as
discussed hereinabove. The proposition of law,
therefore, is made evidence and unambiguous that the
superannuation age prescribed in Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code will apply for retirement purpose and a
person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 40 years in service. It is, therefore,
evidently, clear that a Government servant who has
completed 40 years of service or has attained the age
of 58 years has to be superannuated in terms of the
existing Rule provision. Our answer, therefore, is very
clear and we answer this reference accordingly. The
contradictory view in the aforesaid decisions referred
to hereinbefore, shall not be a good law.”
17. One view has been expressed by the full Bench of the Patna
High Court of which the reference has been made, the other view
of the prospect which has been referred to by the Jharkhand
High Court of which a reference has been made by the appellant
in the appeal but what persuaded me further is that the
judgment of the Full Bench of the Patna High Court dated 5th
December, 2005 at least in the State of Bihar has been
consistently followed for almost a decade and a half and learned
13
Single Judge/Division Bench has passed several orders placing
reliance on the Full Bench of the Patna High Court. The view
which has been expressed is one of the plausible view and, in my
view, it would not be advisable to overturn only for the reason
that the view expressed by the Jharkhand High Court appears to
be more plausible in appreciating the scheme of statutory rules of
which a reference has been made.
18. Indisputedly, the appellant cannot be allowed to contend
that he has a right to continue upto the age of 60 years as per his
date of birth recorded in the Board records in view of Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, 1952. From the scheme of Rules, it is
clear that the superannuation age prescribed under Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, 1952 will apply for retirement purpose
and the person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 42 years in service taking note of the Pension
Rules, 1950. It clearly manifests that the Government servant
who had completed 42 years of service on attaining the age of 60
years, both implicit, has to be superannuated in terms of the
scheme of Rules and this what has been considered by the Full
14
Bench of the High Court in the judgment which has been relied
by the High Court of Patna in the impugned judgment.
19. A two Judge Bench of this Court in Nagaland Senior
Government Employees Welfare Association and Others Vs.
State of Nagaland and Others 2010(7) SCC 643 had an
occasion to examine the validity of Section 3 of the Public
Employment Act, 1991 as amended by the Public
Employment(Amendment) Act, 2007 which was substituted by
the following provision:
“3. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any
rule or orders for the time being in force, a person in
public employment shall hold office for a term of 35
years from the date of joining public employment or
until he attains the age of 60 years, whichever is
earlier.
(2) A person under public employment shall retire
on the afternoon of the last day of the month in
which he attains the age of 60 years, or in which he
completes 35 years of public employment,
whichever is earlier.”
This Court further held that fixation of maximum length of
service as an alternative criterion for retirement from public
service, by no stretch of imagination, can be held to be violative
of any recognized norms of employment planning. Para 40 is
extracted hereunder:
15
“40. We are afraid, K. Nagaraj case [(1985) 1 SCC
523 instead of helping the appellants, rather
supports the stand of the State. Fixation of
maximum length of service as an alternative
criterion for retirement from public service, by no
stretch of imagination, can be held to be violative of
any recognised norms of employment planning.
There may be a large number of compelling reasons
that may necessitate the Government (or for that
matter the legislature) to prescribe the rule of
retirement from the government service on
completion of specified years. If the reasons are
germane to the object sought to be achieved, such
provision can hardly be faulted.”
20. In the instant case, apart from the scheme of rules of which
a reference has been made, the appellant could not enter into
service below the age of attaining majority, if there is no express
provision of minimum age at the entry level under the Bihar
Service Code as prayed, in isolation is accepted and the age at
the entry level is left open ended, it will take us to a stage where
a toddler or a minor of any given age can claim his eligibility to
enter into public employment which is manifestly illogical and
impermissible in law.
21. Thus, under the existing scheme of Rules, the qualifying
service which one could render in any manner would not exceed
42 years and this what has been clarified by the Government by
its circular dated 15th January, 1998 and that was taken note of
16
by the Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 which
was not the subject matter of challenge and the appellant was
communicated of retirement on attaining full employment of 42
years rendered on 31st May, 2012, which, in my opinion, could
not be said to be in contravention to the scheme of rules.
22. The appeal is without substance and is accordingly
dismissed.
23. Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of.
………………………………….J.
(AJAY RASTOGI)
NEW DELHI
MAY 28, 2020
17
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.8225 OF 2012
Gopal Prasad … Appellant
versus
Bihar School Examination
Board & Others … Respondent
J U D G M E N T
Indira Banerjee, J.
I have gone through the draft judgment prepared by my
esteemed brother, but have unfortunately not been able to
agree that the appeal should be dismissed.
2. The appeal is against an order dated 3.8.2012, passed by a
Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Patna,
dismissing Letters Patent Appeal No.1090 of 2012 and affirming
2
the order of the Single Bench dated 24.4.2017 dismissing the
Writ Petition CWJC No. 7718 of 2012, filed by the Appellant.
3. The Appellant was appointed as Calligraphist-cum-Assistant
of the Bihar School Examination Board on 20th May 1970, at
about 15½ years of age . It is not in dispute, that on the date of
appointment of the Appellant, that is, 20th May 1970 there was
no minimum age prescribed for appointment to the post of
Calligraphist-cum-Assistant. However, the minimum age of entry
into pensionable service was 16 years. This meant that the
period of service of an employee before attaining the age of 16
years, would not count towards pension.
4. By a Government circular dated 15th January 1998 issued
by the Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department of the
State of Bihar, the minimum age for appointment to an inferior
service under the Government of Bihar was fixed at 18 years.
The said circular, fixing the minimum age for appointment at 18
years, which was issued almost 18 years after the appointment
of the petitioner, was prospective and applied only to
3
appointments made after issuance of the said circular.
5. The terms and conditions of service of employees of the
Bihar School Examination Board are governed by the Bihar
Service Code. Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code inter alia
provides that “The date of compulsory retirement of a
Government Servant is the date on which he attains the age of
58 years. He may be retained in service after the date of
compulsory retirement with the sanction of State Government
on public grounds, which must be recorded in writing.”
6. On 15th January 2004, the Bihar School Examination Board
resolved to treat the age of entry into service, of those
incumbents who were below 18 years at the time of joining
service, as 18 years at the time of their appointment.
7. The relevant extract of the resolution, as translated in
English, is extracted hereinbelow for convenience:-
“Today dated 15
th
January, 2004 meeting of Board of
Bihar Schools Examination Committee held in the
Room of the Chairman. In which Dr. Jitender Singh,
Chancellor, Patna University, Patna and Shri Subhash
Chander Chaudhary, Assistant Teacher, C.M. High
4
School, Siwan participated as Members in addition to
the Chairman.
Proceedings
Agenda No. 1 : …………
Agenda No.2 :
Regarding employees
having age less than 18
years appointed in the
Committee
After analysis of the legal advice received
in the light of the judgment taken in the
meeting of the Committee held on
18.11.2003 about the employees having
age less than 18 years appointed in the
Committee, Hon’ble Member Dr. Jitender
Singh, chancellor Patna University, Patna
informed that proceedings should be
initiated in Committee also under the letter
No.1961 dated 12.11.1995 from the
Secretary, Higher Education Department,
Bihar Patna. According to the provision of
the said letter, decision was taken
unanimously that employees who have
been appointed in the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee at the age below
18 years, taking their age at 18 years as on
the date of their appointment, they be
superannuated on completion of age of 60
years in the case of Category-4 and on
completion of age of 58 years in case of
Category-3.
8. On a bare reading of the said resolution, it is patently clear
that employees who had been appointed before attaining the
age of 18 years, were to be deemed to have attained the age of
18 years on the date of their appointment and that they would
superannuate on completion of 60 years of age if they were
Category-4 employees and on completion of 58 years of age in
case they were Category-3 employees. The age of 58 years for
5
category-3 employees was, later, during the tenure of service of
the Appellant, increased to 60 years.
9. The resolution may not have perfectly been worded. In my
view, the resolution was a beneficial one in the interest of those
employees who would otherwise have been deprived of
pensionary benefits for the period of service rendered by them
before attaining the age of 18 years. Such employees were to
be deemed to be 18 years on the date of their appointment, so
that they were not deprived of pensionary benefits for part of
their service period, but were to retire on attaining the age of
retirement as prescribed in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code.
The resolution might also have been necessitated by reason of
irregular appointments after the Circular dated 15th January
1998 of persons who had not attained 18 years of age, to put all
disputes with regard to the legality of their appointment to rest.
It does not appear that the resolution was intended to retire
employees who had joined service before attaining the age of
18 years, before completion of their actual age of retirement,
6
as per the Rules.
10. If it were the intent of the resolution, that employees
appointed before attaining the age of 18 years, would retire
before attaining the actual age of retirement, as per Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, the language and/or wording of the
resolution would have been different. The resolution would then
have expressly stated that, the date of birth of employees,
appointed before attaining the age of 18 years, would, for the
purpose of retirement, be deemed to be the date on which the
concerned employee would have been born, if he/she were to
complete 18 years of age on the date of appointment. The
Resolution would clearly have stated that such employees
would retire on attaining the age of retirement prescribed in the
Bihar Service Code on the basis of their deemed date of birth,
notwithstanding the fact that they may not have attained the
age of retirement as per the Bihar Service Code as per their
date of birth as recorded by the Bihar School Examination
Board.
7
11. As observed above the date of retirement of the employees
of the Bihar School Examination Board is governed by Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code. No decision to decrease the age of
retirement of employees who had joined service before
attaining the age of 18 years, could in my view, have been
taken without amending Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code in
accordance with law. There could be no question of amendment
of any provision of the Bihar Service code merely by a resolution
of the Bihar School Examination Board.
12. On 14th February 2004 an Office Order was issued to the
Appellant, the contents of which, as translated, are extracted
hereinbelow:-
“Shri Gopal Prasad, Assistant got appointment in
Bihar School Examination Committee in the age
less than 18 years, The minimum age for
appointment in service in any of the Government
(Semi-Government) Autonomous Institutions has
been prescribed at 18 years. Decision has been
taken in the meeting of the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee held on 15.01.2004 that
taking their age at 18 years as on the date of their
appointment, they be superannuated on
completion of age of 60 years in the case of
Category-4 and on completion of age of 58 years in
8
case of Category-3.
Therefore, treating the age of Shri Gopal Prasad,
Assistant at 18 years as on the date of his
appointment i.e. 27.05.1970, as per the directions,
orders are issued to record his date of retirement in
Service books as 31.05.2010.”
13. The order dated 14th February 2004 in so far as the same
purports to record the date of retirement of the Appellant as 31st
May 2010 in his Service Book, is contrary to Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code and also beyond the scope and ambit of the
resolution taken on 15th January 2004. Any prescription of
minimum age for appointment, subsequent to the appointment
of the Appellant, could not retrospectively be applied to the
Appellant.
14. From the pleadings filed in connection with this appeal, it is
not clear whether the Appellant objected to the said Office Order
dated 14th February 2004. In any case, an office order which is
patently illegal and entails adverse civil consequence is not
precluded from challenge on the ground that the aggrieved
employee may not have objected to the office order, and more
so, when the legality of similar orders was awaiting adjudication
in Courts of law. There were various writ petitions pending in the
9
High Court, on the question of whether persons who had joined
service before attaining the age of 18 years could unilaterally be
retired before they actually attained the age of retirement
stipulated in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Rules, because they
were to be deemed to have completed 18 years of age on the
date of their appointment. It is also a matter of record that many
of these writ petitions were decided in favour of the employees,
instances of which have been given later in this judgment.
15. It is not in dispute that the Appellant’s date of birth is 19th
November 1954 as per the records of the Bihar School
Examination Board. It is nobody’s case that the date of birth of
the Appellant as recorded, that is 19th November 1954, is not his
correct date of birth.
16. The Appellant’s date of birth being 19th November 1954 he
was to complete 58 years of age on 19th November 2012. The
age of retirement was, however increased to 60 from 58 years,
before 18th November 2012. The Appellant’s date of birth being
19th November 1954, he was to complete sixty years of age on
18th November 2014.
10
17. As observed above, long before the Appellant was
appointed in service of the Bihar School Examination Board,
Rule 5 in Appendix-5 of the Bihar Pension Rules was amended.
The qualifying age of government servants for consideration of
pensionary benefits was raised from 16 to 18 years.
Governmental authorities, however, continued to appoint
employees who had not attained eighteen years of age.
18. On or about 16th February 2012, the Appellant’s son filed
an application under the Right to Information Act, enquiring
about the date of superannuation fixed by the Board for his
father’s retirement.
19. By a letter dated 26th March 2012 the Board informed the
Appellant’s son that in view of the decision dated 14th February
2004, the Appellant’s age as on 27th May, 1970 was to be
considered 18 years and therefore his retirement was to be on
31st May 2010, on completion of 58 years, which age had later
been increased to completion of 60 years. The date of
retirement would therefore be 31st May 2012.
20. Thereafter, the Appellant filed the writ petition CWJC
11
No.7718 of 2012 in the High Court of Patna challenging the
communication dated 20th March 2012 under the Right to
Information Act and also the order dated 14th February 2004.
21. By an order dated 24th April 2012, the Single Bench
dismissed the writ petition, relying upon the Full Bench judgment
of the Patna High Court In Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and
Another vs. Chief Executive Officer, Bihar Rajya Khadi
Gramoudyog Board and Ors.
1
. The Full Bench of Patna High
Court had held:-
“16. Be that as it may, one thing is certain that admittedly
both the petitioners when they entered into the contract with
the respondent Board they had not attained the age of
majority. Apart from its legal impact and effect, the
ramifications and end result on the status of a contract, in
terms of the service relationship, a person could be said to
have entered into a valid service, only, when he has attained
the age of majority. So the minimum age prescribed at the
entry point in the Government service has been 18 years. The
maximum age prescribed for the exit point is 58 years. In
other words, the total length of period of Government service
in any case for pensionary benefits would not exceed 40
years. It is In this context, the Government Circular
mentioned herein above needs to be considered. When there
is a clear Rule provision anything contrary to or inconsistent
with or incompatible to it, any circular or resolution or order,
will not have any legal and valid effect to abridge the right
enshrined in the Rule Provision. Even if the said circular of
1998 as relied upon by the petitioners is considered to be
beneficial to them then, also, it cannot be read at this
1 . 2006 (1) PLJR 410
12
juncture with the existing statutory provision incorporated in
the Bihar Pension Rules, as well as, the Bihar Service Code.
Therefore, from that point of view also the petitioners cannot
be allowed to contend that they have right to continue even
beyond the age of 58 years though provided in Rule 73 of the
Bihar Service Code which prescribes the superannuation age
of 58 years.
17. Thirdly, it is settled and established proposition of law and
principles of jurisprudence that a person who takes undue
advantage by one or other reasons at the entry point in the
service cannot be allowed to urge that he be given higher
benefit and if it Is urged then clearly, it goes to show that
something wrong or irregular has been done, at the entry
point, in service. So the settled principle, also, creates a very
strong impediment in getting the relief from this Court which
is exercising extraordinary, prerogative, equitable and
discretionary writ jurisdiction by invocation of the provision of
Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
18. In our opinion, therefore, the impugned orders questioned
in both the writ petitions, obviously, cannot be interfered with
from any point of view as discussed hereinabove. The
proposition of law, therefore, is made evidence and
unambiguous that the superannuation age prescribed in Rule
73 of the Bihar Service Code will apply for retirement purpose
and a person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 40 years in service. It is, therefore, evidently,
clear that a Government servant who has completed 40 years
of service or has attained the age of 58 years has to be
superannuated in terms of the existing Rule provision. Our
answer, therefore, is very clear and we answer this reference
accordingly. The contradictory view in the aforesaid decisions
referred to hereinbefore, shall not be a good law.”
22. The mere fact that an employee may have been a
minor at the time of his initial appointment is inconsequential
in the absence of any law at the material time of his
appointment, prohibiting appointment of 15/16 year old
13
minors. The Appellant who was 15½ years old may have
been a minor, but certainly not a toddler. It is absurd that any
rational employer, far less a statutory body, would appoint a
toddler. The hypothesis of appointment of a toddler is far
fetched and unrealistic. The apprehension of claims in future
to appointment from persons less than 18 years of age is also
baseless in view of the circular dated 15th January 1998 which
fixes 18 years as the minimum age of retirement. The
circular would govern subsequent appointments.
23. It may be true that a minor is incompetent to enter
into a contract, as observed by my esteemed brother. A
contract may not be enforceable against a minor. A contract
executed by a minor may be voidable at the option of the
minor. The minor may, on attaining majority, repudiate or
ratify and accept the contract.
24. It is nobody’s case that any of the concerned
employees repudiated their contract of appointment on
attaining majority. An employer who knowingly appoints
minors with impunity, with its eyes open, cannot evade its
obligations under the contract of employment, and that too
after the employee has rendered service for almost two
decades after attaining majority. The contracts can be said
to have been ratified by the employees concerned, on
attaining majority. It cannot, also be said, that an employee
appointed when he was 15½ years old, attained any undue
14
advantage, when there was no minimum age for appointment
at the material time.
25. The learned Single Judge dismissed the writ petition
relying on the decision of the Full Bench in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra (supra), and the Division Bench dismissed the appeal
from the decision of the learned Single Judge. The learned
Single Bench, as well as the learned Division Bench, had no
option but to follow Ragjawa Narayan Mishra (supra), since
judicial discipline required the Benches of lesser strength to
follow the decision of the Full Bench.
26. In my view, the interpretation of the Full Bench of
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra (supra) is misconceived and erroneous. Counsel
appearing on behalf of the Appellant has rightly argued that
there is no rule which prescribes the length of service as a
criteria for superannuation. Neither Rule 73 of the Bihar
School Code, nor Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950
prescribed any limit to the length of service.
27. The Full Bench fell in error in proceeding on the basis
of the length of service, when Rule 73 of the Bihar Service
15
Code prescribes a specific age of superannuation. As argued
on behalf of the Appellant, Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code
prescribes an age of retirement. The said Rule does not make
length of service a criteria for retirement.
28. The raising of the minimum qualifying age of the
government servant for pensionable service, from 16 to 18
years, meant that if an employee entered service before
attaining the age of 18 years, the period of service from the
actual date of appointment till attainment of the qualifying
age for pensionable service, would not count for the purpose
of computation of pension/pensionary benefits.
29. In Ragjawa Narayan Mishra (supra), the Full
Bench failed to appreciate that the circular of 1998 could have
no manner of application to appointments that had already
been made before the said circular was issued, and certainly
not to appointments made almost two decades before
issuance of the aforesaid circular, at a time when admittedly
there was no minimum age for appointment to government
service. Even assuming that the total length of Government
16
service for pensionary benefits cannot exceed the length of
time between the date of attaining of 18 years and the
attainment of age of 58/60 years as per Rule 73, that would
mean that pensionary benefits would have to be computed on
the basis of the length of service after completion of 18 years
of age. In no case can an employee be retired before
attaining 58 and/or 60 years of age, as prescribed in Rule 73
of the Bihar Service Code.
30. The finding of the Full Bench in Ragjawa Narayan Mishra
(surpa), that the superannuation age prescribed in Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code would apply for retirement purpose and
a person could not be continued after completion of the
retirement age is unexceptionable. In no circumstances could
a government servant claim any right to continue in service
after competion of the age of retirement prescribed in Rule 73
of the Bihar Service Code. However, since length of service is
not a criteria for retirement under the applicable rule, that is
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, a government servant who
had not completed the age of retirement as per his/her actual
17
date of birth recorded in the service records, cannot be made
to retire on the ground of completion of 40 years of service or
service in excess of 40 years. At best, the length of service
would be deemed to be forty years for computation of
pensionary benefits.
31. With the greatest of respect to the Full Bench, I am
unable to agree that Rule 5 in Appendix-5 of the Bihar Pension
Rules prescribing the qualifying age of the government servant
for consideration of pensionary benefits and/or raising of such
age from 16 years to 18 years makes any difference to the age
of retirement prescribed under the Rule 73 of the Bihar Service
Code.
32. The age of retirement and qualifying service for the
purpose of retirement benefits are not one and the same.
Qualifying service for retirement means that the length of
service for the purpose of computation of retiral benefits would
commence from attainment of the age of qualifying service of
pension.
33. Thus, if the age of qualifying service for pension is 18
18
years, the length of service for computation of pensionary
benefits would have to be computed from the date of
attainment of 18 years of age. However, if the prescribed
age of retirement is completion of 60 years, an employee
cannot be forced to retire before attaining that age except on
grounds provided in Service Rules. For example, an employee
may prematurely be retired by way of disciplinary action, if
the rules so provide.
34. When the age of retirement is governed by express
rules, which do not prescribe length of service as a criteria of
retirement, but provide for retirement upon attainment of age,
an employee cannot be made to retire before attaining that
age of retirement, only because he/she has served for a
certain length of time, by a convoluted process of logical
reasoning. My judicial conscience, also does not permit me to
uphold the judgment under appeal, only because the High
Court has, for a while, followed the Full Bench decision of that
Court which has held the field for a while. The Full Bench
decision was, in my opinion, erroneous. This Court has time
19
and again reversed its own decisions including those of
Constitutional Benches, which have held the field for decades.
To cite an example, the Constitution Bench Judgment of this
Court in Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam2 which
held the field for almost half century was overruled by a
judgment of nine-Judge Bench judgment n Jindal Stainless
Ltd v. State of Haryana
3
. I see no reason why the judgment
and order impugned should not be set aside.
35. The issues of whether a government servant could be
superannuated from service on completion of 40 years of
service even in the absence of any such rule, taking aid of
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, which only prescribed the
age of superannuation and whether after completion of 40
years of service, a person could be retired from service,
treating his age as 18 years at the time of entry in service,
were considered by a Division Bench of the High Court of
Jharkhand presided over by S.J. Mukhopadhaya, J. in Ganesh
Ram vs. State of Jharkhand and Ors. numbered W.P.(S)
2 AIR 1961 SC 232
3 2016 SCC Online 1260 decided on 11.11.2016
20
No.1210 of 2003, reported in 2006(2) FLR 156 in the context
of Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code. The Bihar Service Code
is applicable in the State of Jharkhand created pursuant to the
Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000, and comprising areas that
were earlier in the State of Bihar. The issues were answered
in the negative in favour of the employees and against the
State of Jharkhand and others. A copy of the judgment in
Ganesh Ram (supra) is also annexed to the Paper Book as
Annexure P-5.
36. In Ganesh Ram (supra) the Court found, and rightly,
that there was no common minimum age of 18 years
prescribed by the State of Bihar for appointment to service of
the State, or in the State of Jharkhand. The minimum
eligibility age varied from job to job. The Court observed
and held:-
“7…..The definition of 'employee', as laid down
under Section 2(i) of the Act, means any person,
who is employed for hire or reward or to do any
work, skilled or unskilled, etc. and also includes an
employee, employed by the appropriate
Government i.e. State Government or Central
Government. Clause (a) to Section 2 defines
21
"adolescent" means a person, who has completed
his fourteenth year of age but has been completed
his eighteenth year. "Adult" has been defined under
Clause (aa) of Section 2, which means a person,
who has completed his eighteenth year of age and
"child", as defined under Clause (bb) of Section 2,
means a person, who has not completed his
fourteenth year of age. Section 3 of Minimum Wages
Act, 1948 while prescribes the manner in which the
appropriate Government will fix the minimum rates
of wages, under Sub-section (3) appropriate
Government is empowered to fix different minimum
rates of wages for "adults", "adolescent", "children"
and "apprentices". This simply shows that even in
the Government employment, an "adolescent",
though minor, can be appointed for whom different
wages may be fixed.”
The High Court further noted:-
“8. The State of Bihar has issued Police Order No.
209-82, circulated vide Memo No. 6568/P2/43-271-
88, dated 11th August, 1988. This Police Order is
also applicable in the State of Jharkhand, in view of
Section 84 of the Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000. As
per this Order, in every distinct, out of the
sanctioned strength of police force, two posts can
be reserved in which dependent children of police
force, below 18 years of age, can be appointed on
compassionate ground, if the police personnel dies
while on duty. Those children, so appointed, are
commonly known "as Bal-Arakshi" and are paid
minimum of the scale of pay of the post, without
annual increment, till they attain majority. It is only
on attaining majority, if the "Bal-Arakshi" so wishes
and is qualified, they are appointed as Constable
against such posts. The children, on appointment,
are provided with two half-pants, two shirts two-sets
of socks, one pair of shoes etc. This simply goes to
show that there is no bar on appointment of a minor
in the services of the State.”
37. Of Course, as noted in the judgment in Ganesh Ram
22
(supra) after the enactment and enforcement of the Child Labour
(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 employment of a child
which means a person who has not completed 14 years of age is
prohibited for certain types of work. However, the said Child
Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 is of no application
in this case, because the petitioner was appointed long before
the enactment and enforcement of the said Act and in any case
he was above 14 years of age at the time of appointment.
38. The issue of whether an employee could be made to retire
before completion of actual age of retirement as prescribed in
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code on the basis of a deemed age
was answered in the negative, against an employer and in
favour of the employee in the following cases referred to in
Ganesh Ram (supra):-
1. Mokhtar Ahmad v. B.S.R.T.C. and Ors. (1995(1) PLJR 183(DB)
2. Mantu v. C.C.L. (2001 (1) JCR 181)
3. Kalanand Jha v. State of Jharkhand and Ors. (2001 (3) JCR 228)
4. Balkeshwar v. Central Coalfields Ltd. (2002 (1) JCR 175
5. Pranadhar Prasad v. State of Jharkhand and Ors.
(MANU/JH/1137/2002.
39. I am of the view that the law has correctly been interpreted
by the Division Bench of the High Court of Jharkhand in Ganesh
Ram (supra). A person can only be retired on attainment of the
prescribed age of retirement unless the rules expressly make
length of service a criteria of retirement, as in the case of
employees of the Bihar State Electricity Board, governed by
23
Notification dated 9th September 1997, issued under Section 79
(c) of the Electricity Supply Act, 1948, under which the date of
superannuation prescribed was completion of 60 years of age or
completion of 42 years of service, whichever is earlier.
40. The judgment in Nagaland Senior Government
Employees Welfare Association and others (supra) referred
to by my esteemed brother is in my view clearly distinguishable.
39. In the aforesaid case the applicable Rules expressly made
completion of the length of service prescribed, a criteria for
retirement.
41. This Court upheld the validity of Section 3 of the Nagaland
Retirement from Public Employment Act, 1991 which provided:-
"S.-3. Retirement from public employment: (1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in any rule or orders for the time being in force,
a person in public employment shall hold office for a term of thirtythree years from the date of his joining public employment or until
he attains the age of fifty-seven years whichever is earlier :
Provided that in special circumstances, a person under public
employment may be granted extension by the State Government
upto a maximum of one year;
Provided further that the Government may have the cases of all
persons under public employment screened from time to time to
determine their suitability for continuation in public employment
after the attainment of the age of fifty years.
(2) All persons under public employment shall retire on the
afternoon of the last day of the month in which he attains the age
of fifty-seven years or on completion of thirty-three years of public
employment whichever is earlier.”
24
42. By the Nagaland Retirement from Public Employment
(Amendment) Act, 2007 (the First Amendment Act, 2007) the
age of retirement was enhanced to 60 years from 57 years. By
the Nagaland Retirement from Public Employment (Second
Amendment) Act, 2009 (the Second Amendment Act, 2009) the
length of service of the State Government employees was
increased to 35 years instead of 33 years. This Court held :-
“a provision such as that at issue which prescribes
retiring the persons from public employment in the
State of Nagaland on completion of 35 years’ service
from the date of joining or until attaining the age of 60
years, whichever is earlier, does not suffer from the
vice of arbitrariness or irrationality and is not violative
of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The appeal
has no merit and is dismissed with no order as to
costs.”
43. As observed above, in this case Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code does not prescribe any length of service as criteria
for retirement. The prescribed age of retirement for employees
of the category to which the Appellant belonged was 58 years,
later increased to 60 years. The decision of the respondents to
retire the Appellant before he attained the age of 60 years as
per his actual date of birth, as recorded in the service records
cannot be sustained.
44. I am of the view that the appeal should be allowed and
the judgment and order of the Division Bench and the Single
25
Bench be set aside. The Appellant is entitled to a declaration
that the Appellant was entitled to continue in service till 18th
November 2014, being the date on which he completed 60
years of age, as per his service records, and shall be entitled to
all consequential benefits including arrears of pay, if any,
pensionary benefits etc.
45. Since we have not agreed, let the matter be placed before
Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for assignment to a larger
Bench.
.................................J
(INDIRA BANERJEE)
MAY 28, 2020
NEW DELHI
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 8225 OF 2012
GOPAL PRASAD ….APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
BIHAR SCHOOL EXAMINATION BOARD
AND OTHERS ….RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
Rastogi, J.
1. The present appeal is directed against the judgment dated
3
rd August, 2012 passed by the Division Bench of the High Court
of Judicature at Patna in Letters Patent Appeal No. 1090 of 2012
confirming the judgment of the Single Bench of the High Court
dated 24th April, 2012 upholding that the appellant has rightly
been retired from service on attaining the age of superannuation.
1
2. The brief facts relevant for the present purpose which
manifest from the record are that the appellant was an employee
of Bihar School Examination Board(hereinafter being referred to
as “Board”) and was initially appointed as a Calligraphist cum
Assistant vide order dated 20th May, 1970 pursuant to which he
joined service on 27th May, 1970. Although the date of birth of
the appellant as per school records was 19th November, 1954 and
at the time of entering into service on 27th May, 1970, he was 15
years 6 months and 8 days old. At the time of his entry into
service, the retirement age of the employees of the Board was 58
years but at a later stage, the age of retirement was extended by
the Government of Bihar from 58 years to 60 years, in
consequence the Board also in its meeting held on 30th March,
2005 decided to extend the age of retirement of its employees
from 58 years to 60 years and pursuant thereto, the date of
compulsory retirement of the Board employee became the date on
which one attained the age of 60 years.
3. Before the matter is examined on merits, it will be apposite
to take note of the material projection of the rules relevant for the
purpose. The services of the State Government employees are
2
governed by Bihar Service Code, 1952, Bihar Pension Rules,
1950. The age of superannuation has been prescribed under
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952. At the same time, Rule
57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950 effective from 20th January,
1950 prescribes the qualifying service, and further amended by
Rule 5 of Section IV(Qualifying service) of the Pension Rules
amended with effect from 23rd August, 1950. The rules relevant
for the purpose are extracted hereunder.
Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952
“The date of compulsory retirement of a Government
servant is the date on which he attains the age of 58
years. He may be retained in service after the date of
compulsory retirement with the sanction of the State
Government on public grounds, which must be
recorded in writing.”
Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules, 1950 effective from 20th
January, 1950
“For a Government servant in inferior service,
qualifying service, shall not begin until the
Government servant concerned attained the age of 16
years.”
Rule 5 of Section IV(Qualifying Service) of the Pension Rules
effective from 23rd
August, 1950
“The minimum age after which service for pension is
raised from 16 to 18 years in the case of Government
servant belonging to an inferior service (1) who enters
service of the Government of Bihar, after the date on
which this order came into force or (2) who, having
entered such service on or before that date did not
hold a lien or suspended lien on a permanent
pensionable post under the Government of Bihar on
that date.”
3
4. The reliance has also been placed by a Government Circular
dated 15th January, 1998 issued by Personnel and Administrative
reforms Department of the State of Bihar.
5. On a careful scanning of the aforesaid provisions, it clearly
manifest that the pension rules were introduced in 1950 and
after amendment was made under Rule 5 of the Pension Rules,
1950 effective from 23rd August, 1950, the minimum age of the
qualifying service for pension became 18 years. It is not disputed
that minimum age for entering into service under Bihar Service
Code, 1952 has not been prescribed but still there cannot be any
entry into service before one has attained the age of majority, i.e.
18 years as prescribed under the Rules, 1950 unless there is a
specific rule to the contrary. Keeping in view the age of
retirement, as in the instant case is of 60 years, the maximum
qualifying service which one could render would be of 42 years.
6. The Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 took a
decision that those who have entered into service prior to
attaining the age of 18 years, taking their age as 18 years as on
the date of their appointment, they will be superannuated on
competition of 60 years in the case of category4 and on
4
competition of age of 58 years in the case of category3. The
extract of the Resolution of the Board meeting held on 15th
January, 2004 placed at Annexure P2 of the paper book,
relevant for the purpose is extracted hereunder:
“….
Agenda no. 2
Regarding employees having age
less than 18 years appointed in the
Committee.
After analysis of the legal advice
received in the light of the judgment
taken in the meeting of the
Committee held on 18.11.03 about
the employees having age less than
18 year appointed in the
Committee, Hon’ble Member Dr.
Jitender Singh, Chancellor Patna
University, Patna informed that
proceedings should be initiated in
Committee also under the letter No.
1961 dated 12.11.1995 from the
Secretary, High Education
Department, Patna. According to
the provision of the said letter,
decision was taken unanimously
that employees who have been
appointed in the Bihar Schools
Examination Committee at the age
below 18 years, taking their age at
18 years as on the date of their
appointment, they be
superannuated on competition of
age of 60 years in the case of
Category4 and on completion of age
of 58 years in case of Category3.
7. Taking note of its resolution dated 15th January, 2004, the
appellant was informed vide communication dated 26th March,
2012 that he has completed 42 years of qualifying service which
5
an employee could render and accordingly he stood retired from
service on 31st May, 2012 after completing 42 years of qualifying
service.
8. The claim of the appellant was that he should be retired
from service on completing 60 years on the basis of his age
recorded in the Board as well as in his service book, i.e., 19th
November, 1954. It appears from the record that the controversy
and conflict of opinion of the Division Bench of the High Court of
Bihar was resolved by the Full Bench vide Judgment dated 5th
January, 2005 by the High Court of Patna in the case of
Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and Ors. Vs. Chief Executive
Officer, Bihar Rajya Khadi Gramoudyog Board and Ors.1
which was noticed by the Single Bench of the High Court and
confirmed by the Division Bench in its impugned judgment while
repudiating the claim of the appellant for continuation in service
until he completes the age of 60 years on the basis of his age
recorded in the Board, i.e. 19th November, 1954.
9. Learned counsel for the appellant submits that a person
cannot be superannuated prior to his attaining the age of 60
1 2006(1) PLJR 410
6
years merely because he completes 42 years of qualifying service,
in the absence of any such rule to the contrary. The aforesaid
decision was in teeth of Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code, 1952
which merely prescribes the age as the criteria for
superannuation. There is no rule prescribing length of service as
a criteria for superannuation and this has not been considered
by the Full Bench which has been relied upon by the High Court
in the impugned judgment in repelling the contention of the
appellant.
10. Learned counsel for the respondents, on the other hand,
while supporting the findings recorded by the Division Bench of
the High Court in the impugned judgment submits that there
was difference of opinion between the two Division Benches of the
High Court and that has been resolved by the Full Bench in
Ragjawa Narayan Mishra and Ors. case(supra) and this has
been followed consistently by the High Court and further submits
that the entry into public employment could not be offered before
one attains the age of majority i.e. 18 years as per Section 3 of
The Majority Act, 1875, the age of superannuation would be 58
years/60 years, as the case may be, the total service which
7
logically one could render may not exceed in any case beyond
40/42 years of service and this what has been resolved by the
Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 and this was
never the subject matter of challenge even by the appellant when
he was communicated by letter dated 26th March, 2012 that he
would be attaining the age of superannuation on 31st May, 2012
on completing 42 years of service.
11. Learned counsel further submits that Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code, 1952 read with Rule 57 of the Bihar Pension Rules,
1950 and Rule 5 of Section IV of the Pension Rules makes it clear
that there could not be any entry in the Government service
before the person attains the age of 18 years even in the year
1970 when the appellant was appointed and if the age at the
entry level and the exit level has been prescribed by the rule
making authority, by no stretch, one could go ahead more than
40/42 years of service. In the given circumstances, when the
appellant indisputedly had completed 42 years of service in May
2012, the decision of the respondent to retire him on
superannuation cannot be said to be faulted with and it may not
be revisited at this stage more so when it has been consistently
8
followed by the High Court for almost more than one and half
decade and needs no interference.
12. The provisions of the aforesaid statutory rules which has
been referred to supra envisage that the Government, by virtue of
an amendment inserted rule 5 to the Bihar Pension Rules which
came into effect w.e.f. 23rd August, 1950, much before the
appellant entered into service of the Board, the qualifying age of a
Government servant for consideration of pensionary benefits
came to be 18 years in the Government service which came to be
clarified by the Government by its order dated 15th January, 1998
making its intention clear to all its subordinates that 18 years
shall be the age of Government servant entering into service.
13. There is no dispute that the service conditions of the
employees are ordinarily governed by the statutory rules or in its
absence, under regulations or administrative decisions having a
binding force but the person who attains the age of majority
alone be competent enough to enter into valid contract of service.
Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines as to who is
competent to contract.
“Who are competent to contract – Every person is
competent to contract who is of the age of majority
9
according to the law to which he is subject, and who is
of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting
by any law to which he is subject.”
14. The provision clearly manifests that for entering into valid
contract of service, one has to attain the age of majority in terms
of The Majority Act, 1875 and what could be the age of majority
has been defined under Section 3 of The Majority Act, 1875
which is as under:
“3. Age of Majority of persons domiciled in India(1)
Every person domiciled in India shall attain the age of
majority on his completing the age of eighteen years
and not before.
(2) In computing the age of any person, the date on
which he was born is to be included as a whole day
and he shall be deemed to have attained majority at
the beginning of the eighteenth anniversary of that
day.”
15. Indisputedly, the appellant, in the instant case, was minor
on the date of entry into service in May 1970 and unless there is
a specific rule to the contrary, minor is not eligible/qualified to
seek public employment. It is true that the minimum age at the
entry level shall always be prescribed by the rule making
authority. In the instant case, the State authority under its
Pension Rules, 1950 prescribes the qualifying service of
Government servant which was raised to 18 years by an
10
amendment made effective from 23rd August, 1950. If the
minimum age at the relevant time was not prescribed under the
Bihar Service Code, 1952, at least the Government is justified in
taking assistance of the Pension Rules, 1950 to hold that the
minimum age at the entry point shall be 18 years for all practical
purposes. That apart, if the age at the entry level is left open
ended, the minor of whatever age, can seek his eligibility for
public employment leaving no lifetime of service one could render
which is manifestly illogical and can never be the intention of the
rule making authority.
16. Admittedly, in the instant case, when the appellant entered
into service, he was 15 years and 6 months old and had not
attained the age of majority and the minimum age at the entry
point in terms of the Pension Rules, 1950 is 18 years and
maximum age prescribed for exit point is 60 years as a logical
consequence, the total length of service which one could render
in the Government service may not exceed 42 years and when
there is an unambiguous selfexplicit provision, anything
contrary to or inconsistent with or incompatible to it, any circular
or resolution or order, will not have any legal and valid effect to
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abridge the right enshrined in the scheme of Rules and this what
has been considered by the Full Bench of the Patna High Court
which was relied upon by the single Judge of the High Court
while repudiating claim of the appellant in Ragjawa Narayan
Mishra and Ors.(supra) as follows:
“16. Be that as it may, one thing is certain that
admittedly both the petitioners when they entered into
the contract with the respondent Board they had not
attained the age of majority. Apart from its legal
impact and effect, the ramifications and end result on
the status of a contract, in terms of the service
relationship, a person could be said to have entered
into a valid service, only, when he has attained the age
of majority. So the minimum age prescribed at the
entry point in the Government service has been 18
years. The maximum age prescribed for the exit point
is 58 years. In other words, the total length of period of
Government service in any case for pensionary
benefits would not exceed 40 years. It is in this
context, the Government Circular mentioned herein
above needs to be considered. When there is a clear
Rule provision anything contrary to or inconsistent
with or incompatible to it, any circular or resolution or
order, will not have any legal and valid effect to
abridge the right enshrined in the Rule Provision. Even
if the said circular of 1998 as relied upon by the
petitioners is considered to be beneficial to them then,
also, it cannot be read at this juncture with the
existing statutory provision incorporated in the Bihar
Pension Rules, as well as, the Bihar Service Code.
Therefore, from that point of view also the petitioners
cannot be allowed to contend that they have right to
continue even beyond the age of 58 years though
provided in Rule 73 of the Bihar Service Code which
prescribes the superannuation age of 58 years.
17. Thirdly, it is settled and established proposition of
law and principles of jurisprudence that a person who
takes undue advantage by one or other reasons at the
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entry point in the service cannot be allowed to urge
that he be given higher benefit and if it Is urged then
clearly, it goes to show that something wrong or
irregular has been done, at the entry point, in service.
So the settled principle, also, creates a very strong
impediment in getting the relief from this Court which
is exercising extraordinary, prerogative, equitable and
discretionary writ jurisdiction by invocation of the
provision of Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
18. In our opinion, therefore, the impugned orders
questioned in both the writ petitions, obviously,
cannot be interfered with from any point of view as
discussed hereinabove. The proposition of law,
therefore, is made evidence and unambiguous that the
superannuation age prescribed in Rule 73 of the Bihar
Service Code will apply for retirement purpose and a
person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 40 years in service. It is, therefore,
evidently, clear that a Government servant who has
completed 40 years of service or has attained the age
of 58 years has to be superannuated in terms of the
existing Rule provision. Our answer, therefore, is very
clear and we answer this reference accordingly. The
contradictory view in the aforesaid decisions referred
to hereinbefore, shall not be a good law.”
17. One view has been expressed by the full Bench of the Patna
High Court of which the reference has been made, the other view
of the prospect which has been referred to by the Jharkhand
High Court of which a reference has been made by the appellant
in the appeal but what persuaded me further is that the
judgment of the Full Bench of the Patna High Court dated 5th
December, 2005 at least in the State of Bihar has been
consistently followed for almost a decade and a half and learned
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Single Judge/Division Bench has passed several orders placing
reliance on the Full Bench of the Patna High Court. The view
which has been expressed is one of the plausible view and, in my
view, it would not be advisable to overturn only for the reason
that the view expressed by the Jharkhand High Court appears to
be more plausible in appreciating the scheme of statutory rules of
which a reference has been made.
18. Indisputedly, the appellant cannot be allowed to contend
that he has a right to continue upto the age of 60 years as per his
date of birth recorded in the Board records in view of Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, 1952. From the scheme of Rules, it is
clear that the superannuation age prescribed under Rule 73 of
the Bihar Service Code, 1952 will apply for retirement purpose
and the person cannot be continued beyond the age of
completion of 42 years in service taking note of the Pension
Rules, 1950. It clearly manifests that the Government servant
who had completed 42 years of service on attaining the age of 60
years, both implicit, has to be superannuated in terms of the
scheme of Rules and this what has been considered by the Full
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Bench of the High Court in the judgment which has been relied
by the High Court of Patna in the impugned judgment.
19. A two Judge Bench of this Court in Nagaland Senior
Government Employees Welfare Association and Others Vs.
State of Nagaland and Others 2010(7) SCC 643 had an
occasion to examine the validity of Section 3 of the Public
Employment Act, 1991 as amended by the Public
Employment(Amendment) Act, 2007 which was substituted by
the following provision:
“3. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any
rule or orders for the time being in force, a person in
public employment shall hold office for a term of 35
years from the date of joining public employment or
until he attains the age of 60 years, whichever is
earlier.
(2) A person under public employment shall retire
on the afternoon of the last day of the month in
which he attains the age of 60 years, or in which he
completes 35 years of public employment,
whichever is earlier.”
This Court further held that fixation of maximum length of
service as an alternative criterion for retirement from public
service, by no stretch of imagination, can be held to be violative
of any recognized norms of employment planning. Para 40 is
extracted hereunder:
15
“40. We are afraid, K. Nagaraj case [(1985) 1 SCC
523 instead of helping the appellants, rather
supports the stand of the State. Fixation of
maximum length of service as an alternative
criterion for retirement from public service, by no
stretch of imagination, can be held to be violative of
any recognised norms of employment planning.
There may be a large number of compelling reasons
that may necessitate the Government (or for that
matter the legislature) to prescribe the rule of
retirement from the government service on
completion of specified years. If the reasons are
germane to the object sought to be achieved, such
provision can hardly be faulted.”
20. In the instant case, apart from the scheme of rules of which
a reference has been made, the appellant could not enter into
service below the age of attaining majority, if there is no express
provision of minimum age at the entry level under the Bihar
Service Code as prayed, in isolation is accepted and the age at
the entry level is left open ended, it will take us to a stage where
a toddler or a minor of any given age can claim his eligibility to
enter into public employment which is manifestly illogical and
impermissible in law.
21. Thus, under the existing scheme of Rules, the qualifying
service which one could render in any manner would not exceed
42 years and this what has been clarified by the Government by
its circular dated 15th January, 1998 and that was taken note of
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by the Board in its meeting held on 15th January, 2004 which
was not the subject matter of challenge and the appellant was
communicated of retirement on attaining full employment of 42
years rendered on 31st May, 2012, which, in my opinion, could
not be said to be in contravention to the scheme of rules.
22. The appeal is without substance and is accordingly
dismissed.
23. Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of.
………………………………….J.
(AJAY RASTOGI)
NEW DELHI
MAY 28, 2020
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